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General
The Meti river is located at the Oromia region,kellemwollega zone and seyo woreda .it is 638km
far from the A.A . the proposed intake site is located at 08٥32ʼ17.64ʼʼN latitude and
34٥32’35.46’’ E longitude on the land owned by MrGnogno(locally known name of the land of
owner).
1|Page
TOPOGRAPHY
The digital elevation map of the area was prepared from SRTM with the resolution of 90m for
the delineation of the catchment. The catchment area and the drainage network of the catchment
are extracted with the DEM hydro processing tool in the integrated lad and water information
system (ILWIS) software. Based on the DEM the topography of METI catchment ranges from
2151m at the south of the catchment to 3692 m east of the catchment ,the catchment area of the
gauging station and weir site are 682.29km2 and 810.57km2 respectively .use simple area ratio
method to transfer the gauging station data to the un gauged data .
Additional information
2|Page
Density of sand =2600kg/m3. Assuming the packing density 50%
Choose appropriate site for the settling basin with help of general lay out.
Refer your hand out and different text books for table and chart if necessary.
Year/Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2000 0.246 0.2325 0.861 1.9695 1.2675 1.386 0.822 0.8475 1.041 1.461 0.693 0.4875
2001 0.2775 0.2175 0.2505 0.3225 0.297 0.6255 0.8925 0.537 1.719 0.9525 0.597 0.2835
2002 0.021 0.024 0.009 0.1125 0.405 0.621 0.681 0.615 1.0695 3.2535 0.69 0.2805
2003 0.1605 0.2055 0.1035 0.0615 1.6455 1.5465 0.4125 0.408 1.1145 1.3455 1.0245 0.5925
2004 0.3165 0.1635 0.0765 0.1815 2.4375 0.9405 1.7985 1.962 07845 0.558 0.3885 0.1875
2005 0.096 0.0615 0.051 0.6345 1.533 0.468 0.591 0.591 1.638 1.545 0.5565 0.231
2006 0.171 0.0825 0.132 0.5355 0.981 3.021 1.575 2.067 3.8175 1.3575 0.6195 0.3105
2007 0.1755 0.0825 0.072 0.417 0.864 0.378 0.8625 0.543 0.339 1.2 2.448 1.101
2008 1.458 0.8445 0.381 1.0305 1.9125 1.257 0.7875 1.275 0.801 2.3955 0.7035 0.279
2009 0.1425 0.069 0.192 0.414 0.8085 0.4605 0.6555 0.7605 0.69 2.4795 1.404 0.426
2010 0.213 0.102 0.0645 0.1455 0.972 0.495 0.5445 1.143 1.1985 3.1305 1.206 0.783
2011 0.486 0.258 0.1725 0.3495 1.1445 1.3665 0.6495 1.8585 4.3455 2.6235 1.233 0.3405
2012 0.231 0.0855 0.665 0.228 1.8525 1.599 0.4485 0.525 0.8385 1.989 0.675 0.4155
2013 0.3225 0.1485 0.1005 0.3465 0.7185 1.3005 0.552 1.011 1.4925 1.869 0.942 0.4395
2014 0.309 0.1845 0.1875 0.4815 1.737 0.876 0.336 0.741 1.5015 1.146 0.9045 0.3375
2015 0.1725 0.09 0.09 0.138 1.746 0.942 0.5415 0.612 2.0445 2.7 1.1565 0.219
2016 0.108 0.093 0.1065 1.086 1.2705 1.08 0.8055 1.4805 0.7095 1.7835 1.035 0.5235
Mean 0.288 0.174 0.177 0.498 1.270 1.08 0.762 0.999 1.479 1.870 0.957 0.426
5 5
3|Page
4.Design of intake, canal, settling basin, forebay and penstock and air vent (Draw it on A3 Paper
with neat hand drawing is possible).
5. Calculate the total cost of the designed components (Weir, intake, canal, settling basin,
forebay , penstock and air vent).(optional).
Hydrology finds its greatest application the design and operation of water resource engineering projects
such as irrigation, hydropower and flood control projects. Hydrological studies involve the collection of
relevant data and analysis of the data by applying the principles and theory of hydrology to seek solution
to practical problems.
Stream flow records are the major data required in planning and operation of hydraulic
structure.
Meti River is equipped with two gauging stations: one on the main river near a Wollega Zone
and SeyoWoreda , some 638km from the A.A. Besides a station on the Meti River near of the
Wollega Zone for which stream flow records has been obtained. This station was in operation
only during the period 2000 to 2016. However, it delivers useful information on the correlation of
flow with that measured at the upstream site near of this zone.
Gauging station
Station Location
Latitude(N) Longitude(E)
4|Page
The original given data for analysis consists of 34 year average monthly runoff with some missing data
and monthly precipitation (mm) at station gigessa river and 17 years average monthly runoff records.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine therunoff for themissing data at the station gigessa river using
relationship between precipitation and runoff. The original records are given in the appendix -1.
