NAME: Anoosha

Farooqui
CLASS: 2nd year (4th
Semester)
DEPARTMENT:
Pharmacy
ROLL NO.: 501-S19-001
SUBJECT: Dosage Form Science
COURSE CODE: 415
Cr. Hr.: 3+1
SUBMITTED TO: Miss Hira
TOPIC: Tablets and Capsules
DATE OF ASSIGN: 31st December
2020
DATE OF SUNBMISSION: 14TH
January 2021
Table of contents:
1. TABLETS Pg. no. 1-6
 Introduction:
 Definition
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Properties
 Types
 Latest research on capsules with respect to type and
formulation strategy

2. Capsules Pg. no. 7-14

 Definition
 Definition
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Properties
 Types
 Latest research on capsules with respect to type and
formulation strategy
ABSTRACT:
The main objective is to learn about the latest research on tablets and
capsules with respect to the types and formulation strategies. Tablets and
Capsules are the most commonly used dosage forms all over the world,
due to patient compliance, flexibility in dosage regimen and designing of
the dosage form. Besides the oral mode of administration, the other tablets
may possess more or less the same features which are attributed to
conventional oral tablets. A bulk of the research scientist are involved
industry, academic liaison to propose an implement newer heights in tablet
technology. Manufacturing of capsule and tablet is a special
pharmaceutical unit operation in pharmaceutical industries. A number of
modified techniques are used for production of capsules and tablet. It
concerns with production of capsule and tablet dosage form which has
numerous advantages over other dosage forms. The object is to be present
a review & to discuss aspects of production in terms of pharmaceutical unit
operation; i.e., the technical operations of capsules and tablets preparation
that comprise the various steps involved in production of capsules and
tablets. Mainly a systemic approach should be followed during the
production of capsules and tablets & various parameters should be
maintained in the production area also.
TABLET:
INTRODUCTION:
Tablet is a solid dosage forms each containing a unit dose of one or more
medicaments with or without suitable excipients. Tablets may be
swallowed whole or being chewed. Some are dissolved or dispersed in
water before administration. Some are put in oral cavity, where the active
ingredient is liberated at a predetermined rate. Implants or passeries may
also be presented in form of tablet. Tablet may vary in shape and differ
greatly in size and weight depending on the amount of medicinal substance
and the intended mode of administration. Tablets are usually solid, right circular cylinders, the end
surfaces of which are flat or convex and the edges of which may be beveled. They may exist in other
shapes like triangular, rectangular, etc also. They may have lines or break-marks and may bear a symbol
or other markings. They are sufficiently hard to withstand handling without crumbling or breaking.
Tablets constitute approximately 90% of all dosage forms clinically used to provide systemic
administration of therapeutic agents. This widespread use of tablets has been achieved as a result of
their convenience and also the diversity of tablet types.

Tablets are prepared primarily by compression of granules or powder blends, with a limited number
prepared by moulding. Most tablets are used in the oral administration of drugs. Many of these are
prepared with colorants and coatings of various types. Other tablets, such as sublingual, buccal, or
vaginal tablets, are prepared to have features most applicable to their particular route of administration.

General Properties of Tablets:

 A tablet must be strong and hard to withstand mechanical shock during manufacturing, packing,
shipping, dispensing and use.

 The drug content of the tablet must be bioavailable that is, the tablet must be able to release its
content in a predictable and reproducible manner.

 The tablet must be chemically and physically stable to maintain its chemical and physical attributes
during manufacture, storage, and use.

 The tablet should have elegant product identity which is free from any tablet defect.

 Tablets must be uniform in weight and in drug content.

Advantages:
 Tablets are convenient to use and are an elegant dosage form.
 A wide range of tablet types is available, offering a range of drug release rates and durations of
clinical effect. Tablets may be formulated to offer rapid drug release or controlled drug release,
the latter reducing the number of daily doses required (and in so doing increasing patient
compliance).
 Tablets may be formulated to release the therapeutic agent at a particular site within the

1|Page
gastrointestinal tract to reduce side effects, promote absorption at that site and provide a local effect
(e.g. ulcerative colitis). This may not be easily achieved by other dosage forms that are
administered orally.

