MODULE 2

Electrical Services - Internal Electrical

distribution systems and Renewable
Energy Systems

Residential & Commercial Building internal electrical Distribution system:

• Power Requirement
• Incoming Power Source Voltage
• RMU
• Transformers
• HT Metering
• Sub Metering Panels

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

Electrical power distribution system essentially is the system that receives power

from one or more points of power supply and then distributes it over to different

electrical equipment individually.

The reason why electrical power systems design is a crucially important

concern is that in case of improper electrical design, old and worn out system,

there are potential risks of electrical damage.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Power Distribution System Details:

Electrical engineers who are responsible for the management and

assessment of these power systems should be very well-aware of
the intricacies of the system, its risks and possible solutions for risk
management.

Facilitation by a Diagram:
Electrical Power Distribution Systems Design is first charted through
diagrams. These diagrams facilitate in analyzing proper distribution,
anticipate possible distribution problems and also help in executing the
design. Sometimes, these diagrams can help interpret required
equipment for the system and even possible risks.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Residential systems can be of following types:

– A free standing house

– An apartment building
– A complex containing free standing houses or apartment buildings, or both

Generally, an apartment will have one distribution board (DB).

A free standing house may have one main distribution board and other sub-
distribution boards (SDB) depending upon the number of separate dwellings

The different types of commercial buildings are as follows:

– A shopping complex (mall) building containing shops

– Supermarket/Departmental store building
– An outdoor shopping complex with several buildings
– Conference centre or entertainment centre
– Sports complex (such as gymnasium and swimming pool)
– Sports stadium…etc

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
• Most domestic premises receive a single-phase supply of
electricity from an area electricity board at a rating of 240 volts and
frequency of 50 hertz.
• The area electricity board's cable, from which the domestic supply is
taken, consists of four lines, three lines each carrying a 240 volt
supply and the fourth is the common return line or neutral.
• Neutral is connected to earth at the transformer or substation as a
safety precaution should a fault occur on the electrical appliance.
• Each line or phase is tapped in turn together with the neutral to
provide the single-phase 240 V supply

ELECTRICITY BOARD INTAKE

The supply or intake cable may enter building in two ways
I. Underground duct
II. Overhead supply.
An underground supply is preferred since all of the electrical
service is hidden.
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 • From the sealing chamber the supply passes through
the meter, which records the electricity consumed in
units of kilowatt/hours, to the consumer unit which has
a switch controlling the supply to the circuit
breakers or circuit fuses.
• These fuses are a protection against excess current or
overload, the fuse or circuit breaker will isolate the circuit
from the source of the problem.
• The consumer unit should be fitted close to the point
of service entry and from here the service is divided into
a number of sub-circuits.
• It is normal in a domestic installation to separate power
circuits and lighting circuits so that if a fault occurs then
not all socket outlets or lights are isolated.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Residential Building internal electrical Distribution system:

Distribution inside Large Buildings:

In large buildings the type of distribution depends on the building type,

dimension, the length of supply cables, and the loads.
The distribution system can be divided into the vertical supply system
(rising mains) and the horizontal supply (distribution at each floor level).

The arrangement of the rising mains depends on the size and shape of the
building and suitable size of shafts for installing cables and bus ducts must
be provided in coordination with the building architect.