�������������
���� ���� = ������������� * ��������
���� = �� [ ]
����
���
* ���
Year Jan Feb Mar apr may Jun jul Aug sep oct
2000 0.277488 0.26226 0.971208 2.221596 1.42974 1.563408 0.927216 0.95598 1.174248 1.648008
2001 0.31302 0.24534 0.282564 0.36378 0.335016 0.705564 1.00674 0.605736 1.939032 1.07442
2002 0.023688 0.0282 0.010152 0.1269 0.45684 0.700488 0.768168 0.69372 1.206396 3.782748
2003 0.181044 0.231804 0.117876 0.069372 1.856124 1.744452 0.4653 0.460224 1.257156 1.517724
2004 0.357012 0.184428 0.086292 0.91932 2.7495 1.060884 2.028708 2.213136 0.884916 0.629424
2005 0.108288 0.069372 0.057528 0.715716 1.729224 0.527904 0.666648 0.666648 1.847664 1.74276
2006 0.192888 0.09306 0.148896 0.604044 1.106568 3.407688 1.7766 2.331576 4.30614 1.53126
2007 0.197964 0.09306 0.081216 0.470376 0.974592 0.426384 0.9729 0.612504 0.382392 1.3536
2008 1.644624 0.952596 0.429768 1.162404 2.1573 1.417896 0.8883 1.4382 0.903528 2.702124
2009 0.16074 0.077832 0.216576 0.466992 0.911988 0.519444 0.739404 0.857844 7.67832 2.796876
2010 0.240264 0.115056 0.072756 0.164124 1.096416 0.55836 0.614196 1.289304 1.351908 3.531204
2011 0.548208 0.291024 0.19458 0.394236 1.290996 1.541412 0.732636 2.096388 4.901724 2.959308
2012 0.261696 0.096444 0.187812 0.257184 2.08962 1.803672 0.54708 0.5922 0.945828 2.243592
2013 0.36378 0.167508 0.113364 0.390852 0.810468 1.466964 0.622656 1.140408 1.68354 2.108232
2014 0.348552 0.208116 0.2115 0.543132 1.959336 0.988128 0.379008 0.835848 1.693692 1.292688
2015 0.19458 0.10152 0.10152 0.155664 1.969488 1.062576 0.610812 0.690336 2.306196 3.0456
5|Page
2016 0.121824 0.104904 0.120132 1.225008 1.433124 1.21824 0.908604 1.670004 0.800316 2.011788
year/mont (logQi-
h Qmax log(Q)i Ῡ Ῡ) (logQi-Ῡ)^2 mean(Ῡ)
2000 2.2216 0.3467 0.4454 -0.0987 0.00975 -0.0987
2001 1.939 0.2876 0.4454 -0.1578 0.02491 -0.1578
2002 3.7827 0.5778 0.4454 0.1324 0.01753 0.1324
2003 1.8561 0.2686 0.4454 -0.1768 0.03126 -0.1768
2004 2.7495 0.4393 0.4454 -0.0061 0.00004 -0.0061
2005 1.8477 0.2666 0.4454 -0.1788 0.03196 -0.1788
6|Page
2006 4.3061 0.6341 0.4454 0.1887 0.03560 0.1887
2007 2.7613 0.4411 0.4454 -0.0043 0.00002 -0.0043
2008 2.7021 0.4317 0.4454 -0.0137 0.00019 -0.0137
2009 7.6783 0.8853 0.4454 0.4399 0.19348 0.4399
2010 3.5312 0.5479 0.4454 0.1025 0.01051 0.1025
2011 4.9017 0.6903 0.4454 0.2449 0.06000 0.2449
2012 2.2436 0.3509 0.4454 -0.0945 0.00892 -0.0945
2013 2.1082 0.3239 0.4454 -0.1215 0.01476 -0.1215
2014 1.9593 0.2921 0.4454 -0.1533 0.02350 -0.1533
2015 3.0456 0.4837 0.4454 0.0383 0.00146 0.0383
2016 2.0118 0.3036 0.4454 -0.1418 0.02011 -0.1418
N 17 1.2304 sum 0.48400 -0.0006
ẟn-1 0.121
-3.6399E-05
mean(Ῡ)
�ℎ = � * �� − 1 + �
Where: Yh=is the high outlier threshold in log units
K is outlier test value for a given sample size & level of significance.
