Name: ARIANETTE C.

ATILAS
Grade/Section: G11-STEM-A EARTH SCIENCE Q2-MODULE 9
How Layers of Rocks (Stratified Rocks) are formed
What I Know

1. C 6. D 11. A
2. C 7. D 12. B
3. C 8. A 13. D
4. B 9. D 14. D
5. B 10. A 15. C
What’s In
Look around your garden. You can see many kinds of rocks either a single, big rock such as boulder or small pieces
like gravel and sand. Geologists says that rocks are formed in different ways and the difference between them has to
do with how they are formed. Analyze Figure 1 and answer the questions that follows. This summarizes the
transformational processes that change rocks from one kind to another. This will show the entire journey of rocks
formed as they changed. These may take millions of years.

1. What are the three types of rocks?

 There are three kinds of rock namely igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when
molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of
water or air, or by precipitation of minerals from water. They accumulate in layers. Metamorphic rocks result
when existing rocks are changed by heat, pressure, or reactive fluids, such as hot, mineral-laden water.
2. Can these rocks become one of the other through geologic processes? How?
 Yes several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle
are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism.
 Crystallization-magma cools either underground or on the surface and hardens into an igneous rock. As the
magma cools, different crystals form at different temperatures, undergoing crystallization.
 Erosion and Sedimentation-weathering wears rocks at the Earth’s surface down into smaller pieces. The small
fragments are called sediments. Running water, ice, and gravity all transport these sediments from one place
to another by erosion. During sedimentation, the sediments are laid down or deposited.
 Metamorphism-when a rock is exposed to extreme heat and pressure within the Earth but does not melt, the
rock becomes metamorphosed. Metamorphism may change the mineral composition and the texture of the
rock.
3. Describe the relationship between igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks and the geological processes involved?
 The first type of rock is igneous that forms from magma. Magma rises to Earth's surface, such as through a
volcanic eruption, where it cools and hardens into igneous rock. On the surface, weathering and erosion break
down the igneous rock into pebbles, sand, and mud, creating sediment, which accumulates in basins on the
Earth's surface. As successive layers of sediment settle on top of one another, the sediment near the bottom is
compressed, hardens, and forms sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may be broken down into sediment once
again by weathering and erosion. It may also form another type of rock. If it becomes buried deep enough
within the crust to be subjected to increased temperature and pressure, it may change into metamorphic rock.
Igneous rock may also be transformed into metamorphic rock, and metamorphic rock exposed at Earth's
surface may be eroded to produce sediment. Furthermore, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks thrust deep
underground through subduction may eventually melt to form magma and cool into igneous rock once again.
The entire cycle of this geological processes of rocks will continuously happen.
What’s New
The Majesty of Petra is considered as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World located in Jordan. Petra's two most
significant attractions are the Treasury and the Monastery, massive temples carved into the side of sandstone cliffs.
Study Figure 2., The Majesty of Petra carefully then answer the questions bellow.

