IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 16, Issue 5 Ser. II (Sep. – Oct. 2021), PP 15-20
www.iosrjournals.org

Calculation of Continuity Indicators in the Design Stage

Gheorghe Hazi1, Aneta Hazi1
1
Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău, Romania

Abstract:
The paper presents a methodology for determining the continuity indicators of the electricity supply of
consumers, in the design stage. In operation, these indicators are determined by recording the number and
duration of power outages affecting consumers in the analyzed network.
The first part of the paper presents the continuity indicators provided in the performance standards, indicators
required by some distribution operators in the design phase.
The calculation of the reliability indicators is done using the continuous time Markov chain method, which
assumes that the equipment is either in a failure process with intensity λ, or in a repair process with intensity μ.
The last part of the paper presents a calculation example for a 20 / 0.4 kV network in Bacau County, Romania.
Key Word: Continuity indicators; Reliability indicators; Distribution network; Design stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 15-10-2021 Date of Acceptance: 30-10-2021
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Introduction
The determination of continuity indicators is usually done in the operation of electrical networks. Their
determination is required by mandatory regulations for the distribution operators [1]. The indicators are:
 the number of long interruptions of the electricity supply or evacuation path;
 SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index)
 SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index)
 ENS (Energy Not Supplied)
 AIT (Average Interruption Time).
Distribution operators are required to record all long-term outages as well as short-term outages of the
electricity supply / evacuation path for the places of consumption and / or production connected to the electricity
distribution network (RED), regardless of their voltage.
Some distribution operators have requested the determination of these indicators at the design stage.
As, at this stage, we have no records, these indicators need to be assessed through reliability calculations. These
calculations can determine the number and duration of interruptions removed through repair, the number of
interruptions removed through manual maneuvers, the number of interruptions removed through automatic
maneuvers. As for the duration of the interruptions removed through manual maneuvers, this can be established
on a statistical basis according to the average distances traveled and according to the personnel available to carry
them out.
Methods for determining continuity indicators based on measurements are analyzed in the literature [2].
This version is not usable at the design stage. The paper [3] presents a method for evaluating continuity
indicators for a distribution line. The presented method is not applicable for a larger power system.
Other works, [4], [5], [6], [8] present procedures for optimizing the reliability of distribution networks
by optimally locating switching equipment, optimal reconfiguration or by establishing optimal intervals for
maintenance activities.
The paper [7] proposes a method to reduce the SAIFI indicator by optimizing the design of installations
for protection against atmospheric surges.
In this paper we propose a method for determining the continuity indicators for distribution networks,
at the design stage, by evaluating the reliability indicators: average annual number and duration of interruptions
removed through repairs and average annual number of interruptions removed through maneuvers. The other
necessary information, such as the average duration of a maneuver, the number of consumers fed per area or the
power required per network area, is obtained from distribution operators.

II. Determination of reliability indicators by consumption areas

The analysis is performed for a medium voltage distribution network. The points where the reliability
indicators are determined are the low voltage (JT) bars (0.4 kV) of the transformer substations. As their number
is large, they are grouped by consumption areas. The distances between the transformer substations are small,
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1605021520 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
 Calculation of Continuity Indicators in the Design Stage

they are located in the same locality or in close localities. To better understand this, we present an example in
Figure 1.
The determination of the reliability indicators at the JT bars of the transformer substations, by
consumption areas, is done in the following steps:
I. Taking over the equivalent reliability indicators on the medium voltage (MT) bar of the supply
station: λ1, μ1, λm1.
λ1 - equivalent failure rate (faults removed through repair) on the supply bar of the distribution network
μ1 - equivalent repair rate on the supply bar of the distribution network
λm1 - equivalent failure rate (faults removed through maneuver) on the supply bar of the distribution
network
These indicators are determined using programs to calculate the reliability of complex networks.
II. Establishing the reliability block scheme for the calculated area.
III. Calculation of the equivalent indicators λe, μe, λme for the reliability block diagram of the
calculated area. The reduction is done by serial groups, parallel groups or by using a calculation program.
IV. Calculation of reliability indicators for the fed area [9]:
Yearly mean number of failures eliminated through repairs:
 e e
N r
 T [interr/year] (1)
e   e
Yearly mean number of failures eliminated through manual maneuvers:
 e   me
N m
 T [interr /year] (2)
e   e
Mean duration of failures removed through repairs:
1
Tr  [h/ interr] (3)
e
Annual duration of non-supply due to faults eliminated through repairs:
T ran  N r  T r [h/year] (4)
Annual duration of non-supply due to faults eliminated through manual maneuvers:
T man  N m  T m [h/year] (5)
where Tm represents the mean duration of a maneuver eliminated through maneuver determined on a statistical
basis according to the intervention distances and the available operating personnel.