 Tablets may be formulated to contain more than one therapeutic agent (even if there is a
physical or chemical incompatibility between each active agent). Moreover, the release of each
therapeutic agent may be effectively controlled by the tablet formulation and design.
 With the exception of proteins, all classes of therapeutic agents may be administered orally in the
form of tablets.
 It is easier to mask the taste of bitter drugs using tablets than for other dosage forms, e.g. liquids.
 Tablets are generally an inexpensive dosage form.
 Tablets may be easily manufactured to show product identification, e.g. exhibiting the required
markings on the surface.
 The chemical, physical and microbiological stability of tablet dosage forms is superior to other
dosage forms.

Disadvantages:
 The manufacture of tablets requires a series of unit operations (weighing, milling, drying, mixing
etc.) thus there is an increased level of product loss at each stage in the formulation process.
 The absorption of medicament from tablets is dependent on physiological factors, such as gastric
resident/emptying time, and thus, vary from one patient to another.
 The compression properties of certain drug substance are poor and may present problems in their
subsequent formulation and manufacture as tablets.

Types of Tablets:
Tablets are classified according to their route of administration or function. The following are the 5 main
classification groups.
1. Tablets ingested orally
1.1. Compressed tablets
1.2. Multiple compressed tablets
i) Multilayered tablets
ii) Inlay tablets
1.3. Sustained action tablets
1.4. Enteric coated tablets
1.5. Sugar coated tablets
1.6. Film coated tablets
1.7. Chewable tablets
2. Tablets used in the oral cavity
2.1. Buccal tablets
2.2. Sublingual tablets
2.3. Lozenge tablets and torches
2.4. Dental cones
3. Tablets administered by other routes
3.1. Implantation tablets
3.2. Vaginal tablets
4. Tablets used to prepare solutions
4.1. Effervescent tablets

2|Page
5. Molded tablets or tablet triturates (TT)
5.1. Dispensing tablets (DT)
5.2. Hypodermic tablets (HT)

*    Compressed tablets1:
These tablets are uncoated and made by compression of granules. These tablets are usually intended to
provide rapid disintegration and drug release. These tablets after swallowing get disintegrated in the
stomach, and its drug contents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distribute in the whole
body.
*    Multiple compressed tablets:
These tablets are prepared to separate physically or chemically incompatible ingredients or to produce
repeat action prolonged action products. To avoid incompatibility, the ingredients of the formulation
except the incompatible materials are compressed into a tablet then incompatible substances along
with necessary excipients are compressed tablet.
*    Multilayered tablets:
These tablets consist of two or more layer of materials compressed successively in the same tablets. The
color of each layer may be the same or different. The tablets having layers of different colors are known
as "multicolored tablets".
*    Inlay Tablet:
A type of layered tablet in which instead the core tablet being completely surrounded by coating, top
surface is completely exposed. While preparation, only the bottom of the die cavity is filled with coating
material and core is placed upon it. When compression force is applied, some coating material is
displaced to form the sides and compress the whole tablet. It has some advantages over compression
coated tablets:
i) Less coating material is required.
ii) Core is visible, so coreless tablets can be easily detected.
iii) Reduction in coating forms a thinner tablet and thus freedom from capping of top coating.
*    Sustained action tablets:
These tablets are used to get a sustained action of medicament. These tablets when taken orally release
the medicament in a sufficient quantity as and when required maintaining the maximum effective
concentration of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
*    Enteric-coated tablets:
These are compressed tablets meant for administration by swallowing and are designed to bypass the
stomach and get disintegrated in the intestine only. These tablets are coated with enteric coated
polymer to have release within the intestine.eg: tablets containing anthelmintics and amoebicides.
*    Immediate release tablets:
The mechanisms for release of drug from modified-release dosage forms are more complex and variable
than those associated with immediate release dosage forms. According to BCS (Bio pharmaceutics
classification system), there are three major factors that govern the rate and extent of drug absorption
of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms: dissolution rate, solubility and intestinal permeability.
For IR dosage forms containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) showing high solubility, high
intestinal permeability and rapid dissolution, a waiver from performing bioequivalence studies (bio
waiver) can be scientifically justified.

