“CYCLIC GROUP”

PRESENTED BY :- M.Sc. ( 4th semester)

NAME ROLL-NO
1.PRIYA BASANTI TIWARI 13
2.TIKESHWAR 15
3. SACHIN 17

“School of Studies in Mathematics”

Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University
Raipur (C.G.) 492010

27 February 2020
 CONTENTS
 Introduction

 Definitions

 Example

 Some results

 Application

 Real life example

INTRODUCTION
Cyclic Group are common in our daily life .A cyclic group is a
group with an element that has an operation applied that
produce the whole set .A cyclic group is the simplest group .
A cyclic group could be pattern found in nature , for
examples in a snowflakes or in a geometry pattern we draw
ourselves. Cyclic group can also be thought of as rotation ,if
we rotate an object enough time we will eventually return to
the original position. Cyclic group are used in topics such as
cryptography and number theory .
As far as group structure is concerned , Cyclic Group is the
simplest group among all because of this Cyclic Group
possess interesting properties also. Some of the difficult
questions in group theory have simple answer in Cyclic
Group.
A Group G is called cyclic if there is an element that generates the
entire set by repeatedly applying an operation .The universe and
mathematics are made up of many cyclic group .One can think of cyclic
group as pattern that repeat until returning to the beginning.

For example: The Figure shown below is a cyclic group made from
the slice added again and again until it is back to the first slice .
 Cyclic Group in nature

Cyclic group are created using shapes and design. Cyclic

Group are common in natural world. Any organism that
has a radial symmetry is Cyclic. Plant and flowers have
radial symmetry. In the above figure The petals radiate
around the centre of the flower until the centre is entirely
surrounded by petals.
MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION
GROUP: An algebraic structure (G,o) where G is a non-empty set and “o”
is a binary operation defined on G is called a Group,if the binary operation
“o” satisfies the following postulates :-
(1) Closure Property : If a and b belongs to G then aob also belongs to G.
a,b Є G implies aob Є G for all a,b belongs to G.
(2) Associativity :The binary operation “o” is associative , if a,b,c are
element of G,then (aob)oc = ao(boc) .
(3) Existence of identity : If there exist an element e in G such that
eoa = a= aoe Ɐ a Є G. e is the identity of the group (G,o)
(4) Existence of inverse: For each element a belong to G their exist an
element b of G called the inverse of a such that
boa=e =aob ,where e is the identity element for ‘o’.
Abelian Group or Commutative group:
A Group (G,o) is said to be abelian or commutative if in addition to
four group axioms the following postulates is also satisfied
(5) Commutativity : The binary operation “o” is commutative in G if
aob=boa Ɐ a,b Є G.
The algebraic structure (G,o) satisfies postulates (1) to (5) is called
abelian group.
Definition of Cyclic group
Let (G,*) be a group then G is called cyclic group if their exist an
element
aЄG such that
G = { an : n Є ℤ }
Here a is called the generator of the group and we write it as G=<a>
or (a).

Note :- It is not necessary that a cyclic group as only one generator

it can be more than one.

Concept:-
(1) If we take multiplicative group G then
an = a.a.a.a………a (n times)
(2) If G is additive group then it means
a+a+a+…….+a = na (n times)
 Some of the Famous Result Related to Cyclic Group

 The Order of a Cyclic group is same as the order of its

generator.
 If a is a generator of a cyclic group then a-1 also a
generator.
 If a Finite group of order n contain an element of order
n then the group must be cyclic.
If G is an infinite cyclic group ,then G has exactly two
generators.
 Example of cyclic group

Example:- (1) The multiplicative group G = ({1,-1},* ) is cyclic for

G = {(-1)2 , (-1)1 }.
The generator of G is (-1) .

Example:- (2) The multiplicative group

G = {1 , -1 , i , -i } is cyclic for we can write
G = { i , i2 , i3 , i4 }
G = { (-i), (-i)2 , (-i)3 ,(-i)4 }.
Thus i and –i are the generators .