III. Calculation of continuity indicators

We calculate the indicators specified in point I of the paper, with the relationships given in [1], adapted
to the indicators calculated in point II.
For the calculation of these indicators, information is required such as the number of consumers
connected to each transformer substation and the mean interrupted power in the event of an accident. This
information is obtained from the network database and from the analysis of accidental event reports.

DOI: 10.9790/1676-1605021520 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page

 OHTS 2
ZONE 5 ZONE 4 V IIS O A R A
OHTS 3
ABATOR 250K V A 250K V A
TG. OCNA 6

30 m
O H TS 16 1

250 m
TG. OCNA 51
32 1
2 250K V A

1 JT

890 m
O H TS 14 C A P 30
160K V A

244 m
OHTS 1 1

A L 150
TG. OCNA 40 m
V IIS O A R A 28
PTSC 26

320 m
250K V A
100K V A
PTSC 15 2 1 OHTS GERBERA
A L 120 4

DOI: 10.9790/1676-1605021520
TG OCNA. 24
TG. OCNA

920 m
480m
100K V A 100K V A
OHTS 3 SV
S U B S T A T I O N 1 1 0 /2 0 k V 250K V A 10 m

190 m
LV TG. TROTUS 4
TG. OCNA

860 m
14

100 m
1 2 1 ZONE 3
O H L 20kV 1 3 13 16 1 82
450 m 860 m 12 14 15 280 m 1 .1 0 0 m 5 4 644 m 70 630 m 81 1 .4 7 0 m

A L 150
220 m
2
TG. TROTUS 22 m 500 m 15 m
1 LV 23 1 1
1 2
2

40 m
15 m A L 150 A L 150 240 m 109
1 50 m
OHTS 7

250 m
SSCC 1 A L 150 OHTS 6 TG. OCNA
210 m

340 m SSCC 2 TG. TROTUS

380 m 390 m 5 (U N IF O R M L U S I)
O H T S A U T O S E R V IC E 1
110m

1 O H T S S P P 1 IR IG . 5
250K V A TG. TROTUS 30 m 1 50m
TG. TROTUS 63K V A 7 112
20kV
PTSC PECO

420 m
O H TS EPU RA RE 250K V A
1
TG OCNA. 8
TG. OCNA
100 m

40 m 8 LV
PTSC 39 63K V A
63K V A
13 O H T S P IR IU B O G H I

350m
TG OCNA.
CA SERI O H T S L U IS C O N F
80 m

14
680 m

TG. TROTUS
E x is te n t

EPU RA RE CRA B 100K V A

M an so n 1
LEA 110kV LEA 20kV 40m

1150m
ZONE 2 114
16 250K V A

40 m
100 m

SV

120m
1 145 m 31 32 58 68 69 71 95 880m 98 70m 100 70m 103 9
4 E x is tin g
20 104
620 m 64m
113 m

21 LV 1030 m 40 m LV 103m
20 m

990 m SS SS OHTS 5 TG. TROTUS

1 SV 105
10 FERM A O PREA
22 1 25m
250K V A 117
10 m

25 m

23
250K V A
OHTS 1
65 m

720 m
E x is te n t

TG. TROTUS

www.iosrjournals.org
119

440 m
780 m

LEGEND 31 40K V A 121

250K V A
40 m

OHTS 1 O H TS 3 P. A PA 100K V A
250K V A 1

810 m
OHTS SV TUTA
O H L 2 0 k V - d e s ig n e d - w ith u n in s u la te d c o n d u c to r s TUTA 120
P IR G A R E S T I 52 30m
20 m
OHTS 2
28 m

