1

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX

DATA SHEET

Date: March 17, 2022 Score: _______

Group No.: 7

Leader: PEÑAROYO, KRISTINE - 202010014

Members: GONZALES, CHARMAINE - 202013039

DALISAY, SOFIA ROSE - 202013505

EVANGELISTA, JANE MICHA - 202010912

I. Abbe Refractometer simulation

A. Refractive Indices at Different Temperatures (10 data points)

Sample: Benzene

Light source: Sodium Light (λ=589 nm)

Temperature Polarisability (GPa) Computed Observe % Error

(0C) Refractive Refractive
Index (η) Index (η)

20 28. 05019 × 10
−23 2.480069263 1.56 37.10%

25 27. 93006 × 10
−23 2.468045508 1.558 36.87%

30 27. 80997 × 10
−23 2.45614237 1.556 36.65%

35 27. 68990 × 10
−23 2.444355681 1.554 36.42%

40 27. 56986 × 10
−23 2.432684304 1.552 36.20%

45 27. 44985 × 10
−23 2.421126162 1.548 36.06%
 2

50 27. 32988 × 10
−23 2.409680177 1.546 35.84%

55 27. 20993 × 10
−23 2.398342466 1.546 35.54%

60 27. 09002 × 10
−23 2.387112992 1.544 35.32%

65 26. 97014 × 10
−23 2.375988923 1.542 35.10%

Sample: Nitrobenzene

Light source: Sodium Light (λ=589 nm)

Temperature Polarisability (GPa) Computed Observe % Error

(0C) Refractive Refractive
Index (η) Index (η)

20 31. 81391 × 10
−23 2.43785707 1.551 36.38%

25 31. 67568 × 10
−23 2.426249028 1.55 36.12%

30 31. 53749 × 10
−23 2.414753537 1.548 35.89%

35 31. 39934 × 10
−23 2.403368585 1.546 35.67%

40 31. 26122 × 10
−23 2.392091399 1.542 35.54%

45 31. 12313 × 10
−23 2.380920087 1.542 35.24%

50 30. 98509 × 10
−23 2.3698544 1.539 35.06%

55 30. 84708 × 10
−23 2.358890913 1.536 34.88%

60 30. 70911 × 10
−23 2.348028652 1.534 34.67%

65 30. 57118 × 10
−23 2.33726588 1.532 34.45%
 3

Computations for Benzene:

For 200C For 250C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2
α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
𝑛 −1 =
2 = 3ε0𝑀
2
𝑛 +2 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
3 1 − =
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀 𝑛 +2
2 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− ] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]
3ε0𝑀

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23 − 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(27.93006×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2
(28.05019×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765) 1−
1− 3 (1) (78.11) 3 (1) (78.11)

2 2
𝑛 = 6.1507 𝑛 = 6.09125

𝑛= 6. 1507 𝑛= 6. 09125

𝑛= 2.48 𝑛= 2.468

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.48 − 1.56 2.468 − 1.558

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.48
| × 100
| %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.46
| × 100
|

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=37.10% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.87%
 4

For 300C
For 350C
Computed Refractive Index (η)
Computed Refractive Index (η)
2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 2
α𝑝 = 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

𝑛 −1
2 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
= 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
𝑛 +2
2 3ε0𝑀
2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − = 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2
𝑛 +2 3ε0𝑀 1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

2 3
𝑛= − 2 2 3
[1−
α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
3ε0𝑀
] 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3
𝑛 = −23 23 − 2 2 3
1−
(27.80997×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
3 (1) (78.11)
𝑛 = −23 23
(27.68990×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (78.11)

2
𝑛 = 6.03264 2
𝑛 = 5.97487

𝑛= 6. 03264
𝑛= 5. 97487

𝑛= 2.456
𝑛= 2.444

% Error
% Error
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |
2.456 − 1.556 |
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| | × 100 2.444 − 1.554
2.456 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.444
| × 100
|

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.65%
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.42%
 5

For 400C For 450C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2 α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2 = 3ε0𝑀 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23
(27.56986×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(27.44985×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (78.11)
1− 3 (1) (78.11)

2 2
𝑛 = 5.91795 𝑛 = 5.86185

𝑛= 5. 91795 𝑛= 5. 86185

𝑛= 2.432 𝑛= 2.421

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.432 − 1.552 | 2.421 − 1.548 |

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.432 | × 100 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.421 | × 100

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.20% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.06%
 6

For 500C
For 550C
Computed Refractive Index (η)
Computed Refractive Index (η)
2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 2
α𝑝 = 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

𝑛 −1
2 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
= 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
𝑛 +2
2 3ε0𝑀
2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − = 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2
𝑛 +2 3ε0𝑀 1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

2 3
𝑛= − 2 2 3
[1−
α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
3ε0𝑀
] 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3
𝑛 = −23 23 − 2 2 3
1−
(27.32988×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
3 (1) (78.11)
𝑛 = −23 23
(27.20993×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (78.11)

2
𝑛 = 5.80656 2
𝑛 = 5.75205

𝑛= 5. 80656
𝑛= 5. 75205

𝑛= 2.409
𝑛= 2.398

% Error
% Error
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |
2.409 − 1.546 |
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| | × 100 2.398 − 1.546
2.409 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.398
| × 100
|

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.84%
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.54%
 7

For 600C For 650C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2 α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2 = 3ε0𝑀 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23
(27.09002×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(26.97014×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (0.8765)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (78.11)
1− 3 (1) (78.11)