3|Page
Recent research on tablets with respect to types and Formulation Strategies:
From the recent decades, drug is developing with the incredible degree. Ongoing improvements in the
innovation have introduced practical measurements options from oral course for pediatrics, geriatric,
bedridden, nauseous or noncompliant patients. Various bio adhesive mucosal dosage forms have been
developed, which includes adhesive tablets, gels, ointments, patches and more recently the use of
polymeric films for buccal delivery, also known as mouth dissolving films.

1. FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS:

The fast dissolving tablets are having quick crumbling time yet with that there are likewise a few
burdens like their actual strong structure hard to store and deal with. Be that as it may, to conquer it,
fast dissolving oral films are there to improve viability by dissolving within minute. It is primarily founded
on innovation transdermal patches.
Dissolving of the medication in the mouth is the best strategy, rather it is the new medication
conveyance framework. This conveyance framework comprises of a dainty oral strip, which put on the
tongue, by wet spit the film quickly hydrates and follows onto the site of use. At that point quickly
breaks down and disintegrates to deliver the drug for mucosal, assimilation will keep up the snappy
dissolving for gastrointestinal ingestion to be accomplished. Quick dissolving dose structures, which
comprise of liophylisates, the fast movies can be delivered with an assembling cycle that is serious with
the assembling expenses of traditional tablets. The epic kinds of tablets that scatter in salivation inside
couple of moments. As indicated by European Pharmacopeia, the ODT ought to break down in under
three minutes. The fundamental methodology utilized being developed of MDT is the utilization of
superdisintegrants like Cross connected carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose), Sodium starch
glycolate (Primo gel, Explotab), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Polyplasdone) and so on Besides, the measure of
medication that is liable to initially pass digestion is diminished when contrasted with standard tablets.
Another methodology utilized in creating MD tablets is augmenting pore structure of the tablets.

Formulation/Methodology Employed for Fast Dissolution

The different methods used for the fast dissolution.

a) Superdisintegrants: In direct compression, the addition of superdisintegrants fastens the

process of disintegration. Example: Sodium starch glycolate, Crospovidone etc.

b) Melt Granulation: It is the process by which powders are efficiently agglomerated by melt able
binder. There is no need of water and organic solvent because there is no step of drying. It is a
useful technique to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Example:
griseofulvin.

c) Sublimation: It is the method of subliming material like camphor. It is removed by sublimation

from compressed tablets and high porosity is achieved.

d) Mass Extrusion: This technology involves softening of the active blend using the solvent mixture
of water soluble polyethylene glycol and methanol. This process can also be used to coat
granules of bitter drugs to mask their taste

4|Page
 e) Spraying Drying: Gelatin can be used as a supporting agent and as a matrix, mannitol as a
bulking agent and sodium starch glycol ate or Croscarmellose or crospovidone are used as
superdisintegrants. Tablets manufactured from the spray-dried powder have been accounted
for to deteriorate in under 20 seconds in fluid medium.

f) Cotton Candy Process: The Shear form innovation is utilized in the planning of a grid known as
'floss', produced using a blend of excipients, either alone or with drugs. The floss is a fibrous
material similar to cotton-candy fibers, commonly made of saccharides such as sucrose,
dextrose, lactose and fructose at temperatures ranging between 180– 266°F
These are the different methods and even many others are there tablet coating, lyophilisation, direct
compression, Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology:
Nanomaterial, for example, liposomes, micelles, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles show several
preferences most importantly connected with their little size. Doxil (Doxorubicin) was the first
advertised nanosystem for the therapy of certain malignant growths. This is a liposome that shows
upgraded course and improved half-time regard to the medication alone. Doxil can focus on the tumor
by improved penetrability impact (EPR).