LV
O H L .2 0 k V - d e s ig n e d - w ith tw is te d c o n d u c to r s TG. TROTUS

430 m
121
O H L 2 0 k V T g . O c n a - O n e s ti 3 5 k V
63 OHTS 2
D e s ig n e d u n d e r g r o u n d p o w e r lin e TUTA
100K V A

310 m
71
P T S C - P r e f a b r ic a te d tr a n s f o r m e r s u b s ta tio n s in c o n c r e te c a s e
100K V A
530 m

O H TS 2 SA T N O U
SV
S S C C - S w itc h in g s u b s ta tio n s in c o n c r e te c a s e 85
P IR G A R E S T I 20 m

LV
O H T S - O v e r h e a d tr a n s f o r m e r s u b s ta tio n s
810 m

160K V A
O H TS 1 SA T N O U SV
P IR G A R E S T I 105
15 m
OHTS 2
300 m

100K V A N IC O R E S T I
OHTS 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
E x is tin g E x is tin g Figure 1. Medium voltage power system
N IC O R E S T I
580 m 112 880 m
250K V A
diagram
ZONE 1

18 | Page
Calculation of Continuity Indicators in the Design Stage
 Calculation of Continuity Indicators in the Design Stage

The calculation of the continuity indicators per area is done with the relations:
Nz Nz

 N ri
 N ci   N mi  N ci
i 1 i 1
SAIFI  Nz
[interr/customer.year] (6)
 N ci
i 1

Nz Nz

 N ri
N ci
 T ri   N mi
N ci
 T mi
i 1 i 1
SAIDI  Nz
[hours/customer.year] (7)
 N ci
i 1

Nz Nz

ENS   Pi  N ri
 T ri   Pi  N mi
 T mi [kWh/year] (8)
i 1 i 1

ENS
AIT  8760  60  [minutes/year] (9)
AD
where Nz represents the number of zones in the network, Pi the power interrupted on zone i, given in table 2,
and AD (Annual Demand) the annual electricity consumption in the network.

IV. Simulation Results

Table 1 shows reliability indicators by areas, for the example in figure 1.

Table no 1: Reliability indicators by areas, for the example in figure 1

λe λe Nr
μe Tr Nm Tm Tran Tman
Area x10-5 x10-5 interr
h-1 h/ interr interr /year h/man h/year h/year
h-1 h-1 /year
1 4.50 0.073 29.16 0.394 13.77 2.55 0.5 5.43 1.28
2 4.62 0.071 26.58 0.404 14.09 2.33 0.5 5.70 1.16
3 4.95 0.078 44.09 0.433 12.80 3.86 0.5 5.54 1.93
4 4.60 0.076 27.60 0.403 13.21 2.42 0.5 5.32 1.21
5 3.05 0.081 28.61 0.267 12.31 2.51 0.5 3.29 1.25

Table 2 shows the list of the number of consumers per transformer substation, as well as the mean
interrupted power at an accidental event, by area, for the example in Figure 1.

Table no 2: Number of consumers per transformer substation and area

Area Name Transformer power Number of consumers Mean interrupted power,
[kVA] Nc P
[kW]
OHTS Pirgaresti 250 331
OHTS 1 Sat Nou Pirgaresti 160 296
OHTS 2 Sat Nou Pirgaresti 100 336
1 105
OHTS 1 Nicoresti 100 110
OHTS 2 Nicoresti 250 119
TOTAL area: 1192
OHTS Piriu Boghi Caseri 100 224
OHTS 1 Tuta 250 501
2 OHTS 2 Tuta 100 193 82
OHTS 3P. apa Tuta 40 1
TOTAL area: 919
OHTS 1 Tg. Trotus 250 361
OHTS 2 Tg. Trotus 100 100
OHTS 7 Tg. Trotus 63 55
OHTS 6 Tg. Ocna 250 1
3 OHTS Luis Conf 250 1 91
Tg. Trotus
OHTS 5 Tg. Trotus 250 2
ferma Oprea
TOTAL area: 520
OHTS 1 Viisoara 160 169
OHTS 2 Viisoara 250 310
4 149
OHTS 3Tg. Trotus 100 143
OHTS Autoservice 63 104