Modern electrical installations are placing increasing demands on all

products of the electrical equipment manufacturer.
Products must have reliable service life, adaptability to new requirements,
low installation costs, low maintenance costs, inherent safety features,
minimal purchase cost, energy efficiency, safe recycling.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 • Sometimes an external cabinet is used for easy meter reading. This
is located in an outside wall as shown below.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 POWER CIRCUITS
• When deciding on the number of circuits for a house, a useful
rule is; one power circuit for every 100m2 of floor area.
• In larger houses this means that two circuits can be used for
power socket outlets, in a two-storey house this would be one
circuit for upstairs and one for downstairs.
• In some larger houses a separate power circuit is also
installed for the garage / utility area
• In all domestic installations a separate power circuit is
required for the cooker since the electrical demand is likely to
be high. The immersion heater in the hot water cylinder can
also be supplied from a separate circuit since a 3kW load is
quite high.
• Ring circuits are used as a safe and economic method of
distribution of electricity to socket outlets.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 Electric utilities transmit power from the power plant most efficiently at very
high voltages. In the United States, power companies provide electricity to
medium or large buildings at 13,800 volts (13.8kV). For small commercial
buildings or residential customers, power companies lower the voltage with
a transformer on a power pole or mounted on the ground. From there, the
electricity is fed through a meter and into the building.

Small commercial or residential buildings have a very simple power distribution

system. The utility will own the transformer, which will sit on a pad outside the
building or will be attached to a utility pole. The transformer reduces the voltage
from 13.8kV down to 120/240 or 120/208 volts and then passes the electricity to a
meter, which is owned by the utility and keeps a record of power consumption.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 After leaving the meter, the power is transmitted
into the building at which point all wiring, panels,
and devices are the property of the building owner.
Wires transfer the electricity from the meter to a
panel board, which is generally located in the
basement or garage of a house. In small commercial
buildings, the panel may be located in a utility
closet.
The panel board will have a main service breaker
and a series of circuit breakers, which control the
flow of power to various circuits in the building.
Each branch circuit will serve a device (some
appliances require heavy loads) or a number of
devices like convenience outlets or lights.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Single Phase supply

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 3 Phase supply

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 3 Phase supply

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Server power requirements For instance, one server can use between 500 to
1,200 watts per hour, according to Ehow.com. If the average use is 850 watts
per hour, multiplied by 24 that equals 20,400 watts daily, or 20.4 kilowatts
(kWh). Multiply that by 365 days a year for 7,446 kWh per year

Point- A power point is a place in a wall where you can

connect electrical equipment to the electricity supply.

Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices

such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure.
Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation

What is Electrical Wiring?

Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related
devices such as fuse, switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main
distribution board is a specific structure to the utility pole for continues
power supply.

TYPES –
• Cleat wiring.
• Wooden casing and capping wiring.
• CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring.
• Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring.
• Conduit wiring.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION:

Radial distribution

Parallel distribution

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Ring main
Distribution

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Electrical Building Protection
• Protection against electric shock is provided by insulating and placing live
parts out of reach in suitable enclosures, earthing and bonding metal work
and providing fuses or circuit breakers.
• A fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB) will disconnect the supply
automatically before the overload current can cause a rise in temperature
which would damage the installation.

• An isolator is a mechanical device, which is opened manually and is provided

so that the whole of the installation, one circuit or one piece of equipment
may be cut off from the live supply.
• In addition, a means of switching off for maintenance or emergency switching
must also be provided.
• In practice it is the aim to bring the Electrical supply to the appliance with as
small a loss of voltage through the conductor as possible.

• This means that the wiring must have the smallest resistance that is
economical

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Distribution in High Rise Buildings
• The electrical distribution system in high rise flats and office
buildings uses a busbar system.

• A busbar is a solid copper bar that carries the electrical current.

• The busbars run vertically inside trunking and are supported by

insulated bars across the trunking chamber.
• The electrical supply to each floor is connected to the rising main by
means of tap-off units.

• Tobalance electrical distribution across the phases, connections at

each floor should be spread between the phase bars.
• To prevent the spread of fire and smoke, fire barriers are
incorporated with the busbar chamber at each compartment floor
level.
• The chamber must also be fire stopped to the full depth of the floor.
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 In electrical engineering, a feeder line is a type of transmission line. In
addition Feeders are the power lines through which electricity is
transmitted in power systems. Feeder transmits power from Generating
station or substation to the distribution points.