2. MOUTH DISSOLVING TABLETS:

Mouth dissolving tablet disintegrate or dissolve in saliva and are swallowed without the need for water.
They offer an advantage over swallowing tablets and capsules. Difficulty to swallow is particularly
experienced by pediatric and geriatric patients.

Patented Technology:

a) Flashtab technology: Flashtab technology is patented by Prographarm laboratories. Tablets

prepared by this system consist of an active ingredient in the form of microcrystals. Drug micro-
granules may be prepared by using the conventional techniques like coacervation,
microencapsulation, and extrusion-spheronization. All these processes utilized conventional
tableting technology.

b) Wowtab Technology: Wowtab Technology is patented by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.

“WOW means "Without Water". In this process, combination of low mouldability saccharides
and high mouldability saccharides is used to obtain a rapidly melting strong tablet.

c) Flash Dose Technology: Flash dose technology has been patented by "Fuisz". Nurofen meltlet, a
new form of ibuprofen as melt-in-mouth tablets, prepared using flash dose technology is the
first commercial product launched by" Biovail Corporation". Flash dose tablets consist of self-
binding shear form matrix termed as "floss". Shear form matrices are prepared by flash heat
processing.

d) Orasolv Technology: Orasolv Technology has been developed by "CIMA" labs. In this system,
active medicament is taste masked. It also contains effervescent disintegrating agent. Tablets
are made by direct compression technique at low compression force in order to minimize oral
dissolution time. Conventional blenders and tablet machine is used to produce the tablets. The
tablets produced are soft and friable and packaged in specially designed pick and place system.

5|Page
 e) Durasolv Technology: Durasolv is the patented technology of "CIMA" labs. The tablets made by
this technology consist of a drug, fillers and a lubricant. Tablets are prepared by using
conventional tableting equipment and have good rigidity. These can be packed into
conventional packaging system like blisters. Durasolv is an appropriate technology for products
requiring low amounts of active ingredients.

f) Zydis Technology: This technology involves softening the active blend using the solvent mixture
of water soluble polyethylene glycol, using methanol and expulsion of softened mass through
the extruder or syringe to get a cylinder of the product into even segments using heated blade
to form tablets.

g) Ziplet technology: In ziplet technology water insoluble drugs or drugs as coated micro particles
are used. The addition of a suitable amount of a water-insoluble inorganic excipients combined
with disintegrants imparted an excellent physical resistance to the ODT and simultaneously
maintained optimal disintegration. The use of water insoluble inorganic excipients offers better
enhancement of disintegration in comparison to the most commonly used water-soluble sugars
or salts. Tablets primarily of water soluble components often tend to dissolve rather than
disintegrate and concentrated viscous solution is formed which reduces the rate of water
diffusion into the tablet core

h) Pharmaburst technology: Pharmaburst technology is patented by SPI pharma. Tablet

manufactured by this process involves a dry blend of a drug, flavor, and lubricant followed by
compression into tablets; which dissolve within 30-40 seconds. Tablets manufactured by this
method having sufficient strength so they can be packed in blister packs and bottles.

i) Ceform technology: In ceform technology microspheres containing active drug ingredient are
prepared. The essence of ceform microsphere manufacturing process involves placing a dry
powder, containing pure drug and excipients into a rapidly spinning machine. The centrifugal
force of the rotating head of ceform machine throws the dry drug blend at high speed through
small heated openings. The carefully controlled temperature of the resultant microburst of heat
liquefies the drug blend to form a sphere without adversely affecting drug stability. The
microspheres are then blended and/ or compressed into the preselected oral dosage format

j) Oraquick technology: Oraquick is a patented taste masking technology pioneered by KV

pharmaceuticals. It supports the incorporation of taste masking technology. The taste masking
process does not utilize solvents of any kind and therefore leads to faster and efficient
production. Tablets with sufficient mechanical strength without disrupting taste masking are
obtained after compression. This technology had also been utilized in the development of ODTs
containing hyoscyamine sulphate which is a bitter tasting drug.

