Mitigation of Power Loss and Harmonic Distortion On Long Transmission

Mitigation of Power Loss and Harmonic Distortion on Long Transmission using SVC
2016
DECLARATION
We are honestly declare that, this is our own work and no copying or plagiarism is there with our
work and that all sources of materials used on this final thesis have been strongly
acknowledged. This is to certify that the above declaration made by our effort is correct to the
best of our knowledge. In doing so, we assure that we agree with all written above with our
signature as follows.
Name ID Signature
1. JIREGNAH DEJENE 02782 /04 -----------------------
2. KEREMU TEMECHE 02281/04 ------------------------
3. NEGASA BERIHUN 02719/04 ------------------------
4. SHIMELIS FIKIRU 02977/04 -------------------------
5. TESFAYE FEYISA 03207/04 -----------------------

Institute: Jimma Institute of Technology (JIT)
School: Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Thesis tittle: MITIGATE THE POWER LOSSES AND HARMONICS OF LONG

TRANSMISSION LINE USING STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
This is to certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and quality, as a final thesis for the degree of Bachelor of
Science.
Advisors name: - ABERA JOTE (MSc)
Signature ……………………
JU JIT School of ECE Power Stream BSc. Thesis June 9/2016 Page | i
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we would like to thank Jimma institute of technology for giving us this
opportunity in doing final year project in order to overcome practical problems. And also we would
like to thank our school of electrical and computer engineering for providing us sufficient
knowledge to perform this project. Next our deepest thank goes to our advisor ABERA JOTE, for
advising, guiding and correcting various document with great attention and care and also we would
like to thanks Henok.A. and Alebachew Tena to help by guidance on our projects. Finally much
gratitude goes to all those who share their knowledge while doing this project
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ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to mitigate power losses and harmonics of long transmission line using
the applications of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. In this project we use static
VAR compensator which is one of flexible AC transmission system device that is used to mitigate
power losses and harmonics coming in to the transmission line using the technology of power
electronic switching devices in the fields of electrical power stream on the long transmission line
systems with regulating the voltage and power flow, and improving the efficiency of power
systems. The shunt connected flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device is connect with
long transmission line through transformer at the middle of the transmission line for reactive
power compensation and better mitigation of power losses and harmonics. The FACTS
technology based on power electronics device is used to enhance existing transmission
capabilities in order to make power systems network more flexible with independent operation
thus increasing the power transfer capability, and reduced the harmonic distortion of the
transmission line. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is one of the shunt connected FACTS devices,
which can be utilized for the purpose of reactive power compensation and mitigation of harmonics
of long transmission line. The data for all components and parameter (transmission line,
transformer, thyristor, capacitor inductor and reactance) are calculated starting from assumption.
SVC control strategies have been developed by using mathematical modeling based on the
assumed data. The mitigation technique of power losses and harmonic with in long transmission
line is done by using MATLAB/Simulink software with SVC and without SVC.
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Table of Contents Page

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ iii
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Statement of problems ................................................................................. 2
1.2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 General objective ................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Specific objective ................................................................................. 2
1.4 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................... 2
1.5 Methodology ............................................................................................... 2
1.6 Limitations of the project ............................................................................ 3
1.7 Over all outline of project ........................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................. 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 5
2.1 Electric System Losses ................................................................................ 9
2.2 Technical losses includes ............................................................................ 9
2.2.1 Losses in transmission lines ................................................................. 9
2.2.3 Dielectric losses ................................................................................. 10
2.2.4 Radiation and induction losses ........................................................... 11
2.3 Non-technical losses.................................................................................. 11
2.4 Factor Influencing of power losses ............................................................ 11
2.5 Analysis of Technical Losses in Power System ......................................... 11
2.5.1 Differential power loss method........................................................... 12
2.6. Loss Minimization Techniques ................................................................ 12
2.6.1 Reducing Line (Conductor) Losses .................................................... 12
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2.6.2 Reducing Transformer Losses ............................................................ 13

2.7 Power Factor and Reactive Power ............................................................. 13
2.8 Harmonic distortion .................................................................................. 14
2.8.1 Negative effects of harmonics ............................................................ 14
2.9 FACT Device ............................................................................................ 14
2.9.1 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) ........... 15
2.9.2 Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) .................................. 16
2.9.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) ............................................. 16
2.9.4 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) ................................... 16
2.10 Static Var Compensator (SVC) ............................................................... 16
2.10.1 Shunt compensation ......................................................................... 17
2.10.2 Shunt capacitive compensation ......................................................... 17
2.10.3 Shunt inductive compensation .......................................................... 17
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................ 18
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 18
3.1 Block diagram ........................................................................................... 18
3.2 Block diagram description ......................................................................... 19
3.2.1 Generation station .............................................................................. 19
3.2.2 Transmission line and transmission line parameter ............................. 19
3.2.3 Transmission line parameter ............................................................. 19
3.2.4 Long transmission line analysis. ......................................................... 21
3.2.5 Transformer........................................................................................ 22
3.2.6 Static var compensator ....................................................................... 23
3.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors .................................................................. 23
3.3.1 Circuit diagram and component of TSC ............................................. 23
3.3.2 The capacitor bank ............................................................................. 24
3.3.3 TSC reactor ........................................................................................ 24
3.3.4 Thyristor valve ................................................................................... 24
3.3.4 Principle operation of TSC of SVC .................................................... 24
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3.4 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor .................................................................... 26

3.4.1 Circuit diagram and component of thyristor controlled reactor ........... 26
3.4.2 Principle operation of TCR................................................................. 27
3.4.3 Harmonic and TCR ............................................................................ 28
3.5 Combined TSC and TCR .......................................................................... 29
3.6 Controller and Control Concept of SVC: ................................................... 30
3.6.1 Block diagram description of SVC controlling system ....................... 31
3.7 Comparison of Shunt and Series Compensators ........................................ 31
MATHIMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULINK RESULT DISCUSION ..... 33
4.1 Modeling of SVC ...................................................................................... 33
4.2 Mathematical modeling of SVC controller ................................................ 35
4.3.2 Thyristor control reactor (TCR) .......................................................... 41
4.3.3 Simulink diagram of SVC .................................................................. 45
4.3.4 Simulink diagram of controlled systems. ............................................ 50
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................ 52
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................... 52
5.1 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 52
5.2 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 53
REFERENCE ..................................................................................................... 54
List of Figure.................................................................................................... page
Figure 1Block diagram of the system .................................................................. 18

Figure 2shows the equivalent circuit of a 3-phase long transmission line on a
phase-neutral bases ............................................................................................. 22
Figure 3 the thyristor-switched capacitor configuration. ..................................... 24
Figure 4 thyristor controller reactor .................................................................... 27
Figure 5 Combined TSC and TCR configuration. ............................................... 29
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Figure 6 Block diagram of controlling systems ................................................... 31

Figure 7 circuit diagram of TSC.......................................................................... 36
Figure 8 Input voltage ......................................................................................... 37
Figure 9 Simulink results of TSC voltage out put................................................ 38
Figure 10 harmonic and total harmonic distortion before TSC is connected........ 39
Figure 11 harmonic and total harmonic distortion after svc is connected ............ 40
Figure 12 Simulink diagram of TCR ................................................................... 41
Figure 13 Shows simulation results of TCR voltage wave form .......................... 42
Figure 14 shows the harmonic and total harmonic distortion spectrum before
Compensation. .................................................................................................... 43
Figure 15 shows harmonic and total harmonic distortion spectrum after
compensation ...................................................................................................... 44
Figure 16 Shows the Simulink diagram of SVC (combination of TCR & TSC) .. 45
Figure 17 Simulink results of power input and power output of SVC ................. 46
Figure 18 Simulink results of voltage input and voltage output of SVC .............. 47
Figure 19 harmonic and THD before SVC is connected to the system ................ 48
Figure 20 harmonic and THD after SVC is connected to the system. ................. 49
Figure 21 simulation diagram of Controller ........................................................ 50
Figure 22 Simulink results of controlling systems. .............................................. 51
List of abbreviation
Appendixes
SVC=Static Var compensator
TSC=thyristor switch capacitor
TCR=Thyristor control reactor
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S=Switch
F=Faraday
C= capacitance
L=inductance
X=reactance
Q=reactive power
P=Real power
I=Current
V=Voltage
UPFC=unified power flow controller
SSSC= Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
STAT COM= Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom)
Y=Admittance
Z=Impendence
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is today considered a very mature technology. It has been
used for reactive power compensation. This static var compensator have multiple application in
power systems to increase power transfer across limited interface, to dampen power oscillations
and to improve the voltage regulation and reduce the power losses in transmission line [6]. The
SVC is a shunt connected FACTS devices whose output can be adjusted to exchange either
capacitive or inductive current in to the connected systems. This current is controlled to regulate
reactive power, active power and voltage on the transmission line. The thyristor has been an
integral part in realizing the SVC and to enable control of its reactive power. It is used either as a
switch or as a continuously controlled valve by controlling the firing angle. It should be noted
that the SVC current will contain harmonic content, something that need attention in the design
process. SVC are used at a large number of installations around the world and it is still considered
an attractive FACTS devices to improve the performance of AC transmission power systems [7].
The static var compensator we use in this project is made up of a reactance connected in series to
a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) based on bidirectional valves and capacitor connected in
series with bidirectional thyristor valves (TSC). The Static VAR Compensator is also the shunt
compensation equipment of thyristor switched type, it is on the basis of parallel capacitor and
inductor of machinery investment and cute-style. Static VAR Compensator is developed with
large capacity thyristor instead of circuit breaker, that is a widely used in transmission line system.
Due to Static VAR Compensator based on method of thyristor switched, the number of operations
are almost unlimited, and switching time can be precisely controlled [8]. The thyristor is adopted
as switch to connect capacitor, reactor and other equipment to the power grid, which actualizes
the equipment speediness, no arc, no impact switching, and has superior performance.
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1.1 Statement of problems