Feeder means power transmission at one point to another

point. Busbar is like a node where different power system
elements are connected like Alternators, Power Transformers
etc.. while Feeder is used to feed electrical power from Busbar
to distributors... we can connect more than one feeder to a
Busbar.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 RMU
A Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a totally sealed, gas-insulated compact
switchgear unit. The primary switching devices can be either switch
disconnectors or fused switch disconnectors or circuit breakers.

In case a circuit breaker is the switching device, it is also equipped with

protective relaying, either with a very basic self-powered type or a more
advanced one with communication capabilities.

The rated voltage and current ranges for RMUs typically reach up to 24 kV and
630 A respectively. With many of the manufacturers of RMUs, the basic
construction of the unit remains the same for the whole of the voltage range.

The increase in rated voltage is handled by an increase in the insulating

gas pressure.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 11 KV HT Ring Main Unit (RMU) Outdoor / Indoor
type:

This unit finds extensive use in H.T. side. It is marked with switches
(Circuit Breakers or Isolators or LBS) of three numbers. This unit
finds use for two inputs that may be mechanical or electrical
interlock. One outgoing is also provided in this unit to help in heavy
load withstanding capacity. Apart from these, this unit is also used
for purposes such as redundancy feeder.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 RMU FACILITATES

• SAFE ON-LOAD OPERATION

• EASY NETWORK HANDLING

• NETWORK FLEXIBILITY

• PROMPT SUPPLY RESTORATION

• UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

• PROVIDES CABLE STATUS INDICATION THROUGH VPIS

• INDICATES FAULTY SECTION THROUGH FPI

• REDUCES FIRE HAZARDS

• MAINTENANCE FREE

• REMOTE OPERATIONS AND STATUS MONITORING

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 RMU- A Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a totally sealed, gas-insulated compact switchgear unit.
The primary switching devices can be either switch disconnectors or fused switch
disconnectors or circuit breakers.

Transformers - A transformer is an electrical device which, by the principles of

electromagnetic induction, transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to
another, without changing the frequency. The energy transfer usually takes place with
a change of voltage and current.
•Drawout circuit breakers
(oil, air, SF6, vacuum)
Load - Anything which will consume current called load. •Switching device (load
break or disconnect) with
or w/o fuses (power
current limiting or power
HT Metering panel - Metering panels are a kind of control expulsion type) with or
w/o blown fuse
panels which are very much required for the domestic as indicator/actuator.
•Instrument transformers.
well as industrial purposes for the measurement of amount •Capacitor tripping
of power used up and the rate of power consumption. device.
•Relays.
•Meters & instruments.
•Main bus.

Submetering - Utility submetering is a system that allows a landlord,

property management firm, condominium association, homeowners
association, or other multi-tenant property to bill tenants for individual
measured utility usage. The approach makes use of individual water
meters, gas meters, or electricity meters.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 HT METERING PANEL

The metering cubicles shall be installed electrically in

between the incoming supply point and the step down
transformer of consumers installation. The general
arrangement of the cabinet shall be as per the
approved specification

11KV HT Metering Cubicles Panels as per ESCOM standards where metering is done in 3
phase 4 wire system employing 3 current transformers and 3 voltage transformers. The
panel contains the equipments and components complete with bus bar interconnections,
control wiring, designation labels, caution notices, Electricity Board sealing and pad locking
facilities wherever required. Required space is provided for entry of H. T. cable from the
bottom through detachable gland plates. Bus bars are epoxy encapsulated. Canopy will be
provided for outdoor type metering cubicles.
The Current and Potential Transformers used in these panels are Accuracy tested at
KPTCL / National Accredited testinglaboratory.