QUESTIONS:
1. What type of rock do you think is The Majesty of Petra made of?
 Petra's two most noteworthy attractions are the Treasury and the Monastery, massive temples carved into the
side of pink sandstone cliffs. Pink sandstone cliff is a classic Sedimentary type of rock.
2. Can you describe the pattern of rock formation?
 The pattern of the rock formation that was formed by erosion and weathering of
mountains are horizontally deposited. These particles are transported and deposited in
the sedimentary basin. Then the sediment particles are cemented over hundreds of years.
The layers of sediments were originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.
It suggests that all rock layers are originally laid down (deposited) and can later be
deformed.
3. What do you think are the reasons why these rocks have layers? There are lots of factors that influence in the
formation of rock’s layers. It includes the following reasons:
 Stratification- the process leading to the formation or deposition of layers, especially of the sedimentary rocks.
The layers range from several millimeters to many meters in thickness and vary greatly in shape. Strata may
range from thin sheets that cover many square kilometers to thick lens-like bodies that extend only a few
meters lateral. It. is rock that was formed by layers of sediment being laid down over the course of time.
These sediment layers create the banding pattern visible in stratified rock.
 Layered rocks may also result from successive lava flow or from the formation of extrusive igneous rocks.
Most of the rocks which are exposed at the surface of the earth are called sedimentary rocks.
 Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and bed by bed, and the layers are piled one on top of the
other. Thus, in any sequence of layered rocks, a given bed must be older than any bed on top of it.
What’s More
Complete the paragraph by filling in the blank spaces with the appropriate words or phrases
inside the box.
The rock layers is formed by EROSION AND WEATHERING of mountains and the particles is
transported and DEPOSITED in the sedimentary basin, then the sediment particles is cemented
over hundreds of years to form layers. These sediments are deposited horizontally by GRAVITY.
Layered rocks may also result from successive lava low or from the formation of EXTRUSIVE
IGNEOUS ROCKS. Most of the rocks which are exposed at the surface of the earth are called
sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed PARTICLE BY PARTICLE and BED BY BED, and the LAYERS
is piled one on top of the other. Thus, in any sequence of layered rocks, a given bed must be
older than any bed on top of it. This LAW OF SUPERPOSITION is fundamental to the
interpretation of Earth history, because at any one location, it indicates the relative ages of
ROCK LAYERS and the FOSSILS in them.
What I Have Learned
1. How do you categorize?
 We can categorize the type of rock based from its Texture and Composition. The texture has to do with the
sizes and shapes of mineral grains and other constituents in a rock, and how these sizes and shapes relate to
each other. Such factors are controlled by the process which formed the rock. Because igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic processes are distinct, so too the resulting textures are distinct. Thus there are distinct
igneous textures, distinct sedimentary texture, and distinct metamorphic textures. For the purposes of this
exercise and routine classification, the kinds of minerals and their proportions, or Mineralogy, are taken as the
 natural expression of composition. Fortunately for us, just as the three classes of rocks each has a distinct
textures, as well as distinct mineralogies.
2. Why do some sedimentary rocks have layers and these layers are formed?
 The rock layers is formed by erosion and weathering of mountains and the particles transports and deposits in
the sedimentary basin, then the sediment particles is cemented over hundreds of years to form layers.
Sedimentary rocks have layers because of different depositions of sediments (small broken pieces of rocks)
over time. The different groups of sediments could have been deposited through wind, water, ice, and gravity
at different intervals of time and compacted on top of each other, until they create a sedimentary rock that has
several different types of sediments in the form of layers.
3. How do we learn about Earth’s history through the formation of rock layers?
 A landscape describes all the visible features of the Earth’s surface now or in the past. We can learn about
Earth’s landscapes from the past by studying rock layers and the fossils found in them. We can tell about the
Earth’s history by looking at the different layers. The upper layers, those that are closest to the surface of the
Earth, are the newest layers to be laid down. Layers below are older. Since sedimentary rocks form on top of
each other, it is very easy to see Earth’s geologic history in areas where this type of rock is found.
What I Can Do
What stories can sedimentary rocks tell us?
The labelled drawing of sediment strata is based on the story about rock sediments to be written by you. Arrange the
following sentences in a chronological order in order to make a short story about rock sediment. Use phrases and
words that you might find useful in writing of your story such as: a very long time; a short time; longer than; shorter
than; soon after; after some time; rivers receded; water dried up; salty water and living organisms.

 A very long time ago, the Earth’s surface was covered by salty water in which there were living
organisms. In short period of time, the salty water receded. And then rivers covered the Earth’s
surface. Sometimes lakes formed and then dried up to form salt layers. After some time, the river
stopped flowing and the rock become hard. Much later, rivers covered the Earth’s surface again and
they wore away the rocks. Another cycle repeated, the rivers covered the Earth’s surface. Soon after
the river covered the earth’s surface, the rivers stopped flowing again and the rock become hard.
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. B 6. A 11. C
2. C 7. B 12. B
3. D 8. C 13. C
4. C 9. B 14. B
5. D 10. D 15. B