Garden City Movement a concept in Urban Planning by Sir Ebenzer
Howard. • He had no training in urban planning or design but excelled in creating places which he called “magnets” where people would want to come to reside and work. • His garden cities were planned, contained communities surrounded by a green belt (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture. • Garden city movement aimed at addressing the urban problems plaguing the industrial city of that time. • To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the countryside. • Garden City concept was an effective response for a better quality of life in over crowded and dirty industrial towns which had deteriorated the environment and posed serious threat to health. • In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he compared each city to a magnet, with individuals represented as needles drawn to the city. • He set about comparing the ‘town and country magnets’ but decided that neither were suitable attractors for his utopian vision. • Instead he believed that “Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made one.” • Town and country must be united, and out of this joyous union, will spring a new hope, a new life, a new civilization Garden city movement had The Three Magnets to addresses the question ‘Where will the people go?’ the choices being ‘Town’, ‘Country’ or ‘Town Country’. 1.Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for work and high wages, social opportunities, amusements and well – lit streets. The pull of ‘Country Magnet’ is in natural beauty, fresh air, healthfulness. It was closing out of nature, offered isolation of crowds and distance from work. But it came at a cost of foul air, costly drainage, murky sky and slums. 2.Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but had low wages and lack of drainage. Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages, lack of amusements and general decay. 3.Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and countryside with aim of providing benefits of both and offered beauty of nature, social opportunity, fields if easy access, low rent, high wages and field of enterprise. Thus, the solution was found in a combination of the advantages of Town and Country – the ‘Town – Country Magnet’ – it was proposed a Town in the Country, and having within it the amenities of natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness. Thus advantages of the Town – Country are seed to be free from the disadvantages of either. • Circular city growing in radial manner or pattern. • Div. into six eq. wards ;by 6 main boulevards that radiated from the central park or garden . Garden cities examples as a result of garden city movement Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire, England. Letchworth Garden City – The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin after having won the competition to build first garden city. It is 35 miles from London. It has an area of 5000 acres with 3000 acres of green belt. It had an agricultural strip at periphery to check the invasion of urban area i.e. the sprawling. It showed Howard’s general principles, including the communal ownership of the land and the permanent green belt has been carried through. It was a town of homes and gardens with ample open spaces and a spirited community life. A great attention was paid to landscaping and planting. •Its plan was based on population of 30000 with living area of 1250 acres and 2500 acres of rural green belt. •Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which required no vehicular transportation. •Industries were connected to central city by rapid transportation.
Welwyn – It was the second Garden City founded by Sir Ebenzer
Howard and designed by Louis De Soissions in 1920. It is 24 miles from London It was a town visually pleasing and was efficient technically and was human in scale. •It started with area of 2400 acres and 4000 population •Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall •Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo Georgian town center •Every road had a wide grass verge Garden city concept spread to various parts of world and influenced and all English, American, Canadian & Australian planning but housing was most influenced. Failure of Garden cities: Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more space. Despite Howard’s best efforts, the home prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for workers to live in. Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the next line of garden cities. In frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the second garden city in 1919. The Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London. Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing garden cities. Conclusion on garden city movement The idea of garden city, which has economic and social advantages that urban aggregation had destroyed, was seen in the first two garden cities only. It was seen as the “marriage of town and country, in an increasingly coherent urban and regional pattern”. These new town towns offer a pleasing environment than crowded and squalid quarters in old cities. The movement succeeded in emphasizing the need for urban planning policies that eventually led to the New Town movement. Central Place Theory (CPT) by Walter Christaller (1933) Thus the main components of Howard’s Garden city movement were: 1.Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations, and level of culture needed by a balanced cross – section of modern society. 2.Limit of Town – size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also near open country. 3.Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways. 4.Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large area around it reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby market and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country situation. 5.Planning Control: Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme, and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality and design, but allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design. 6.Neighborhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and social entity. Some of the important features of Garden City are – •1000 acres of towns designed for healthy living and industry •5000 acres if permanent green belt which surrounds the whole town •Density of 12 families per acre •A large central park having public building. •limited size of approx 32000 people, planned in advance and land in single ownership to eliminate overcrowding. LINEAR CITY CONCEPT The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban The linear concept appeared in theory of urban planning by the end formation. The city would consist of a series of functionally of the 19th century. specialized parallel sectors. Generally, the city would run The pioneer who first envisioned, proposed and actively promoted parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind this new scheme of city development was A. Soria y Mata (Arturo would blow from the residential areas to the industrial strip. Soria Y Mata ); with his plan for Ciudad Lineal de Madrid in 1882. The sectors of a linear city would be: The linear city concept is a conscious form of urban development 1. A purely segregated zone for railway lines, with housing and industry growing along the highway btw existing 2. A zone of production and communal enterprises, with cities and contained by the continuous open spaces of the rural related scientific, technical and educational institutions, , countryside. 