 There are power loss in the transmission line due to unregulated voltage on the system.
 There are many harmonic distortion in the power transmit on the transmission line.
 Most of the electrical power that is supply to the home and company through transmission
line usually has power loss and harmonics distortion that should be taken in consideration.
Therefore in our project we use SVC FACTS devices to overcome these problem rise in
transmission line.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.2.1 General objective
The main objective of this project is to mitigate power losses and harmonics of long
transmission line using SVC (FACTS) device with the help of MATLAB/Simulink software.
1.2.2 Specific objective
The specific objective of this project is:-
 To mitigate the power loss in transmission line by using SVC device.

 To mitigate the harmonic distortion of the systems.
 To model SVC control system for transmission network.
 To analyze the impact of SVC in the transmission line.
 To regulate the voltage on the transmission line.
1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this project is to analysis, model/design, simulate and evaluate the
performance of the transmission line with SVC and without SVC in order to mitigate the
long transmission line power losses and harmonic distortion, improve voltage regulation
on the transmission line using MATLAB/Simulink software.
1.5 Methodology
In order to achieve the main aim of the project there are various procedure tasks followed by the
author. The first method toward of the processing the work is started with the reviewing different
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literatures where all the theoretical information regarding to the SVC in power system to reduce
power loss, voltage regulator, and reduce harmonic distortion and comparison of previous similar
project study. This is followed by studying the characteristics and modeling of SVC
component.one model is developed by using MATLAB/Simulink, the analysis is performed.
Finally, the performance of the harmonic distortion and mitigation of power loss is analysis and
a comparison is made.
Mathematical
iIntroduction Literature modeling, Simulink
and Methodology
Review result and
background
implementation
Conclusion and
recommendation
Figure 1.1 Summary of methodology
1.6 Limitations of the project

 The computer access is not available as much as possible.
 Most components of our project is not have full data on the website.
 This project needs actual value of the components but at a time we cannot attain full data
as much as we required.
 Since our project is broad it needs long time to implement and in order to elaborate all
parameters and components
1.7 Over all outline of project

This project is organized into five chapters with each chapter explains in detail about the project.
The first chapter is provides an introduction of the project and defines the subject of our projects.
The second chapter is generally covers the literature view, explain the case of power loss,
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harmonic distortion and some technics to mitigate power loss and harmonic distortion in power
systems. In chapter three the SVC methodology to analysis power loss, voltage regulator, and
harmonics distortion and explains the important possible mitigation to reduce the problem of the
systems. In chapter four based on the mathematical model design of the system and explain
simulation and implementation is performed. This includes the interpretation of the result
obtained with respect to the standards. In the final part, chapter Five, we the concluding remarks
that summarize the research results.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
N.kumer and M.P.Daven [6] presented a work on application of static VAR system auxiliary
controllers to improve the performance of series compensated long transmission line. The paper
presents a comparative assessment of static VAR system (SVC) bus frequency line reactive
power auxiliary controllers for the transient performance enhancement of series compensated
transmission line. This controller, namely, the combine reactive power frequency (CRPF)
auxiliary controller, has been developed incorporated in the static VAR control system located
at the middle of transmission line. The series compensation is provided at the end of the line.
The application of auxiliary controllers considerably enhances the system by damping the
unstable system mode but the paper does not consider any harmonic effect of transmission line.
M. Saravanam et al [8], [9] have presented a work on application of particle swarm optimization
(PSO) technique location of FACTS device considering a cost of installation system load ability
(SL). To find the optimal location they have taken thermal limit for the line voltage limit for the
bus as constraints. Considering three types of FACTS devices, thyristor control series
compensator (TCSC), static VAR compensator (SVC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC)
optimization are performed for the location of FACTS device, their setting, and their types of
installation and cost of FACTS device. Two cases, namely single type device (same types of
FACTS device) and multi types device (combination of TCSC, SVC, and UPFC) are considered
.simulations are perform on IEEE 6,30,118 bus systems. They have found that the results obtained
are quite encouraging useful in electrical restructuring. Even though he consider on both losses
and harmonics mitigation of transmission line the system is so bulky which is difficult to
implement and require high maintenance.
F.R. Quintela, J.M.G. Arevalo and R.C. Redondo [1], [2] presented work on power analysis
of static VAR compensators. In their work authors have assessed that impendence taken into
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account for the capacitor is normally based on passive load treated in a star or triangle
configuration. But the authors, through analytical procedure, have come to the conclusion that the
capacitors are equally effective in the compensation of both active and passive three-phase loads.
“Voltage stability improvement Using static VAR compensator in power system” by Mark
N.dubuka, discussed the voltage stability improvement using static VAR compensator in power
systems. He investigated the effects of static VAR compensator (SVC) on voltage stability of
power system. The functional structure for SVC built with Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) its
model are described. The model is based on representing the controller as variable impendence
that changes with the firing angle of TCR.
M.Z. El-Sadek et al [6] presented the scheme of improving steady state voltage stability via
scheme of series compensation along with SVC. The appropriate percentage of series
compensation was obtained from the voltage stability point view. Combined use of tap changing
transformer SVC was also presented by the name of author in order to enhance the voltage
stability of transmission line. But author uses the tap changing transformer only for voltage
stability enhancement.
Walid Hubbi and Takashi Hiyama [6], [7] presented a work on placement of static VAR
compensator to minimize power system losses. The have also proposed on screening method of
finding the optimum location of static VAR compensators and other reactive power element in a
power system to minimize the power loss. For this, they have the computed the sensitivity of the
power loss to reactive power injection at all the system bus. Work on “Vector analysis control of
advanced static VAR compensator is presented.
V. Ajjarapu and B.Lee [10] presented detailed on the voltage stability and on the various aspects
of the voltage regulation and collapse of relevance for safety of long transmission line.
B.T.Ramakrishna Rao, N.Gayatri, P.Balaji and K.Sindhu [1],[2] presented the potential
applications of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers, such as the static VAR
compensator (SVC), using the latest technology of power electronic switching devices in the
fields of electric power transmission systems with controlling the voltage and power flow, and
improving the voltage regulation. The SVC can be used to control the voltage level at a specific
bus with the possibility of adding additional damping control. These can effectively dampening
oscillations in the power system such as sub synchronous resonances (SSR), inter-area
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oscillations and power oscillations. A SVC performs such system improvements and benefits by
controlling shunt reactive power sources, both capacitive and inductive, with high tech power
electronic switching devices.
F.Z. Gherbi, S. Hadjeri and F. Ghazel [6] presented the modelling and simulation of Static Var
Compensator (SVC) in power system studies by MATLAB. SVC is a shunt device of the Flexible
AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) family using power electronics to control power flow and
improve transient stability on power grids. In the first step, we have modelled mathematically
with Mathcad how to analyze the rating of SVC.
R. Selvarasu, M. Surya kalavathi, and C. Christober Asir Rajan [`1],[2],[8],[9] presented