k) Frosta technology: This technology is patented by Akina. Frosta technology utilizes the core
concept of formulating plastic granules and compressing at low pressure to produce strong
tablets with high porosity. The process involves mixing the porous plastic material with water
penetration enhancer and followed by granulating with binder. The technology can be used for
almost any drugs including aspirin, loratidine, caffeine, and folic acid, vitamins and dietary

6|Page
 supplements. Melting time varies from several seconds to about 10 seconds depending on the
formulation

3. ORODISPERSABLE TABLETS:
These are the tablets which show immediate effect it is placed in the mouth and it is allowed to dissolve
in saliva and it is swallowed without the need of any water. It is having the pleasant taste, easy to
transport, it is less environment sensitive.
Examples:
1. Claritin® RediTabs® (Loratadine)
2. Feldene Melt® Piroxicam
3. Maxalt® -MLT® Rizatritpan benzoate

CAPSULE:
INTRODUCTION:
Capsule are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is
enclosed within either a hard or soft
soluble shell. The shells generally are formed from gelatin. The
capsule may be regarded as a
“container” drug delivery system that provides a tasteless/odorless
dosage form without the need for
a secondary coating step, as may be required for tablets. Swallowing is
easy for most patients, since
the shells are smooth and hydrate in the mouth, and the capsule often tends to float upon swallowing in
the liquid taken with it. Their availability in a wide variety of colors makes capsules aesthetically
pleasing. There are numerous additional advantages to capsule as a dosage form, depending on the
type of capsule employed. Capsule may be classified as either hard or soft depending on the nature
of the shell. Soft gelatin capsules (sometimes referred at as “soft gels”) are made form a more flexible,
plasticized gelatin film than hard gelatin capsules. Most capsule of either type is intended to be
swallowed whole: however, some soft gelatin capsules are intended for rectal or vaginal insertion as
suppositories. The majority capsule products manufactured today are of the hard gelatin type.

General Properties of Capsule:

 Empty capsule contains a significant amount of water that acts as a plasticizer for the gelatin
film and is essential for their function.

 The standard moisture content specification for hard gelatin capsule is between 13% w/w and
16% w/w. The moisture content can be maintained within correct specification by storing them
in sealed containers at an even temperature.

7|Page
  Capsules are readily soluble in water at 37 degrees Celsius. When the temperature falls below
this, their rate of solubility decreases.

Advantages:
Capsules have several advantages as pharmaceutical dosage forms:

 They may be used to mask the unpleasant tastes, aromas, or appearance of a drug.

 They allow powders to be dispensed in an uncompressed form, thus allowing for quicker
dissolution and absorption of the drug following oral dosing (as compared with tablets).

 They offer the pharmacist versatility to prepare any dose desired for a variety of administration
routes (e.g. oral, inhalation, rectal, or to be diluted for vaginal, rectal, oral or topical use).

 They may be easier than tablets for some people to swallow.

 They can be made to alter the release rate of the drug.

Disadvantages:
Their disadvantages or limitations include the following:
 They are easily tampered with (although techniques exist for preventing this).
 They are subject to the effects of relative humidity and to microbial contamination.
 They may be difficult for some people to swallow.
 More expensive (commercially).
TYPES:
MAINLY TWO TYPES

1. HARD GELATIN CAPSULE.

2. SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE
Recent research on Capsules with respect to types and Formulation Strategies:
Some of the innovations are targeted to:

 Overcome the disadvantages associated with conventional capsules.

 Achieve modified drug release

 Encapsulation of various kind of material

 Modified applications
Capsules are used for filling different materials like Powder, Granules, Beads, Pastes, Caplets, Tablets

INNOVATIONS IN CAPSULES:
It includes modification of capsule shell to improve shell property.

 Improvement in the shell property

8|Page
  Provide physical strength

 Protection from moisture

 Protection from microbial contamination

 Protection from light and oxygen

 Improve compatibility of fill material with capsule shell

Innovations in Capsule System:

It includes modification of the system to achieve modified release.