3. A residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a The idea of linearity was expressed by emphasizing main band of residential buildings and a "children's band", transportation route as backbone of the proposed urban layout. 4. A park zone, and All other functions were arranged along that axis with defined width 5. An agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms and indefinite length, intersected at certain intervals by secondary (sovkhozy in the Soviet Union). perpendicular streets. As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so that the city would become ever The layout consisted of large blocks with residential buildings longer, without growing wider surrounded by vegetation with commercial and public structures situated at intersections. As the city expanded , additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so that the city would become very longer , without growing wider. Soria y Mata believed that this type of development would eliminate many social problems caused by urban congestion. He managed to fund, realize and develop his idea of Ciudad Lineal as a settlement in close vicinity of Madrid (today it is a district of the city). The new houses were bigger and had the garden. There was also a vegetable garden or a space for working the land The new city had a tram. For leisure their was cultural and sports facilities (like casino theatre schools etc). The most important objective was to combine nature and the city. 1. Very sensitive to blockage req. controls of growth. 1. A simple economical form of traffic 2. Lacks focus. segregation and high accessibility. 3. The choice of connection or of direction of movement are much less. In conclusion, some common guidelines for interventions in linear urban structures can be formulated as follows: I. Linearity creates additional challenges that affect city urban development. Their identification allows to consciously transform the city structure and improve its quality. II. Linearity invites to multiply communication nodes and diversify public spaces. Some needful investments improving the city public space might be technically complicated and very expensive (for example multilevel intersections). III. In the urban planning process of the linear city special attention must be paid to the axes perpendicular to the main one which may strengthen the significance of a given area. IV. Market conditions may disrupt linear city urban development because good investment conditions not necessarily appear in the areas that should be developed within the linear structure. INDUSTRIAL CITY CONCEPT • Industrial cities appeared after Manufacturing industries 3. Light industries the full development of industrial • It include products of domestic 1. Heavy industries capitalism in the core nation- use, furniture, assembling of • This type of industries include states of the late 18th century small machines etc. steel projects, oil refineries, ship world system. • Used raw materials which are building. • Their urban cultural role fit well light in weight and easy to • Consume raw material which with the capitalism economic transport . are bulky and heavy to transport order, that dominate all other • Principle factor effecting the • These industries cover huge area social institutions. location is availability of local and the whole project grants an • Capitalism depends on the labours and nearness to the impression of massiveness . production of commodities markets through which the • The choice of site is restricted as through wage labor in the manufactured product is its efficiency depends upon the interests of capital accumulation. distributed. nearness to the raw material, • They are sometimes linked up How can we classify the industrial transport facilities, etc. with the one another or with cities ? 2. Intermediate industries heavy industries. We can classify them into 3 type • It includes spinning, weaving, A. Manufacturing industries • Plastics, tanning, manufacture of 4. Minor industries machinery and spare parts etc. • It includes bakeries, laundaries 4 types classifications :- • These industries either serves the etc. 1. Heavy industries heavy industries or further • They can be grouped and 2. Intermediate industries process the products of heavy located very near to the 3. Light industries industries or carry out both the residential zones for the benefit 4. Minor industries functions . and convenience of the public. B. Miscellaneous industries C. Special industries. • These industries cover wide spectrum b/w heavy and light induties. 2. Miscellaneous industries:- Another way of classifying industries is to • In This type of industries includes group them in four categories:- professional services, shipping, 1. Primary industries education, entertainment,, etc. • It industries are involve in primary • Acc. To their nature these industries production and they include quarrying, are concentrated in large cities. mining, fishing, forestry, agriculture. 3. Special industries:- 2. Secondary industries • These are industries such as mining, • These industries are involve in the quarrying, etc. which req. special transformation of the primary products and treatment for their locations. they take up the from of manufacturing • The sites for special industries are industries. adjusted to take the max. possible 3. Tertiary industries advantages of the existing • These industries provide a services to the economic, local, and social products that have already passed through circumstances. the primary and secondary stages . • They include the office staff in primary and secondary industries like lawyers, teachers etc. 4. Quaternary industries • These are relatively a small group industries for training and research in scientific field . • They provide advance training and education for technocrats in service occupations . • it forms the decision making organization in the economic system of the nation. TRANSPORT THE IRON RAILWAY STATION THE IRON RAILWAY STATION THE IRON RAILWAY STATION NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT Features of Neighborhood Unit Features of Neighborhood Unit Sustainable Principles of Neighborhood Unit SUSTAINABLE CITY:- SUSTAINABILITY :-
SUSTAINABILITY :- SUSTAINABILITY IN PLANNING :- WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE CITY :-
AIMS OF SUSTAINABLE CITY :-
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINABLE CITY:- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT :-
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES :-
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINABLE CITY:- THE IMPEDIMENTS – BARRIER TO THE SUSTAINABLE CITY :- HOW CAN THE SUSTAINABLE CITY ACHIEVED ? HOW CAN THE SUSTAINABLE CITY ACHIEVED ? HOW CAN THE SUSTAINABLE CITY ACHIEVED ? HOW CAN THE SUSTAINABLE CITY ACHIEVED ? CONCLUSION :-