static Var Compensator (SVC) is a popular FACTS device for providing reactive power support
in power systems and its placement representing the location and size has significant influence
on network loss, while keeping the voltage magnitudes within the acceptable range. This paper
presents a Firefly algorithm based optimization strategy for placement of SVC in power systems
with a view of minimizing the transmission loss besides keeping the voltage magnitude within
the acceptable range. The method uses a self-adaptive scheme for tuning the parameters in the
Firefly algorithm but the system analysis is not real time analysis.
Oyedoja, Kayode. A and Oyeniyi [4], [13] presented Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) controllers, such as the Static Var Compensator (SVC), employ latest technology
power electronic switching devices in electric power transmission systems to control voltage and
power flow, and improve voltage regulation. There is increase in demand for electricity globally
to feed the technology driven economy. Given a profit-driven, deregulated electric power industry
coupled with increased load growth, the power transmission infrastructure is being stressed to its
upper operating limits to achieve maximum economic returns to both generation and
transmissions system owners. In such an environment, system stability problems such as
inadequate voltage control and regulation must be resolved in the most cost-effective manner to
improve overall grid security and reliability.
Manisha Jaswani, Satyadharma Bharti, and Dr. S.P.Dubey [7] presented to develop a program
to determine the required reactive power compensation method on an EHV long transmission line
to improve the voltage stability. Different types of compensation method has been studied. The
static VAR compensator (SVC) is the shunt compensation method which is used to compensate
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the reactive power. The SVC uses Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) /Thyristor Switched
Capacitor (TSC) control method by the help of which reactive power is either absorbed or
generated. To control the SVC a triggering alpha is used.
Prof. Mrs. Shrunkhala G. Khadilkar [10], [11], [13] presented how fixed capacitor thruster
controlled reactor (FC-TCR) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), Unified power
flow controller (UPFC) are applied to control transmission system dynamic performance for
system disturbance and effectively regulate system voltage. SVC and Static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM) is basically a shunt connected Static VAR generator whose output is
adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific power
variable; typically the control variable is the SVC bus voltage. One of the major reasons for
installing SVC is to improve dynamic voltage control and thus increase system load ability.
Unified power flow controller (UPFC) which is used in transmission line and distribution system
to improve power transfer capability and to enhance power system stability this paper shows the
performance of the system for SVC, STATCOM and UPFC devices in improving the power flow
in transmission line.
Prechanon Kumkratug [6] presented the Static Var Compensator (SVC) have been widely
investigated its effect on transient stability of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system. The
exact medium transmission line model in power system consists of the series resistance, series
reactance and shunt capacitance. It is not easy task to obtain the mathematical model of the SVC
with the exact medium transmission line model for investigating transient stability performance.
Roberto Alves, Miguel Montillay, and Ernesto Mora [1], [2], [6] presented an application of
a Static Var Compensator (SVC). A SVC is one of the controllers based on Power Electronics
and other static devices known as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Controllers which
it could be used to increase the capacity and the flexibility of a transmission network. The system
under study is an interconnected network located in the southeast region of Venezuela. The
objective of the study were to increase the power flow, under the thermal capacity, through an
overhead transmission lines, using a voltage stability approach. The simulations were carried out
with the program ATP/EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Programs), which allows the analysis
of the response of the SVC and the adjustments of its control systems.
Generally the above transmission line power loss mitigating methods are not controlled all the
parameters and also the work does not consider harmonics effect. The proposed MATLAB/Simulink
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software mitigate the long transmission line power losses and harmonics using SVC to avoid the
above discussed problem of the previous work.
2.1 Electric System Losses

Electrical energy is generated at power stations which are usually located far away from load
center. Thus, a network of conductors between the power stations and the consumers is required
in order to harness the power generated. This network of conductors may be divided in to two
main components, namely, the transmission system the distribution system. Accurate knowledge
of power losses on transmission line and their mitigation is a critical component for efficient flow
of power in an electrical network. Power losses result in lower power availability to the final
consumers. Hence, adequate measures need to be taken to reduce power losses to the barest
minimum. In general there are two types of losses.
2.2 Technical losses includes: Transmission loss, sub-transmission loss, distribution loss,
copper losses, and radiation losses, dielectric losses and corona losses. The main reason for the
losses in transmission and sub-transmission lines is the resistance of conductors against the flow
of current. The production of heat in the conductor as a result of the flow of current increases its
temperature. This rise in the conductor temperature further increases the resistance of conductor
and this will consequently increase the losses. This implies that ohmic power loss is the main
component of losses in transmission and sub-transmission line due to the finite resistance of the
conductors copper losses are caused by I2R losses that are produced in all conductors. This type
of losses are maximum at peak load condition because this loss depends upon the value of flow
of current at that line. The heating effect on the dielectric material between the conductors
produces dielectric losses. The formation of corona on transmission line is associated with a losses
of power, which will have some effect on efficiency of the transmission line.
2.2.1 Losses in transmission lines
Losses which occur in transmission lines may be any of these three types - copper, dielectric, and
radiation or induction losses.
2.2.2 Copper losses
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One type of copper loss is I2R loss in transmission lines the resistance of the conductor is never
equal to zero. Whenever current flows through the conductor some energy is dissipated in the
form of heat. This heat loss is a power loss. With copper braid, which has a resistance higher
than solid tubing, this power loss is higher. Another type of copper loss is due to skin effect. When
dc flows through a conductor, the movement of electrons through the conductor's cross section is
uniform. The situation is somewhat different when ac is applied. The expanding and collapsing
fields about each electron encircle other electrons. This phenomenon, called self –induction,
retards the movement of the encircled electrons. The flux density at the center is so great that
electron movement at this point is reduced. As frequency is increased, the opposition to the flow
of current in the center of the wire increases. Current in the center of the wire becomes smaller
and most of the electron flow is on the wire surface. When the frequency applied is 100 megahertz
or higher, the electron movement in the center is so small that the center of the wire could be
removed without any noticeable effect on current. You should be able to see that the effective
cross-sectional area decreases as the frequency increases. Since resistance is inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area, the resistance will increase as the frequency is increased.
Also, since power loss increases as resistance increases, power losses increase with an increase
in frequency because of skin effect. Copper losses can be minimized and conductivity increased
in an RF line by plating the line with silver. Since silver is a better conductor than copper, most
of the current will flow through the silver layer. The tubing then serves primarily as a mechanical
support.
2.2.3 Dielectric losses
Dielectric losses result from the heating effect on the dielectric material between the conductors.
Power from the source is used in heating the dielectric. The heat produced is dissipated into the
surrounding medium. When there is no potential difference between two conductors, the atoms
in the dielectric material between them are normal and the orbits of the electrons are circular.
When there is a potential difference between two conductors, the orbits of the electrons change.
The excessive negative charge on one conductor repels electrons on the dielectric toward the
positive conductor and thus distorts the orbits of the electrons. A change in the path of electrons
requires more energy, introducing a power loss. The atomic structure of rubber is more difficult
to distort than the structure of some other dielectric materials. The atoms of materials, such as
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polyethylene, distort easily. Therefore, polyethylene is often used as a dielectric because less
power is consumed when its electron orbits are distorted.
2.2.4 Radiation and induction losses
Radiation and induction losses are similar in that both are caused by the fields surrounding the
conductors. Induction losses occur when the electromagnetic field about a conductor cuts through
any nearby metallic object and current is induced in that object. As a result, power is dissipated
in the object and is lost. Radiation losses occur because some magnetic lines of force about a
conductor do not return to the conductor when the cycle alternates. These lines of force are
projected into space as radiation and this result in power losses. That implies power supplied from
the source is not fully getting to the load.
2.3 Non-technical losses: Is due to the effect of external action of power system and the
computation technics loss fail, such as measurement problem, un accurately reading, un exact
recording etc.
2.4 Factor Influencing of power losses are flow of current, power factors, phase balance
angle, and voltage regulations.
2.5 Analysis of Technical Losses in Power System

Electrical system losses can be determined by using different techniques. These are computing
transmission losses as I2R, differential power loss method, computing line flows and line losses,
analyzing system parameters.
Transmission line real power loss is calculated as

Ploss = 3I2R................................................................................................................................ (2.1)
Then the current which is flowing throughout the line can be determined as,
PG 1
|I| = ( ) ∗ (VGcosϕG)............................................................................................................ (2.2)
√3
Where,
I is the current
R is the resistance of the line in ohms per phase.
PG is the power generated
VG is the magnitude of the line to line generated voltage
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cos ∅𝐺 The generator power factor