2 2
𝑛 = 5.69831 𝑛 = 5.64532

𝑛= 5. 69831 𝑛= 5. 64532

𝑛= 2.387 𝑛= 2.375

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.387 − 1.544 | 2.375 − 1.542 |

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.387 | × 100 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.375 | × 100

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.32% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.10%
 8

Computations for Nitrobenzene:

For 200C For 250C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2 α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2 = 3ε0𝑀 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23
(31.81391×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(31.67568×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (123.06)
1− 3 (1) (123.06)

2 2
𝑛 = 5.94315 𝑛 = 5.88668

𝑛= 5. 94315 𝑛= 5. 88668

𝑛= 2.438 𝑛= 2.426

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.438 − 1.551 2.426 − 1.55

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.438
| × 100
| %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.426
| × 100
|

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.38% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=36.12%
 9

For 300C For 350C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2 α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2 = 3ε0𝑀 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23
(31.53749×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(31.39934×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (123.06)
1− 3 (1) (123.06)

2 2
𝑛 = 5.83103 𝑛 = 5.77618

𝑛= 5. 83103 𝑛= 5. 77618

𝑛= 2.414 𝑛= 2.403

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.414 − 1.548 | 2.403 − 1.546 |

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.414 | × 100 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.403 | × 100

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.89% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.67%
 10

For 400C For 450C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2 α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2 = 3ε0𝑀 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23
(31.26122×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(31.12313×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (123.06)
1− 3 (1) (123.06)

2 2
𝑛 = 5.7221 𝑛 = 5.66878

𝑛= 5. 7221 𝑛= 5. 66878

𝑛= 2.392 𝑛= 2.380

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.392 − 1.542 | 2.380 − 1.542 |

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.392 | × 100 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.380 | × 100

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.54% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.24%
 11

0
For 550C
For 50 C
Computed Refractive Index (η)
Computed Refractive Index (η)
2
2 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) α𝑝 = 2
α𝑝 = 2 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ =
2 = 3ε0𝑀
2
𝑛 +2 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 1 − =
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2
2 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2

2 3
2 3 𝑛= − 2
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 [1−
α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
3ε0𝑀
]
[1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3
2 3 𝑛 = −23 23 − 2
𝑛 = −23 23
(30.98509×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2 1−
(30.84708×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
3 (1) (123.06)
1− 3 (1) (123.06)

2
2 𝑛 = 5.56437
𝑛 = 5.61621

𝑛= 5. 56437
𝑛= 5. 61621

𝑛= 2.359
𝑛= 2.369

% Error
% Error
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |
2.359 − 1.536 |
2.369 − 1.539 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| | × 100
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.369
| × 100
|
2.359

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=34.88%
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=35.06%
 12

For 600C For 650C

Computed Refractive Index (η) Computed Refractive Index (η)

2 2
3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1) 3ε0𝑀(𝑛 −1)
α𝑝 = 2 α𝑝 = 2
𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2) 𝑁𝐴ρ(𝑛 +2)

2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 2
𝑛 −1 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
2 = 3ε0𝑀 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ 3 α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
1 − 2 = 3ε0𝑀
𝑛 +2 𝑛 +2

2 3 2 3
𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2 𝑛= α𝑝(𝑁𝐴)ρ − 2
[1− 3ε0𝑀
] [1− 3ε0𝑀
]

2 3 2 3
𝑛 = −23 23
(30.70911×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2 𝑛 = −23 23
(30.57118×10 ) (6.023×10 ) (1.199)
− 2
1− 3 (1) (123.06)
1− 3 (1) (123.06)

2 2
𝑛 = 5.51324 𝑛 = 5.46281

𝑛= 5. 51324 𝑛= 5. 46281

𝑛= 2.348 𝑛= 2.337

% Error % Error

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100 | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | × 100
| 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

2.348 − 1.534 | 2.337 − 1.532 |

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.348 | × 100 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=|| 2.337 | × 100

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=34.67% %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=34.45%
 13

II. Bending of Light(Air)

Intro

Sample Ray Refractive Index Medium Refractive

(η) Index (η)

Mystery A 2.415474178 1.000

Mystery B 1.397641297 1.000

Computations (Air):

Snell’s Law → n₁sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂)

Mystery A Mystery B

Known: Unknown: Known: Unknown:

n₂ = 1.0 n₁ = ? n₂ = 1.0 n₁ = ?

θ₁ = 23° θ₁ = 23°

θ₂ = 70.7° θ₂ = 33.1°

Solution: Solution:

n₁sin(23°) = (1.0)sin(70.7°) n₁sin(23°) = (1.0)sin(33.1°)

(1.0)𝑠𝑖𝑛(70.7°) (1.0)𝑠𝑖𝑛(70.7°)
n₁ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(23°)
n₁ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(23°)

n₁ = 2.415474178 n₁ = 1.397641297
 14

Simulation screenshots:

I. Abbe Refractometer simulation

Sample: Benzene

Figure 1. 20℃

Figure 2. 25℃
 15

Figure 3. 30℃

Figure 4. 35℃
 16

Figure 5. 40℃

Figure 6. 45℃
 17

Figure 7. 50℃

Figure 8. 55℃
 18

Figure 9. 60℃

Figure 10. 65℃

 19

Sample: Nitrobenzene

Figure 11. 20°C

Figure 12. 25°C

 20

Figure 13. 30°C

Figure 14. 35°C

 21

Figure 15. 40°C

Figure 16. 45°C

 22

Figure 17. 50°C

Figure 18. 55°C

 23

Figure 19. 60°C

Figure 20. 65°C

 24

II. Bending of Light(Air)

Figure 21. Mystery A

Figure 22. Mystery B