1. INNOVATIONS IN CAPSULE SHELLS:

It includes:

a) Non animal Capsule:

 HPMC Capsules
Capsule (Ocean Caps)

 Pullulan Capsule

 PVA Capsule

 Starch Capsule

 V Caps®

b) Animal Capsule:

 Gelatin/ PEG Capsules

 Coni-Snap®

 Press-fit® Gelcaps

 LiCaps®

 Posilock

 Minicapsule

1. NON-ANIMAL CAPSULE:

A. HPMC CAPSULES (HYPROMELLOSE):

Hypromellose as a release controlling polymer with diffusion and erosion controlled release

9|Page
 Features:
•Chemically stable.
•Low moisture content than Gelatin capsule, Less brittle
•Fast dissolution
•Lower water vapor permeability than Gelatin capsule. (Gelatin>PEG-Gelatin>HPMC)
•High tolerance to temperature
•Chemical inactivity

QUALI-V®-I:
A New Key for Dry Powder Inhalers
o Superior physical performance a moisture content.

o Content could easily arise in the usage of DPI with capsules.

o Better cutting & puncturing performance.

o Elimination of the generation of shell particles in use.

B. PULLULAN CAPSULE:
Pullulan is a natural glucan (like amylose, dextran, cellulose)
Water soluble polysaccharides.

 Derived by bacterial fermentation from corn.

 Odorless, tasteless, and completely biodegradable

 Dried capsules are comparatively weak in physical strength

 Requires water to act as a film plasticizer, which may have a negative effect on negative
ingredients.

NP CapsTM:
Made up of pullulan
Pullulan is very stable and well characterized, and has achieved wide regulatory acceptance with its
proven safety record.
No chemical modification, starch free, preservative free, gluten free.

C. PVA CAPSULE:
Insoluble drugs can be dissolved in solvents such as macrogol 400, being filled in capsules.
The bioavailability of insoluble drugs can be improved very much.
e.g. PONDAC Capsule

D. STARCH CAPSULES:

 Manufactured by the injection moulding technique developed by Capsugel (Capill®).

 Sealing is achieved by applying a hydro alcoholic solution to inner section of the cap,
immediately prior to its being placed on to the body.

10 | P a g e
Offers advantages like.

 pH independent dissolution

 Suitable for enteric coating

 Tamper evident
Enteric starch -Coating of starch capsules appear to be less problematic because of the
smooth seal, coupled with the higher bulk density of the capsules, which provides for s
more uniform coating bed.
VCaps®:
o Two-piece capsules made from cellulosic raw materials

o VCaps capsules are also starch-free, gluten-free and preservative-free

o Easy to swallow

o Effectively mask taste & odor

2. ANIMAL CAPSULE SHELL

A. Ocean CapsTM:
It contains all-natural marine supplements

 Ideally suited for fish-eating vegetarians looking for fish capsules, and marine supplements such
as fish oil, DHA, salmon liver oil, shark cartilage, glucosamine iron, zinc, calcium and vitamins B2
and B12.

B. PRESS FIT® GELCAPS:

 consisting of a high-gloss gelatin coating that encases a caplet core.

 Manufactured by exclusive cold-shrink process

 Press-fit gelcaps combine the best qualities of a gelatin capsules with the density of a tablet,
creating an exciting new dosage form that can be custom engineered to meet specific product
performance criteria.

C. LICAPS®:

 specially designed to be sealed for secure containment of liquids and semi-solids.

 They may be filled at temperatures up to 70°C.

D. POSILOK®:

 The locking system used by Qualicaps.

11 | P a g e
  It ensures that the contents reach the consumer intact, and are protected at all times from
external contamination.

E. GELATIN/PEG CAPSULES:

 Reduce the brittleness of standard gelatin capsules when exposed to a low-moisture content
thus making the capsules more compatible to hygroscopic formulations or moisture-sensitive
ingredients

 At moisture content b/w 8-12 %, gelatin / PEG capsules have equivalent mechanical strength to
standard capsules with moisture b/w 13-16 %.

Gelatin/PEG Features:

 Less brittle

 Good for hygroscopic formulations

 Good for moisture-sensitive ingredients

 Odorless, tasteless

 Three-year shelf life

MINICAPSULES:

 Minicapsule dimensional specifications

 Minicapsule are available in both gelatin and hypromellose (HPMC) options.