By substituting equation (a) into (b) we get
𝑅
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (𝑉 ) ∗ 𝑃𝐺 ..................................................................................................... (2.3)
𝐺 cos ∅𝐺2 𝑉𝐺
2.5.1 Differential power loss method
Power loss in the transmission line system can be expressed as the difference between the
transmitted power and received power
. 𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑 ........................................................................................................ (2.4)
2.6. Loss Minimization Techniques
2.6.1 Reducing Line (Conductor) Losses
All utility-grade conductors are made of very pure aluminum or copper, both of which have
inherently low resistance to electrical current. There are three factors that contribute most
significantly to conductor losses. The first is the quality of the connections at each end of the
conductors (and any splices that may exist mid-line). The second is the size of the conductor
relative to the amperage it carries. The third is the voltage at which the conductors operate.
Connection quality is generally very good in the United States, but is a source of very significant
line losses in less developed countries. Corroded connectors, or simple twisted wires, result in
significant arcing of the electrical current, which wastes power in the form of heat. Conductor
size affects the resistance of the line to current passing through it. Where high amperage is
anticipated, larger conductors are required, just as a larger-gauge extension cord is needed to
handle power tools and other high-usage appliances. Utilities sometimes change out the wires or
“re-conductor” an existing distribution circuit (without changing its voltage) in order to increase
the capacity and reduce losses on that circuit. This is expensive, but not as expensive as the full
reconstruction necessary to increase voltage. And sometimes there is no other alternative, as when
a single-family residential area gradually converts to multifamily or commercial development.
Voltage affects losses by reducing the amperage needed to deliver any given number of watts to
customers. By increasing voltage on a line, which usually means that new transformers must also
be installed a utility can reduce the amperage in the line. The radius of the conductor reflects the
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“R” portion of the I2R formula noted previously and thus reducing the “I” portion of the I2R
formula
2.6.2 Reducing Transformer Losses
Recall that transformer losses are caused in two different ways, core (no-load) losses and
resistive (copper) losses. Core losses are the losses incurred to energize the transformer. These
vary with the size of the transformer and the materials used to construct the transformer. It is
essential to “right-size” transformers to minimize core losses. In a situation in which, for example,
a large industrial customer with heavy machinery and high power demand moves out of a large
building and is replaced by a warehouse operation with only lights and a few office machines,
and no accompanying modification is made to the transformers, core losses could exceed the
annual power consumption of the new business.
2.7 Power Factor and Reactive Power

These topics delve fairly deeply into electrical engineering, but they also represent very promising
sources of increased electric grid capacity and reduced line losses. “Power factor” is a quantity
that basically indicates how effectively a device utilizes electricity. It is measured as the ratio of
“real power in kW” to “apparent power in kilovolt-ampere (kVA)” on a distribution circuit or
end-use. The difference between the two reflects how efficiently real power is used. “Real power”
is the portion of electricity that does useful work. “Reactive power” establishes the magnetic field
required by motors and transformers to operate, but does not contribute to useful work.
Real power is produced only from generators – and distributed generation such as solar photo
voltaic. Reactive power can be produced from both generators and capacitors. For maximum
efficiency, a generator should operate at its rated power factor or higher. The same is true for
motors and other end-use equipment. Resistive loads (such as incandescent light bulbs) have a
power factor of 1.00, meaning that they use only real power; so real power and apparent power
are the same for such loads. However, motors, transformers, electronic equipment, and
distribution lines consume both real and reactive power. So their power factor is less than 1.00
unless power factor correction technology is applied. In fact, some motors (such as those in
refrigerators and especially older air conditioners) and electronic power supplies (such as those
in Personal computers, office equipment, and televisions) impose loads on the electric system that
exceed the amount of power they actually use productively.
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2.8 Harmonic distortion

Harmonic distortion is considered to be a type of electrical pollution that can cause some
equipment to malfunction if it exceeds certain limits. Harmonic current is specified with a fre-
quency at multiples of the Base Frequency for instance for the base or fundamental frequency of
50HZ the third harmonics component have a frequency of three times base frequency which
means 150HZ and the fifth harmonic component have frequency of 250HZ. Harmonics are
generated by non-linear loads on an electrical system, which include most electronic equipment.
In accordance with the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) the level of harmonics
is described in a single parameter by the total harmonic distortion (THD), which is the sum of the
distortion at all frequencies, and expressed as a percentage of the total voltage or current at the
Base Frequency (60Hz or 50Hz). Total Harmonic Distortion is the summation of sine waves of
various amplitudes and frequencies that combine to distort the fundamental sinusoidal waveform
expected from an AC supply. The harmonics in the system are usually quantified internes of total
harmonic distortion (THD).
√∑50 2
𝐻=1 𝑉 ℎ
𝑇𝐻𝐷 = ∗ 100%
𝑉1
2.8.1 Negative effects of harmonics
The most significant negative effects of uncontrolled harmonics are:

 Cables overheating due to the extra current
 Capacitors enduring insulation-damaging voltages due to resonance
 Uncontrolled noise and torque oscillations in motors that could lead to mechanical
resonance and vibration and
 Communication equipment or instruments providing incorrect readings due to signal
interference.
2.9 FACT Device

FACTS devices are good to improve power system efficiency, improve power factor and reduce
harmonics. It is controller include static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), Static VAR
compensator (SVC), Thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), Static series synchronous
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compensator (SSSC) which are capable of controlling the network condition in a very fast manner
to improve voltage stability and power quality. When the system is unable to meet the reactive
power demand, voltage instability occur in the power system when the system is faulted, heavily
loaded and voltage fluctuation is there. Reactive power balance can be done by using FACTS
devices in transmission line which can inject or absorb reactive power in the system as per
requirement [1] [2]. The main components of FACTS devices which are used for power flow
control are discussed below.
2.9.1 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
One of the many devices under the FACTS family, a STATCOM is a regulating device which
can be used to regulate the flow of reactive power in the system independent of other system
parameters. STATCOM has no long term energy support on the dc side and it cannot exchange
real power with the ac system [1]. STATCOM is a shunt connected reactive power compensation
device. It is capable of generating & absorbing the reactive power. It can be improve the power
system in the areas are:-
 Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution.
 Power oscillation damping in transmission system
 Transient stability.
 Voltage flicker control
 Control not only reactive power but also active power in the connected lines.
STATCOM is a controlled reactive power Source. It provides the reactive power generation and
absorption by means of electronic process of the voltage and current waveforms in a voltage
source
The exchange of reactive power between the converter and AC system can be controlled by
varying the three phase output voltage, E s of the converter. If the amplitude of the output voltage
is increased above that the utility bus voltage, then the current flows through the reactance from
the converter to the ac system and the converter act as a Capacitance and generates reactive power
for the AC system. If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below the utility bus
voltage, then the current flows through the reactance from the ac System to the converter and the
converter act as inductance and it absorbs the reactive power for the ac system. If the output
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voltage equals the AC system, then the reactive power exchange becomes zero. In that condition,
STATCOM is said to be in a floating state. STATCOM controller provides voltage support by
generating or absorbing reactive power at the point of common coupling without the need of large
external reactors or capacitor banks.
2.9.2 Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
Static synchronous series compensator fluctuate the overall reactive voltage drop across the
transmission line and also controlling the transmitted electrical power [2]. Static synchronous
series compensator vary the effective impedance of the transmission line by inserting a voltage
containing an appropriate phase angle in relation to line current.
2.9.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
UPFC is a versatile FACTS device; has the unique capability to control simultaneously both an
active and reactive power flows on the transmission system. UPFC can be used in power systems
for a lot of applications such as shunt compensation, series compensation, phase shifting, voltage
profile improvement and power flow control [10][11]. The UPFC can provide simultaneous
control of all basic power system parameters (transmission voltage, impedance and phase angle).
2.9.4 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
TCSC is an extension of conventional series capacitors by adding thyristor-controlled reactor with

in it. If the reactance is connected in parallel to the series capacitor it provides continuous and
rapidly variable series compensation system [6]. The main advantages of TCSC’s are damping
power oscillation and sub-synchronous resonances damping, real power increasing power transfer
capability and power flow line control.
2.10 Static Var Compensator (SVC)

SVC is a shunt connected FACTS devices that exchanges capacitive or inductive power by
adjusting its output and is used to control reactive power in the transmission network. The SVC
consist thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) and thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) [6]. The reactive
power is absorbed by TCR and supplied by TSC under abnormal conditions of transmission
network. Static Var Compensators are also used to improve the transient stability, damp power
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swings and mitigate power losses and harmonics of transmission line by using reactive power
control. In our project we use this type of shunt connected FACTS devices [1].
2.10.1 Shunt compensation: In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt

(parallel) with the FACTS. It works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of
two types:
2.10.2 Shunt capacitive compensation: This method is used to improve the power factor.
Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of
lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading
the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor.
2.10.3 Shunt inductive compensation: if the transmission line system heavily loaded, shunt
capacitors, static var compensator, and synchronous condensers are used to improve voltage,
increase power transfer, and improve the system stability
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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
In this projects we use a types of FACT device called SVC to mitigate the power loss and the
harmonic distortion in long transmission line block diagram, principle of operation and
mathematical analysis of system are discussed.
3.1 Block diagram
Generation
Distributi
on
Station substatio
n
CouplingC
transformer
Controller
SVC
Figure3.1 Block diagram of the system
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3.2 Block diagram description
3.2.1 Generation station
Generation is process of generating electric power from other source of primary energy. Electrical
energy is generated by the movement of a loop of wire or disc of copper between poles of magnet.
For electrical utilities it is the first process in the delivery of electric city to the customer and
electrical energy is most often generated at power station by electro mechanical generator
primarily driven basically in Ethiopia by kinetic energy of flowing water head of the dam. And
other renewable source like wind energy, solar panel, geothermal power and other nonrenewable
energy source like combustion of nuclear fusion in other outside country.
3.2.2 Transmission line and transmission line parameter
Transmission line is an electrical conductor carrying electrical signal or power from one place to
other i.e. from generation station to distribution substation. There are different type of
transmission line depend up on the length of the line and the amount of line voltage they carry
and these are:-
 Short transmission line (up to 50km length and line voltage less than 20kv)
 Medium transmission line( 50km up to 150km length and line voltage greater than
20kv)
 Long transmission line (length of greater than 150km and the line voltage greater than
100kv.)
By considering cost, conductivity, strength weight and some other related factor in our country
and other world aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) is more preferable and widely used
type of conductor for overhead transmission line.
3.2.3 Transmission line parameter
Transmission line are modeled by means of the parameter resistance, inductance, capacitance,
and conductance. When resistance and inductance together is called impedance of the line which
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is the series parameter; capacitance and conductance is called admittance of the transmission line
and they are the shunt parameter of the transmission line.
3.2.3.1 Resistance
The resistance of transmission line conductor is the most important Couse of transmission line
loss. The resistance (R) of the conductor is given by
l
R=ρ ......................................................................................................3.1
A
Where
𝞀 = resistivity of the ACSR
L= length of the conductor or transmission line
A= cross sectional area of the conductor
As the line current increase so do the harmonic loss (𝐼 2 𝑅) loss. When the current exceed a certain
value the heat generated due to the harmonic loss and start to melt the conductor.
3.2.3.2 Inductance
Inductance in a simple language is flux linking with a conductor divided by the current flowing
in the conductor. For medium and long distance transmission line the inductance (reactance) is
more dominant than resistance. The value of current that flows in a conductor associated with the
parameter inductance and it is known that magnetic field is associated with current carrying
conductor.in AC transmission line current varies sinusoidal this Couse or made the magnetic field
to vary sinusoidal; this varying magnetic field induces an electromagnetic field (or induce
voltage) in a conductor and the induced electromagnetic field or induced voltage opposes the
current flow on the line.
For a single circuit of 3Ф transmission line the inductance per phase per meter of the line is given
by
𝐷𝑀
𝐿 = 2𝑥10−7 log 𝐷𝑆 ..................................................................................................................3.2
1
𝐷𝑆 = 0.7788𝑟 And 𝐷𝑀 = (𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 )3
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Where
r=radius of the conductor
d1d2d3=the spacing between each conductor
Ds= self-distance
Dm=mutual distance between the phase of the Conductor
3.2.3.3 Capacitance
As the flow of line current is associated with inductance of transmission line as well as inductance
with magnetic field; the voltage difference between two points is associated with capacitance
which associated with electric field. The capacitance of three phase transmission line is given by
2𝜋ℇ0
𝑐= 3
√𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
...............................................................................................3.3
log𝑒 1𝑟 2 3
Where: - c= capacitance of transmission line per km
d1d2d3= the spacing distance between each phase
r= radius of the conductor
3.2.4 Long transmission line analysis.
It is well knowledge that line parameter or constant of transmission line are equally distributed
over entirely length of the line.
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Figure 3.2 shows the equivalent circuit of a 3-phase long transmission line on a phase-neutral
bases
The resistance and inductive reactance are a series element. The leakage susceptance (B) and
leakage conductance (G) are shunt element. The leakage susceptance is due to the fact that
capacitance exist between the line and neutral or ground and leakage conductance takes in to
account for the energy loss occurring through leakage over the insulator or due to
corona effect between conductors.
Admittance(Y) =√𝐵2 + 𝐺 2 .......................................................................................................3.4
Using Regorous method of long transmission line analysis for the required substation voltage or
receiving end voltage (VR) and the receiving end current (IR) the sending end voltage (VS) and
sending end current (IS) is given by;-
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh √𝑍𝑌 + 𝐼𝑅 √𝑍⁄𝑌 sinh √𝑌𝑍............................................................. ……………...3.5
𝑌
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 √𝑍 sinh √𝑌𝑍 + 𝐼𝑅 cosh √𝑌𝑍........................................................................................ 3.6
Where: - Z=series impedance of line per length
Y=shunt admittance of line per length
This implies sending end power 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 is not equal with receiving end power 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 this
means there is power loss on transmission line which is
𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 = 𝑃𝑆 − 𝑃𝑅 .......................................................................................................................3.7
Our intention is to mitigate this power loss and harmonics using svc.
3.2.5 Transformer
The SVC transformer are used to connect the equipment or SVC with transmission line. As the
SVC is not done at transmission line voltage a bank of transformer steps a transmission line
voltage 230KV to much lower level in our case 16KV. This will reduce the size and number of
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component used in SVC. Not only this it also used or required to step up from the voltage handled
by thyristor of SVC to the transmission system voltage.
3.2.6 Static var compensator
Static VAR compensators (SVC) consist of standard reactive power shunt elements (reactors and
capacitors) which are controlled to provide rapid and variable reactive power. They are a shunt
connected static VAR generators/load whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or
inductive current so as to maintain or control specific power system variable when system voltage
is low the SVC generates reactive power (SVC capacitive), When system voltage is high it
absorbs reactive power (SVC inductive) .There are two popular configuration of static var
compensator which are:
 Fixed capacitor(FC) and thyristor controlled reactor(TCR) configuration and

 The thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) and the thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)
configuration.in our case the second configuration i.e. the thyristor switched capacitor
(TSC) and the thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) configuration of SVC IS discussed.
3.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors

A thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power
in electrical power systems. It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a
bidirectional thyristor valve and, usually, a current limiting reactor (inductor). The thyristor
switched capacitor is an important component of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC), where it is
often used in conjunction with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) [6]. Static VAR compensators
are a member of the Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) family.
3.3.1 Circuit diagram and component of TSC
Figure 3.1 shows the basic scheme of a static compensator of the thyristor-switched capacitor
(TSC) type. The shunt capacitor bank is split up into appropriately small steps, which are
individually switched in and out using bidirectional thyristor switches. Each single-phase branch
consists thee main item two major parts, the capacitor C and the thyristor valve or (switches Sw1
and Sw2.) In addition, there is a minor component, the inductor L.
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3.3.2 The capacitor bank is the largest item in TSC the capacitor bank is constructed from rack
–mounted out door capacitor unit. The capacitor may be switched with a minimum of transients
if the thyristor is turned on at the instant when the capacitor voltage and the network voltage have
the same value.
𝑑𝑖
3.3.3 TSC reactor the purpose of TSC reactor is to limit the rate of rise of the current through
𝑑𝑡
the thyristor and to prevent resonance with the network (normally 6% with respect to X C) when
TSC turn on at in correct time i.e. the inductor L min is used to prevent any inrush current
produced by a firing pulse out of time
3.3.4 Thyristor valve the thyristor valve of TSC consist of 10-30 inverse parallel connected pair
of thyristor connected in series .the inverse parallel connection is because of most commercial
available thyristor can conduct current only in one direction. The series connection is needed
because maximum voltage rating of commercial available thyristor is approximately 8.5kv which
is in sufficient for the voltage at which TSC is connected.
.
Figure 1.3 the thyristor-switched capacitor configuration.
3.3.4 Principle operation of TSC of SVC
The current that flows through the capacitor at a given time t, is defined by the following
expression:
𝑣𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑣𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼) 𝑣𝑐𝑜
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐−𝑥𝑙 ∗ cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 ) − 𝑥𝑐−𝑥𝑙 ∗ cos(𝜔𝑟𝑡) + [ 𝜔𝑙(𝑥𝑐−𝑥𝑙) − 𝜔𝑟𝑙 ] ∗ sinωrt..................... (3.8)
Where
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XC = compensator capacitive
XL=inductive reactance,
Vm= the source maximum instantaneous voltage,
𝛼 = The voltage phase-shift angle at which the capacitor is connected,
Wr= the system resonant frequency (ωr = 1/ LC)
Vco =capacitor voltage at t = 0.
This expression has been obtained assuming that the system equivalent resistance is negligible as
compared with the system reactance. This assumption is valid in high voltage transmission lines.
If the capacitor is connected at the moment that the source voltage is maximum and Vco is equal
to the source voltage peak value, Vm, (𝛼 = ± 90º) the current transient component is zero.
To connect each branch, a firing pulse is applied at the thyristor gate, but only when the voltage
supply reaches its maximum negative value. In this way, a soft connection is obtained (1). The
current will increase starting from zero without distortion, following a sinusoidal waveform, and
after the cycle is completed, the capacitor voltage will have the voltage -Vm, and the thyristor
automatically will block. In this form of operation, both connection and disconnection of the
branch will be soft, and without distortion. If the firing pulses, and the voltage -Vm are properly
adjusted, neither harmonics nor inrush currents are generated, since two important conditions are
achieved:
A) dv/dt at v=-Vm =0 is, and
B) anode-to-cathode thyristor voltage is equal to zero.
Assuming that:-
V (t) = Vmsin (ωt), is the source voltage, Vco the initial capacitor voltage, and VTh (t) the
thyristor anode-to-cathode voltage, the right connection of the branch will be when VTh (t) =
0, that is
𝑉𝑡ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑉 (𝑡) − 𝑉𝑐𝑜 ............................................................................................................ (3.9)
Since Vco=-Vm
𝑣𝑇ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 + 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚(1 +

𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡)................................................................ (3.10)
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At ωt = 270°, the thyristor is switched on, and the capacitor C begins to discharge. At this point,
sin (270°) = - cos (0°), and hence VC (t) for wt. 270° will be: VC (to) = - Vm cos (ωt). The
compensating capacitor current starting at too will be:
𝑑𝑣𝑐 𝑑
𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶 ∗ ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 𝐶. 𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑡 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑜 ) = 𝐶. 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡...................................................... (3.11)
Equation (4) shows that the current starts from zero as a sinusoidal waveform without distortion
and/or inrush component. If the above switching conditions are satisfied, the inductor L may be
minimized or even eliminated.
Static compensators of the TSC type have the following properties: stepwise control, average
delay of one half a cycle (maximum one cycle), and no generation of harmonics since current
transient component can be attenuated effectively. Despite the attractive theoretical simplicity of
the switched capacitor scheme, its popularity has been hindered by a number of practical
disadvantages: the VAR compensation is not continuous, each capacitor bank requires a separate
thyristor switch and therefore the construction is not economical, the steady state voltage across
the non-conducting thyristor switch is twice the peak supply voltage, and the thyristor must be
rated for or protected by external means against line voltage transients and fault currents. An
attractive solution to the disadvantages of using TSC is to replace one of the thyristor switches by
a diode. In this case, inrush currents are eliminated when thyristor are fired at the right time, and
a more continuous reactive power control can be achieved if the rated power of each capacitor
bank is selected following a binary combination
3.4 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor

In an electrical power transmission system thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) is a reactance
connected in series with bidirectional thyristor valve. Each of the three phase branches includes
an inductor Land the thyristor switches Sw1 and S w2. Reactors may be both switched and phase-
angle controlled. When phase-angle control is used, a continuous range of reactive power
consumption is obtained or it is possible to vary the reactive power level from zero to the Var
rating of the coil by controlling the delay angle through appropriate angle [8]. It results, however,
in the generation of odd harmonic current components during the control process.
3.4.1 Circuit diagram and component of thyristor controlled reactor
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Figure3. 2 thyristor controller reactor
The TCR comprises two main item of equipment the reactor itself which is usually an air cored
(although iron cored reactor are possible) and thyristor valve. A thyristor valve typically consist
5-10 inverse parallel connected pairs of thyristor connected in series. The inverse parallel
connection is needed because most commercial available thyristor can conduct current only in
one direction.
3.4.2 Principle operation of TCR
In a TCR can be continuously varied from zero (corresponding to σ = 0) to maximum

(corresponding to conduction angle of 180o) by phase control in which the firing with respect to
zero crossing of voltage is varied from 180 to 90o.
The instantaneous current I TCR over a half cycle is given by
V
I TCR = √2 (cosα − cosωt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … . . . . . … … … . .3.12.
XL
when α < ωt < (α + σ)
ITCR = 0 ..................................................................................................................…...3.13
when (α + 6 < ωt < α + π)
Where V is RMS voltage applied,
XL is the reactance at fundamental frequency.
The conduction angle (σ) is related to α by
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𝜎 = 2(𝜋 − 𝛼 )..........................................................................................................................3.14
Where α is firing angle.
The amplitude IL (α) of the fundamental reactor current ITCR (α) can be expressed as a function
of an angle α:
𝑉 2𝛼 1
𝐼𝐿 (𝛼 ) = 𝑋 (1 − − 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼).................................................................................................3.15
𝐿 𝜋
Full conduction is achieved with a gating angle of 90°. Partial conduction is obtained with gating
angles between 90° and 180°.By increasing the thyristor gating angle, the fundamental component
of the current reactor is reduced. This is equivalent to increase the inductance, reducing the
reactive power absorbed by the reactor. However, it should be pointed out that the change in the
reactor current may only take place at discrete points of time, which means that adjustments
cannot be made more frequently than once per half-cycle. Static compensators of the TCR type
are characterized by the ability to perform continuous control, maximum delay of one half cycle
and practically no transients.
TCR can control the fundamental current from zero (valve closed) to a maximum (valve opened)
amounting to continuously variable reactive admittance. Thus the admittance varies with α is the
same manner as the fundamental current I L (α). When TCR is in operating condition in
conjunction with a switched capacitor bank, it is necessary to adjust BL continuously to get the
requisites Var. The reactor must be linear in the entire range and unsusceptible to differ in
inductance value with voltage / current spikes. Hence air cored reactors are preferred for static
VAR compensator proposed in this work.
3.4.3 Harmonic and TCR
The principal disadvantages of this configuration are the generation of low frequency harmonic
current components, and higher losses when working in the inductive region (i.e. absorbing
reactive power) [8]. A TCR operating with α > 90° generates substantial amount of harmonic
current particularly 3 rd, 5th and 7th harmonics. By connecting the TCR in delta the harmonic
current of order 3n (triple harmonics) flow only around the delta and do not escape into the
connected AC system. However the 5th and 7th harmonics (to a lesser extent 11th, 13th, 17th etc.)
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must be filtered in order to prevent excessive voltage distortion on AC network. This is usually
accomplished by connecting harmonic filter in parallel with the TCR the filter provide capacitive
reactive power which partly offsets the inductive reactive power provided by the TCR.
3.5 Combined TSC and TCR

In those cases where the system with switched capacitors is used, the reactive power is divided
into a suitable number of steps and the variation will therefore take place stepwise. Continuous
control may be obtained with the addition of a thyristor-controlled reactor. If it is required to
absorb reactive power, the entire capacitor bank is disconnected and the equalizing reactor
becomes responsible for the absorption. By coordinating the control between the reactor and the
capacitor steps, it is possible to obtain fully step less control. Static compensators of the combined
TSC and TCR type are characterized by a continuous control, practically no transients, low
generation of harmonics (because the controlled reactor rating is small compared to the total
reactive power), and flexibility in control and operation [8]. An obvious disadvantage of the TSC-
TCR as compared with TCR and TSC type compensators is the higher cost. A smaller TCR rating
results in some savings, but these savings are more than absorbed by the cost of the capacitor
switches and the more complex control systems.
Figure 3.3 Combined TSC and TCR configuration.
2016
The SVC rating can be optimized to meet up the required demand. With respect to inductive and
capacitive reactive power the rating can be symmetric or asymmetric. SVCs are well known to
improve power system properties such as steady state stability limits, voltage regulation and VAR
compensation, dynamic over voltage and under voltage control, counteracting sub synchronous
resonance, and damping power oscillation.
3.6 Controller and Control Concept of SVC:

An SVC is a controlled shunt susceptance (B) as defined by control settings that injects reactive
power (Q) into the system based on the square of its terminal voltage. The control objective of
the SVC is to maintain a desired voltage at the high-voltage bus. In the steady-state, the SVC will
provide some steady-state control of the voltage to maintain it the high-voltage bus at a pre-
defined level. If the high-voltage bus begins to fall below its set point range, the SVC will inject
reactive power (Qnet) into thereby increasing the bus voltage back to its net desired voltage level.
If bus voltage increases, the SVC will inject less (or TCR will absorb more) reactive power, and
the result will be to achieve the desired bus voltage. Therefore the magnitude of reactive power
injected into the system, Qnet, is controlled by the magnitude of Q ind Reactive power absorbed
by the TCR and by the magnitude of Qcap injected to the system [1], [2]. The fundamental
operation of the thyristor valve that controls the TCR is described here. The thyristor is self-
commutates at every current zero, therefore the current through the reactor is achieved by gating
or firing the thyristor at a desired conduction or firing angle with respect to the voltage waveform.
Current Slop reactance

measurement
-
Voltage Voltage
regulator
susceptance
measurement -
Thyristor
control
+
Vref
Pulse
SVC generator
2016
Figure 3.6Block diagram of controlling systems
3.6.1 Block diagram description of SVC controlling system
The SVC controlling system consists of the following four main modules:
1
 Measurement System measures:- is the transfer function gain of the voltage and
1+𝑇𝑑𝑠
current measurement where 𝑇𝑑𝑠 is measuring time lag of the measurement system.
Measurement system uses discrete Fourier computation technique to evaluate
fundamental voltage over a one-cycle. This voltage measurement unit is driven by a phase-
locked loop (PLL) to take into account variations of system frequency.
 Slop reactance: - 𝑋𝑠 is reactance that will vary with its input current of SVC to give the
constant voltage output for voltage regulator.
1
 Voltage Regulator: - 𝑘𝑝 + 𝑇 Is transfer function of voltage regulator where 𝑇𝐼𝑆 is time
𝐼𝑆
constant and 𝑘𝑝 proportional constant of voltage regulator which uses a PI regulator to

regulate primary voltage at the reference voltage. A voltage drop is incorporated in the
voltage regulation to obtain a voltage vs. current characteristic.
1
 Thyristor susceptance controller: is transfer function of thyristor susceptance
1+𝑇1𝑠
controller where 𝑇1𝑠 is thyristor transport lag. The output B of this controlling block
diagram feeds in to pulse generator controller that generate the required thyristor firing
signal the light triggered TCR.
Therefore, the SVC operating point changes from fully capacitive to fully inductive. Distribution
Unit uses the primary susceptance Bsvc computed by the voltage regulator to determine the TCR
firing angle α and the status (on/off) of the TSC.
3.7 Comparison of Shunt and Series Compensators