DOI: 10.9790/1676-1605021520 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page

 Calculation of Continuity Indicators in the Design Stage

Tg. Trotus
OHTS SPP1 Irig 250 1
Tg. Trotus
TOTAL area: 727
PTSC 39 Tg. Ocna 2 x 400 1
PTSC PECO Tg. Ocna 63 27
PTSC 15 Tg. Ocna 250 157
OHTS 3 Abator Tg. Ocna 250 5
PTSC 26 Tg. Ocna 250 73
5 292
OHTS 16 Tg. Ocna 250 298
OHTS Gherbera Tg. Ocna 100 1
OHTS 14CAP Tg. Ocna 100 11
OHTS EPURARE Tg. Ocna 63 1
TOTAL area: 574

For the analyzed network we get the values given in table 3.

Table no 3: Calculated continuity indicators
No. Indicator U.M. Value
1 SAIFI interr/customer.year 3.025
2 SAIDI hours/customer.year 6.495
3 END kWh/year 4246.215
4 AD kWh/year 7735000
5 AIT minutes/year 288.534

V. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from the calculations presented:
 Continuity indicators can be determined in the design phase by determining the number of failures removed
through repairs and maneuvers using reliability calculations.
 The number of failures eliminated through automatic maneuvers can also be assessed by reliability
calculations. A relation of form (2) can be used. These influence the MAIFI indicator.
 The grouping by zones is justified by the results presented in table 1. In the table we observe that the
reliability indicators at the JT bars of the transformer substations, from different areas, have close values.
These results will be closer for transformer substations in the same area.
 The higher the number of zones, the greater the accuracy for calculating the reliability indicators. The
calculation volume also increases accordingly.

References
[1]. ANRE Romania, Performance Standard for the electricity distribution service, approved by Order no. 46/2021.
[2]. Mirosław Kornatka, Anna Gawlak, and Grzegorz Dudek, Determination of reliability indices of the distribution network based on
data from AMI, E3S Web of Conferences, Volume 84, 2019, https://www.e3s- conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/
a. 2019/10/e3sconf_pe2019_02004.
[3]. Ivan Bandurin, Alexey Khaimin, SAIFI reliability calculation for the distribution line, E3S Web of Conferences 58, 02010 (20 18),
https://www.https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2018/33/e3sconf_rses2018_02010.
[4]. Degarege Anteneh, Baseem Khan, Om Prakash Mahela, Hassan Haes Alhelou, Josep M. Guerrero, Distribution network reliability
enhancement and power loss reduction by optimal network reconfiguration, Computers and Electrical Engineering 96, 2021.
[5]. L.D. Arya, S.C. Choube, Rajesh Arya, Differential evolution applied for reliability optimization of radial distribution systems,
Electrical Power and Energy Systems 33,2011, pp. 271–277.
[6]. H. Zhenga, Y. Chenga, B. Goub, D. Frankc, A. Bernc, W.E. Mustonc, Impact of automatic switches on power distribution system
reliability, Electric Power SystemsResearch 83, 2012, pp. 51– 57.
[7]. Roberto José Cabral, Roberto Chouhy Leborgne, Arturo Suman Bretasc,Gustavo Dorneles Ferreira, John Armando Morales,
Lightning protection system design for distribution networks based on System Average Interruption Frequency minimization,
Electric Power Systems Research 160, 2018, pp. 1–12.
[8]. Abdollah Kavousi-Fard, Mohammad-Reza Akbari-Zadeh, Reliability enhancement using optimal distribution feeder
reconfiguration, Neurocomputing 106, 2013, pp.1–11.
[9]. R. Billintonand R. Allan, Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems, 2nd ed., New York: Plenum Press, 1996.

Gheorghe Hazi, et. al. “Calculation of Continuity Indicators in the Design Stage.” IOSR Journal
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), 16(5), (2021): pp. 15-20.

DOI: 10.9790/1676-1605021520 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page