2. INNOVATIONS IN CAPSULE SYSTEM:

To provide modified release:

 PORT CAPSULE TECHNOLOGY

 HYDROPHILIC SANDWICH (HS) CAPSULE

 L-OROS®

 PULSINCAP

 CHEWABLE SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE ENCAPSULATING LIQUID FILL

 INNERCAP TECHNOLOGY

 GALACTICLES

12 | P a g e
 1. PORT CAPSULE TECHNIOLOGY:
Port stands for programmable oral release technologies that use a unique coated in capsulated
system with opportunity to provide multiple program release of drug. Port technologies offer
significant flexibility in obtaining unique and desirable release profile to maximize
pharmacological and therapeutic effect. There are mainly two dosage forms for port technology.
The dosage from consist of a hard gelatin capsule coated with the semi permeable, rate
controlling polymer. Inside coated capsule is the osmotic energy source, which normally
contains the therapeutic agents to be delivers. The capsule is sealed with the water in soluble
lipid separators plug and immediate release dosage can be edit above the plug the to complete
the dosing option.
Example of port technologies: -
 Delayed release pseudoephedrine
 Multiple program release of phenylpropanolamine

2. HYDROPHILIC SANDWHICH(HS) CAPSULES:

 time delayed probe capsule, this effectively created a “Hydrophilic Sandwich “between two
gelatin capsule.

 When the outer capsule dissolved, the sandwich of HPMC formed a gel barrier layer that
provided a time delay before fluid could enter the inner capsule and cause drug release.

3. L-OROS®:
Controlled Release of Non-Aqueous Liquid Formulation

 L-OROS Hard cap

 L-OROS Soft cap

 Delayed liquid bolus delivery system consists of liquid drug, an osmotic engine or push
layer and a semi permeable membrane coating.
Advantages:

 Enhanced bioavailability of class II drugs

 Uniform blood levels over specific period of time

 Reduced first pass effect

 Reduced dose

 Patient compliance

 Made of pharmaceutical acceptable excipient

L-OROS HARD CAP SYSTEM:

The drug layer and the osmotic engine are encased in hard capsule which is surrounded by the rate
controlling semi permeable membrane. A barrier layer composed of an inert substance separates the

13 | P a g e
drug layer from osmotic engine. A delivery orifice is laser drilled at the opposite end of the osmotic
engine providing an outlet for the drug.

L-OROS SOFT CAP SYSTEM:

• The liquid drug formulation is encased in soft capsule. It is in turn surrounded by a barrier layer,
osmotic engine, and a semi permeable membrane in order.
• A delivery orifice in drilled through semi-permeable membrane, osmotic engine and barrier layer.

4. CHEWABLE SOOFT GELATIN CAPSULE ENCAPSULATING LIQUID FILL:

 Chewable SGC require mixture of gelatin having different bloom values.

 Most preferable combination ration: 3:1 to 5:1

 It contains ingredients like,

o Low bloom gelatin

o Medium bloom gelatin

o Plasticizers

o Water

o Moisture retaining agent

o Other
DELAYED LIQUID BOLUS SYSTEM:
Delivers the pulse of the liquid drug. The system consists of the placebo delay layer, a liquid drug layer,
an osmotic engine all encased by a sub coat and then surrounded by semi-permeable membrane.

5. INNERCAP TECHNOLOGY:

 The combination example consists of a high potency insoluble active in a lipid emulsion,
sustained release tablet and a cocktail of two crystalline active materials.

 A combination of release profiles can be incorporated in the system.

6. PULSIN CAP:
Used for pulsatile drug delivery.
consists of insoluble capsule body and a soluble capsule cap.

7. GALACTICLES:
Galacticles TM Oral Lipid Matrix in Liquid-Filled Softgel Capsules. A Novel Drug Delivery System for
Improved Oral Bioavailability & improve the formulation of poorly soluble drugs, administered in
liquid-filled softgel capsules. (50% neutral lipids (mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides), and 50% polar
lipids (mixed galactolipids and phospholipids, 70:30) called galactolecithin.
NEWER TECHNOLOGIES:
1. ORBEXA® TECHNOLOGY:

14 | P a g e
  It produces beads that are of controlled size and density and suitable for formulation as
controlled release multiparticulates -using granulation, spheronization and extrusion
technique.