The series-connected controllers impact the driving voltage and hence the current and power flow
directly. Therefore, if the purpose of the application is to control the powerful than the shunt
2016
controllers. The shunt controllers are like current sources [1], [2]. They draw from or inject current
into the line. Thus, shunt controllers are applied to control voltage at and around the point of
connection through injection of reactive current. Because STATCOMs have the capability to
inject active as well as reactive current they are able to provide an even more effective voltage
control and damping of voltage oscillations. This does not mean that the series controllers cannot
be used for voltage control. Because the voltage fluctuations are largely a consequence of the
voltage drop in series impedances of lines, transformers and generators, inserting a series
compensator might be the most cost-effective way of improving the voltage profile. Nevertheless,
a shunt controller is much more effective in maintaining a required voltage profile at a substation
bus. That is because the shunt controller serves the bus node independently of the individual lines
connected to the bus. From the above consideration it can be followed that a combination of the
series and shunt controllers can provide the best of both, i.e. an effective power/current flow and
line voltage control.
2016
CHAPTER FOUR
MATHIMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULINK RESULT

DISCUSION
The SVC modelling includes the basic circuit arrangement of SVC, operating principle of SVC,
active and Reactive Power Control by SVC, Shunt connected of TCR and TSC and SVC injection
model for power flow studies. The overall system design of the transmission network and SVC
modeling is done to reduce the loss in transmission line and regulate system voltage of the long
transmission network. SVC is proposed in this study to compensate the reactive power & improve
the loss and harmonics of the system.
4.1 Modeling of SVC

The equation described bellows are shows how to the parameters of SVC can be determined.
Depending on the given data of input and output real power, reactive power, voltage, rate of
Transformer, leakage reactance of transformer, length of transmission line, inductance value.
What you have to know when we are design the parameter SVC of this paper we started with
assuming the Mvar rating of both TSC and TCR so that the parameter of SVC i.e. inductance (L),
Capacitance(C),inductive reactance(Xl) and capacitive reactance(X c)can be designed for any
value of the and TCR reactive power rating given. The table below holds the parameter used,
their definition and their corresponding value while designing SVC.
Table 4.1 parameters required for SVC design
Parameter Definition Value

QTCR Reactive power rating of TCR 109Mvar
QTSC Reactive power rating of TSC 282Mvar
S Apparent power 333MVA
VRATE Rated voltage 230KV
TR Transformer rating 230
𝐾𝑉
16
XT Reactance of transformer 0.15Ω

F System frequency 50HZ
2016
At rated line-to-line voltage rated, the nominal inductive and capacitive currents of SVC
referred to primary side are determined as follows:
𝑉𝐿−𝐿 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑= √3𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑄𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = √3 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑈 2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝐵𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 .................................................................4.1=
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄𝑇𝑆𝐶− 𝑄𝑇𝐶𝑅
= = 434.26𝐴
√3𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 √3𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
The reactive of the TCR and TSC are calculated as

𝑈 2 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑋𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … . . .4.2
𝑄𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
162
= = 2.348Ω
109
𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥𝑘 ∗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … 4.3
𝑆
162
= 0.15 = 0.115Ω
333
𝑋𝐼𝑇𝐶𝑅(∆) = 𝑋𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ……………………………………………………………..…4.4
= 2.348 − 0.115 = 2.233Ω

𝑥𝑙𝑇𝐶𝑅
𝐿 𝑇𝐶𝑅 = ………………………………………………………………………………..4.5
2∏𝑓
2.233
= = 0.00711𝐻
2∏50
𝑋𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = .........................................................................................................................4.6
𝑄𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
162
= = 0.9078Ω
282
1
𝐶𝑇𝑆𝐶 = 2∏𝑓𝑋 ........................................................................................................................4.7
𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
1
= = 0.0035𝐹
2∏ ∗ 50 ∗ 0.9078
2016
4.2 Mathematical modeling of SVC controller

The current of TSC that flow through capacitance at the time (t) is defined by the following
expression.
𝑉𝑀 𝑉𝑀 𝑋 𝑉
𝐶 𝑀 sin 𝛼 𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋 ∗ cos(⍵𝑡 + 𝛼 ) − 𝑋 cos ⍵𝑡 + [ ⍵(𝑋 − ⍵𝐶𝑂 ] sin 𝜔𝑡…………4.8
𝐶− 𝑋𝐿 𝐶− 𝑋𝐿 −𝑋
𝐶 𝐿) 𝑅𝑙
So that the susceptance of the thyristor switched capacitance is given by
𝐼
𝐵𝑇𝑆𝐶 = 𝑉𝑆𝐶 ………………………………………………………………………..4.9
𝑀
1 1 𝑋𝐶 sin 𝛼 𝑉𝐶𝑂
𝐵𝑇𝑆𝐶 = ∗ cos(⍵𝑡 + 𝛼 ) − cos ⍵𝑡 + [ − ] sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑋𝐶− 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶− 𝑋𝐿 ⍵(𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 ) ⍵𝑅𝑙 𝑉𝑀
The current of thyristor control reactor that flow through inductive reactance of TCR as function
of (α) is given by
𝑉 2𝛼 1
𝐼𝐿 (𝛼 ) = 𝑋 (1 − − 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼)………………………………..…………………………….4.10
𝐿 𝜋
So that the susceptance of TCR as function of α is given by
1 2𝛼 1
𝐵𝑇𝑆𝐶 (𝛼 ) = 𝑋 (1 − − 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼)…….……………………………….……………..……... 4.11
𝐿 𝜋
Since the two circuit i.e. TCR and TSC are the parallel circuit the susceptance of SVC as a
function of α is
𝐵𝑠𝑣𝑐 = 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 | + 𝐵𝑇𝑆𝐶 ……………………………………………………………………….4.12