Example :-(3) The group { Z4 , +4 }, where Z4 = { 0 ,1 , 2 , 3 } is a cyclic

group with 1 and 3 as its two generator .
 Properties of cyclic group
The Fundamental Theorem of Cyclic Group
Statement :- Let G =<a> be a cyclic group of order n. Then
1. Every subgroup of a cyclic group is also cyclic.
2. The order of each subgroup divides the order of the group.
3. For each divisor k of n, there is exactly one subgroup of order k ,
that is , <an/k >.
For example :-
Consider Z10 =<1> with |1| = 10.
Let a = 1.
Every subgroup of Z10 is also cyclic.
The divisors of 10 are 1, 2 , 5 , and 10.
For each of these divisors we have exactly one subgroup of Z10 ,
that is ,
<1> = the group itself with order 10/1 = 10.
<2> = {0 , 2 ,4 , 6 , 8 } with order 10/2 = 5.
<5> = {0 , 5 } with order 10/5 = 2.
 <10> = {0} with order 10/10 = 1
The order of each of these subgroups is a divisor of the order of the group
10.
So the generator of Z10 would be 1 , and the remaining elements ; 3 , 7 , and
9.

Corollary :- Generator of cyclic groups

In any cyclic group G = <a> with order n , the generators are ak for each
k relatively prime to n.

For example :-
In Z10 , let a =1, so that Z10 = <a>.|
Other generators for Z10 are ak for each k less then 10 and
relatively prime to 10, so the other generators are 3 , 7, and 9.
Theorem :- Every cyclic group is necessarily abelian .

Proof :- Let
ap . aq ∈{a}.
Then ap . aq = ap+q = aq+p
(since p and q are integer) = aq . ap .
Therefore G = {a} is abelian.
 CYCLIC GROUP CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS ROTATION

Cyclic groups can be thought of as Rotation . An object with rotational symmetry

is also known in biological context as Radial symmetry.

90 Degree rotation of a Square

Note all shape rotation are considered cyclic .
The rotation of a circle is not cyclic . A circle
has an infinite number of slides .we cannot
map every side to the integers therefore a
circle’s rotation are not countable .
Rotation are one of the common application
of cyclic Group .
Application of Cyclic Group

Cyclic group
 Applications:-
(1) Number Theory : cyclic Group are found in nature ,patterns and on the
field of mathematics . The Division algorithm is a Fundamental tool for
the study of cyclic Group

(2) Cyclic Group in bell ring

(3) In Music

(4) Cyclic Group in chaos Theory.

(5) Cyclic Group in Cryptography

An interesting Example of cyclic Group in real life World

On a clock the number cycle from one to twelve .After circulating around
the clock we do not get 13 but restart at one If it was 6 o’clock what it
would be in 9 hours? 6am+9=3pm the set of number on a clock are C=0,1,
2,3,4,5,6,,7,8,9,10,11 the set of number is a group .The identity element is
0 what we will think as 12 .If we add 12 hours to any where on the clock
we will end up in the same position.
 USES OF CYCLIC GROUP

Cyclic Group can be used in Fun puzzles such as the Rubik cube or in
protecting sensitive information such as through cryptography . In number
theory
 Conclusion
Human mind are designed for the pattern recognition and we can find the
algebraic structures in common objects and things around us. Cyclic Group are
the simplest Groups that have an object that can generate the whole set. The
object can generate the set by addition , multiplication or rotations. Cyclic
group are not only common in pure mathematics , but also in patterns ,shapes
music and chaos. Cyclic group are an imperative part of number theory used
with the Chinese remainder theorem and Fermats theorem.
 REFERENCES
(1) H.K. PATHAK ,Algebra and Trigonometry ,Shiksha Sahitya Prakashan
Meerut ,Reprint Edition 2015-2016.
(2) BRAHMA NAND , B.S. TYAGI and R.L.GUPTA , Shalini Prakashan
Meerut (U.P.) ,Fourth Edition 1976.
(3) Application of Cyclic Groups in Every day Life by LAUREN SOMMERS for
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS in the College of science ,
Media Arts , and Technology at California State University ,Monterey
Bay, 2014
THANK YOU