Metering Cubical with Load Break Switch 630A, 26.3KA/ VCB with Current sensor
operated over current & Earth Fault Relay
HT HRC fuses of suitable rating (Access to the HT Fuse chamber is possible onlyafter
switching OFF the LBS)
The Instrumental Current Transformer (Resin cast)
The Potential Transformer (Resin cast)
The Electronic Trivector Meter
TestTerminal Block 3Ph. 3 Wire Front Connection
Sealing Facility Provided as per EB norms
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 SUB METERING PANEL
These will monitor multiple electrical circuits and basic power and energy. They
determine exactly when and where energy is being used. These products are
used in the commercial, industrial and utility markets.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 TRANSFORMERS

1. Transformer is an electrical device

that transfer electric power from one
circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of
frequency
3. It accomplishes this by
electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in
mutual inductive influence of each
other

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Distribution Transformer…..
• Used for distribution of electrical energy
• Generally, operates at low voltage as less than 33KV in industrial
purpose and 440v-220v in domestic purpose

• Three phase distribution transformers ,widely used in 11kv

distribution line to step down the voltage level.

Oil immersed distribution

Transformer….
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 RISING MAINS
The phrase “rising electrical mains” refers to the main electrical power cables
that are installed in a multi-story commercial building.
An Electrical rising main is required when electricity is installed in a multi
occupancy building which could be many stories high. Examples can be found in
tower blocks, car parks, and hospitals.
Typically the main power supply cables will come into the building underground
and will be accessible in the building through a specially built raceway, access
duct or electrical room. At each floor, there will typically be a tap-off to supply
power to each floor. The rising mains will run the entire height of the building.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

Rising Mains- The phrase “rising electrical mains” refers to the main
electrical power cables that are installed in a multi-story commercial building.
... At each floor, there will typically be a tap-off to supply power to each floor.

Sub-Mains- a main (as in a sewer, gas, electrical, or drainage system) having a

number of lesser mains feeding into or branching from it but being itself
subsidiary to a larger main

Circuit-Mains-A ring main, or final circuit, is exactly what it says on the tin. It
is a ring of cables, usually 2.5mm carrying twin and earth wires, circling your
home, carrying themains electricity to sockets on the way. It gets
thepower from the consumer unit and delivers it to the sockets.

Generators- In electricity generation, a generator is a device that

converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power for use
in an external circuit.

UPS requirements- An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible

power source (UPS) is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency
power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Types of Rising main

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 PCC – Power Control center
MCC – Motor Control Center
APFC – Automatic Power
Factor Control.
AMF – Automatic Main
Failure.

MCC – VFD,
PROGRAMMABLE
CONTROLLERS ,
METERING.

Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

 Power Distribution in Large Buildings
Large buildings have a much higher electrical load than small buildings; therefore, the
electrical equipment must be larger and more robust. Large building owners will also
purchase electricity at high voltages (in the US, 13.8kV) because it comes at a cheaper rate.
In this case, the owner will provide and maintain their own step-down transformer, which
lowers the voltage to a more usable level (in the US, 480/277 volts). This transformer can be
mounted on a pad outside the building or in a transformer room inside the building.

The electricity is then transmitted to switchgear. The role of the switchgear is to distribute
electricity safely and efficiently to the various electrical closets throughout the building. The
equipment has numerous safety features including circuit breakers, which allow power to be
disrupted downstream - this may occur due to a fault or problem, but it can also be done
intentionally to allow technicians to work on specific branches of the power system.

Feeder
In an electrical wiring circuit in a building which Feeder is a “wire/line that carries
power from a transformer or switch gear to a distribution panel.”
switchgear
In an electric power system, switchgear is composed of electrical
disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect
and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-
energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults
downstream.
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 It should be noted that very large buildings
or buildings with complex electrical
https://www.youtube.com/wa systems may have multiple transformers,
tch?v=Fqk0G1yDjeY which may feed multiple pieces of
switchgear. (US)
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
 METERING, CONTROL AND RELAY PANELS

To house various measuring Instruments, control Instruments, Protective

relays. They are located in air-conditioned/ well ventilated building. Control
Cables are laid between Switchyard equipment and these panels.
Presented by Ar.Jasper.S – Asst Prof - BGSSAP