1 1 𝑋𝐶 sin 𝛼
∗ cos(⍵𝑡 + 𝛼 ) − cos ⍵𝑡 + [
𝑋𝐶− 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶− 𝑋𝐿 ⍵(𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )
𝑉𝐶𝑂 1 2𝛼 1
− ] sin 𝜔𝑡 + (1 − − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼)
⍵𝑅𝑙 𝑉𝑀 𝑋𝐿 𝜋 𝜋
This implies the susceptance of SVC is varies with firing angle α, or the change of 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 will
change firing angle α.
2016
4.3 Circuit Diagram Simulation Result and Discussions
4.3.1 Thyristor switch capacitors (TSC)
The following MATLAB Simulink circuit diagram shown below consists the component of TSC.
I.e. capacitor, bidirectional Thyristor switch for each of them three phase current limit reactor.
And also it contains different measurement to measure voltage, current, power and its display by
scope.
Figure 4.1circuit diagram of TSC
2016
4.3.1.1 Voltage wave form
Figure 4.2 Input voltage
2016
Figure 4.3 Simulink results of TSC voltage out put
Capacitor of TSC inject the reactive power to the system to stable the system voltage at desired
level when the system voltage decrease below its rated value. The figure 4.2 and 4.3 shows the
input and output voltage wave form of TSC of the SVC. TSC increase the system voltage that is
why the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.
2016
4.3.1.2 Harmonic of TSC
Figure 4.4 harmonic and total harmonic distortion before TSC is connected
2016
Figure 4.5 harmonic and total harmonic distortion after svc is connected
The above figure shows the mat lab Simulink model of TSC in FFT domain before and after TSC
connected respectively. As shown above the THD before TSC applied (fig 4.4) is 30.36% and after TSCis
connected to a system (fig4.5) THD become 27.3%. Which shows reduction of THD.
2016
4.3.2 Thyristor control reactor (TCR)
The circuit diagram MATLAB/Simulink is show TCR and its components the same as TSC.
But the differences, In TCR it contains Reactor instead of capacitor.
Figure 4.6Simulink diagram of TCR
2016
Figure 4.7 Shows simulation results of TCR voltage wave form
.From the figure above we understand the input Voltages are uncompensated or the amplitude
of input voltage is higher than the output voltages. This shows the reactance of TCR absorbed
reactive power to reduce the system voltage at desired level.
2016
4.3.2.2 Harmonic distortion
Figure 4.8 shows the harmonic and total harmonic distortion spectrum before Compensation.
2016
Figure 4.9 shows harmonic and total harmonic distortion spectrum after compensation
From the above figure 4.9 and 4.9 we understand, when we use TCR the harmonic is generated
in the system.as we seen from the FFT output, THD before compensation is 10.77% and after
compensation it’s become 20.07%.
2016
4.3.3 Simulink diagram of SVC
The following MATLAB/Simulink shows the SVC or the combinations of both TCR and TSC
connected in shunt form. It used to reduce the power loss and harmonics distortion on
transmission line. It contains all components in the TSC and TCR.
Figure 4.10 Shows the Simulink diagram of SVC (combination of TCR & TSC)
2016
4.3.3.1 Power Wave form
Figure 4.11 Simulink results of power input and power output of SVC
The above MATLAB/Simulink figure shows the power input and output of SVC both before and
after SVC is applied as shown on the result the constant value of SVC active and reactive power
applied to the system become sinusoidal which means the SVC absorb reactive power (Q-) to
decrease the system voltage and inject reactive power (Q+) to increase system voltage at desired
level.
2016
Figure 4.12 Simulink results of voltage input and voltage output of SVC
The input and output voltage wave form of the figure 4.12 is used to determine the harmonic
distortion in the system at the input and output.
2016
4.3.3.3 Harmonic of SVC
Figure 4.13 harmonic and THD before SVC is connected to the system
2016
.Figure 4.14 harmonic and THD after SVC is connected to the system.
The above figure 4.13 and 4.14 shows the harmonic component of value of SVC both before
and after the SVC is applied or connected to the system. As we observe from above figure the
value of THD before SVC connected to the system is 16.2% and after SVC connected to the
system the THD is 10.26% which shows the reduction of THD because of SVC connected to
the systems.
2016
4.3.4 Simulink diagram of controlled systems.
The figure 4.14 shows simulation diagram of svc controller where transfer fan is the transfer
function of voltage and current measuring device with measuring time delay (𝑡𝑑 ) of 0.005s
Figure 4.14 simulation diagram of Controller
2016
Figure 4.15 Simulink results of controlling systems.
The fig 4.15 shows the simulation result of SVC controllers which shows the variations of firing
angle alpha (α) with susceptance of SVC (𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 ) .This shows as 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 Increase the firing angle
(α) is decrease and vice versa
2016
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
This project is done to mitigate the power losses and harmonics of the long transmission line
using SVC. For SVC Thyristor controlled reactor and thyristor switched capacitor is circuit is
designed and the result have been verified with MATLAB/Simulink software. The block diagram
of the system which relate or combine the svc with the transmission line and their parameter and
parameter description are included. The design of L of TCR and C of TSC are performed using
mathematical analysis and the controller and mathematical equation which relates susceptance
(B) of SVC with the firing angle (α) is derived so that change of susceptance of svc will change
the firing angle to adjust the system voltage or the transmission line voltage at desired level. The
Simulink result of SVC and their component i.e. TCR and TSC are discussed separately and when
they combined from the result we conclude that the TCR reduce or absorb the reactive power to
reduce the transmission line voltage to desire level even though they generate some lower
harmonic content to the system. TSC inject the reactive power to increase the system voltage at
desired level while reducing the harmonic component from the system. The combined effect of
SVC component reduce the harmonic distortion and mitigate the system power losses so that it
give the sinusoidal wave form.
2016
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Any work and investigation on SVC is very compensator is very advantageous and challenging.
Based on the present time it can be observed that the world population increase which need more
electrical power .so that it is possible to deliver more of the power generated at generation station
to the customer side by reducing power loss on the transmission line. In our paper work we
discussed the control parameter and controller parameter and drive the mathematical equation
that relate the susceptance (B) of SVC with firing angle (α) of pulse generator controller so we
recommended that any future work on SVC of long transmission line can use the derived
mathematical equation and the circuit diagram of the controller combined with SVC to do the
Simulink analysis of SVC with controller.
2016
REFERENCE
[1]FACTS application,” FACTS application task force, IEEE power Engineering Society, 1998.
[2]J.J. Paserba, ”How FACTS controllers benefit AC transmission systems,”IEEE power
Engineering society General Meeting ,Denver,Colorado,6-10June 2004.
[3] T.J.E. Miller, Reactive power control in electric system. Wiley and sons, New York, (1982).
[4] N.G Hingorani, and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of flexible
AC transmission systems", IEEE Press, NY, 1999.
[5] Y.H.Song, and A.T.Johns, "Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), "IEEE power and
energy series30, London, U.K., 1999.
[6] R.J.Koessler, "Dynamic simulation of SVC in distribution system, "IEEE Trans. power
system, vol.7, no.3, pp, 1285-1293, August. 1992.
[7] T.Petersson, "Analysis and organization of SVC use in transmission system, "CIGRE
Technology Brochure 77, Paris, France, April, 1993.
[8] A.Anbarasan, M.Y. sanavullah and S.Ramesh. "Transmission line loss minimization in power
system network using TCSC and UPFC.”Aust. Basic and appl.sci. 8(3): 564-569, 2014.
[9] S.V.Ravi Kumar and A. Siva Nagaraju, "loss minimization by incorporating of UPFC in load
flow studies ", "International journal of electrical and power engineering" Medwell
publication,2007.
[10] M. Kowsalya et.al, "loss optimization for voltage stability Enhancement Incorporating UPFC
Using particle swarm optimization", "Journal of electrical engineering and technology", vol.4,
No.4, pp.492-498, 2009.
[11] Mark Ndubuku Nwohu, "Optimal location of unified power flow controller (UPFC) in
Nigeria Grid system" ISSN: 1990-7958, "International Journal of Electrical and power
engineering "Medwell publication, 2010.
[12] D.Balagangi Reddy and M.Suryakalavathi, "Modeling analysis and optimal location of
OPFC for real power loss minimization", "International Journal on recent trends in engineering
and technology",vol.6,No.2,2011.
[13] Thomas John, "Line loss minimization and voltage regulation using UPFC"ISSN: 2229-
712x, "Elixir international journal "Elixir publisher, 2011.

Mitigation of Power Loss and Harmonic Distortion On Long Transmission

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Mitigation of Power Loss and Harmonic Distortion on Long Transmission using SVC

1. JIREGNAH DEJENE 02782 /04 -----------------------

2. KEREMU TEMECHE 02281/04 ------------------------

3. NEGASA BERIHUN 02719/04 ------------------------

4. SHIMELIS FIKIRU 02977/04 -------------------------

5. TESFAYE FEYISA 03207/04 -----------------------

School: Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)

Thesis tittle: MITIGATE THE POWER LOSSES AND HARMONICS OF LONG

Advisors name: - ABERA JOTE (MSc)

Table of Contents Page

2.6.2 Reducing Transformer Losses ............................................................ 13

3.4 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor .................................................................... 26

List of Figure.................................................................................................... page

Figure 1Block diagram of the system .................................................................. 18

Figure 6 Block diagram of controlling systems ................................................... 31

SVC=Static Var compensator

TSC=thyristor switch capacitor

TCR=Thyristor control reactor

UPFC=unified power flow controller

SSSC= Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)

STAT COM= Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom)

1.1 Statement of problems

1.2.1 General objective

1.2.2 Specific objective

The specific objective of this project is:-

 To mitigate the power loss in transmission line by using SVC device.

1.4 Scope of the Study

Figure 1.1 Summary of methodology

1.6 Limitations of the project

1.7 Over all outline of project

R. Selvarasu, M. Surya kalavathi, and C. Christober Asir Rajan [`1],[2],[8],[9] presented

2.1 Electric System Losses

2.2.1 Losses in transmission lines

2.2.3 Dielectric losses

2.2.4 Radiation and induction losses

2.5 Analysis of Technical Losses in Power System

Transmission line real power loss is calculated as

cos ∅𝐺 The generator power factor

2.5.1 Differential power loss method

. 𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑 ........................................................................................................ (2.4)

2.6. Loss Minimization Techniques

2.6.1 Reducing Line (Conductor) Losses

2.6.2 Reducing Transformer Losses

2.7 Power Factor and Reactive Power

2.8 Harmonic distortion

2.8.1 Negative effects of harmonics

The most significant negative effects of uncontrolled harmonics are:

2.9 FACT Device

2.9.1 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)

2.9.2 Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)

2.9.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

2.9.4 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

TCSC is an extension of conventional series capacitors by adding thyristor-controlled reactor with

2.10 Static Var Compensator (SVC)

2.10.1 Shunt compensation: In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt

3.1 Block diagram

Figure3.1 Block diagram of the system

3.2 Block diagram description

3.2.1 Generation station

3.2.2 Transmission line and transmission line parameter

3.2.3 Transmission line parameter

𝞀 = resistivity of the ACSR

L= length of the conductor or transmission line