 The resultant beads can be coated with functional polymer membrane for additional
release rate control and may be filled into capsules.

Advantages:

 Aqueous or solvent-based granulation

 High-speed process is well suited for sensitive molecules like proteins

 Suitable for high drug loading.

2. EURAND MINITABS® TECHNOLOGY:

 Eurand's microencapsulated drugs can be taste-masked and directly compressed with

Advatab to ensure an optimized drug delivery process.

 Microcaps® -microencapsulation of drug particles via a proprietary coacervation technique

for uniform, precise taste-masking.

3. SODAS® TECHNOLOGY:

 SODAS® (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System) is particulate drug delivery system.

 SODAS® Technology is based on the production of uniform spherical beads of 1-2mm in

diameter containing drug plus excipients and coated with product specific controlled release
polymers.

4. CODAS® TECHNOLOGY:

 Chrono therapeutic Oral Drug Absorption System (CODAS TM Technology) was developed to
achieve this prolonged interval.

 Delay is introduced by the level of release controlling polymer applied to the drug loaded
beads. The release controlling polymer is a combination of water soluble and water
insoluble polymers.

 As water from the GIT contacts the polymer coat beads, the water soluble polymer slowly
dissolves and the drug diffuses through the resulting pores in the coating.

 The water insoluble polymer continues to act as a barrier, maintaining the controlled release
of the drug.

5. PRODAS® TECHNOLOGY:

 It is unique in that it combines the benefits of tableting technology within a capsule.

15 | P a g e
  It can be used to pre-program the release rate of a drug.

 PRODAS®technology, by incorporating minitablets with different release rates, can display

the characteristics of a number of different conventional dosage forms:
o delayed release component for site/regional release and/or food resistance

o sustained release component for additional controlled release/profile extension.

6. BANNER’SVERSETROLTMTECHNOLOGY:

 Drug is incorporated in lipophilic or hydrophilic matrix and that is than incorporated in soft
gelatin capsule shell.

7. Bijel Capsules: Co-release Micro-gel:

 new generic route to gel capsule formulation, involving particles suspended in fluid-
bicontinuous mixture of two solvents.

 The Bijel capsules are made of two fluids and hence they are both a gel and an emulsion.
The water and oil domains inside the capsules can be used to deliver chemically different
active ingredients. The capsules can be designed to release or mix the active ingredients in
response to a specific external stimulus

16 | P a g e
CONCLUSION:
There is a tremendous headway in drug improvement, drug
conveyance frameworks and advancements used has been
seen in past many years and still is in advancement. These
innovations and recently created conveyance frameworks give
better helpful viability, quiet consistence and wide assortment
of helpful impacts. A couple of them has been sketched out in
this article. In spite of the fact that, these have given such
countless advantageous impacts, yet at the same time a few
issues are related with these medication conveyance
frameworks. In this way, further headways in advancements
and received approaches are the necessities of great
importance. Advancement of the technologies and design and
development of new chemical moieties having targeting
potential is leading to emergence of new drug molecules
having therapeutic effect. 

17 | P a g e
REFERENCES:
 file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/
UNITDOSAGESFORMTABLETANOVERVIEW.pdf
 https://www.pharmapproach.com/solid-dosage-forms-tablets/
 https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/formulation-design-
manufacture-criteria-requirement-various-types-tablet
 https://www.scribd.com/document/186499138/Introduction-to-
Capsules
 https://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/capsules/intro.htm
 https://www.scribd.com/document/137130654/Recent-Innovation-in-
Capsules
 file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/Documents/journal-file-
56d04cab2f0890.35963132.pdf
 https://studylib.net/doc/9911481/recent-innovation-in-capsule-
dosage-form

18 | P a g e
19 | P a g e