K =-3.62201+6.28446N1/4-2.49835N1/2+0.491436N3/4-0.037911N
�n-1=standard devia
�� − 1 = ∑(� − �) �
2
�−1
�� = (10)��
YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1
�� = (10)��
17
∑�
�=1
�( ��� � )
7|Page ����(�) =
�
2.2. FOR HIGHER OUTLIER
year/mont (logQi-
h Qmax log(Q)i Ῡ Ῡ) (logQi-Ῡ)^2 mean(Ῡ)
2000 2.2216 0.3467 0.4454 -0.0987 0.00975 -0.0987
2001 1.939 0.2876 0.4454 -0.1578 0.02491 -0.1578
2002 3.7827 0.5778 0.4454 0.1324 0.01753 0.1324
2003 1.8561 0.2686 0.4454 -0.1768 0.03126 -0.1768
2004 2.7495 0.4393 0.4454 -0.0061 0.00004 -0.0061
2005 1.8477 0.2666 0.4454 -0.1788 0.03196 -0.1788
2006 4.3061 0.6341 0.4454 0.1887 0.03560 0.1887
2007 2.7613 0.4411 0.4454 -0.0043 0.00002 -0.0043
2008 2.7021 0.4317 0.4454 -0.0137 0.00019 -0.0137
2009 7.6783 0.8853 0.4454 0.4399 0.19348 0.4399
2010 3.5312 0.5479 0.4454 0.1025 0.01051 0.1025
2011 4.9017 0.6903 0.4454 0.2449 0.06000 0.2449
2012 2.2436 0.3509 0.4454 -0.0945 0.00892 -0.0945
2013 2.1082 0.3239 0.4454 -0.1215 0.01476 -0.1215
2014 1.9593 0.2921 0.4454 -0.1533 0.02350 -0.1533
2015 3.0456 0.4837 0.4454 0.0383 0.00146 0.0383
2016 2.0118 0.3036 0.4454 -0.1418 0.02011 -0.1418
N 17 1.2304 sum 0.48400 -0.0006
ẟn-1 0.121
-3.6399E-05
mean(Ῡ)
�ℎ = � * �� − 1 + �
Where: Yh=is the high outlier threshold in log units
K is outlier test value for a given sample size & level of significance.
K =-3.62201+6.28446N1/4-2.49835N1/2+0.491436N3/4-0.037911N
�n-1=standard devia
8|Page
�� − 1 = ∑(� − �) �
2
�−1
�� = (10)��
YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1
�� = (10)��
17
∑�
�=1
�( ��� � )
����(�) =
�
17
∑ (� − �)2
∑�
�=1
�( ��� � )
�� − 1 = � ���� (�) =
�
�−1
9|Page
K =-3.62201+6.28446N1/4-2.49835N1/2+0.491436N3/4-0.037911N N=17
K=-3.62201+6.28446*17^1/4-2.49835*17^1/2+0.491436*17^3/4-0.037911*17
K=2.307595
QH=(10)^-0.0000102
QH=0.9997m3/s
A similar equation can be used to detect low outliers
YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1
YL=-0.0000364-2.307595*0.121
YL= -0.27926
QL=(10)^-0.27926
QL=0.52569m3/s
No lower outliers because there is no discharge less than QL= 0.52569m3/s in the given data.
10 | P a g e
2006 0.0931 -1.0311 -0.9908
2007 0.0812 -1.0904 -0.9908
2008 0.3147 -0.5021 -0.9908
2009 0.0778 -1.1090 -0.9908
2010 0.0728 -1.1379 -0.9908
2011 0.1946 -0.7109 -0.9908
2012 0.0964 -1.0159 -0.9908
2013 0.1134 -0.9454 -0.9908
2014 0.2081 -0.6817 -0.9908
2015 0.1015 -0.9935 -0.9908
2016 0.1049 -0.9792 -0.9908
sum
N
ẟn-1
mean(Ῡ)
=0.3421
�������� ��������� (�� − 1 ) = ∑ (� − �)2
�
=
�−1
�� = � * �� − 1 + �
YH=2.307595*0.3421+ (0.00003)
YH= 0.78946
�� = (10)��
0 . 78946
= 6 . 15828m3/s
( )
� = 10
�
YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1
YL=0.00003-2.307595*0.3421
YL= -0.78942
11 | P a g e
� 3
�� = (10) = 0.1624m /s
�
Basically one of the popular methods of studying stream flow variability is through flow duration
curves. A flow duration curve is a plot of discharge against the percent of time flow was equaled
or exceeded.
Flow duration curves find a considerable use in water resource planning and development. Some
of their important uses are:
12 | P a g e
iii. In evaluating various dependable flows in the planning of water resources engineering
projects etc…
There are two main methods of plotting flow duration curve
Draw the flow duration curve by using total yare method; it gives more accurate result than
the calendar year method. Thus, we used to plot the flow duration curve for this project using
Weibull formula, i.e.
Pi = (m/n+1)*100 %
where:
Pi = plotting position
m = rank
n = length of records
Flow duration curve from annex 2
13 | P a g e
.
14 | P a g e
1.847664 1.847664 28 13.65853659 14.14634 1.803672
1.803672 1.803672 29 14.14634146 14.63415 1.7766
1.7766 1.7766 30 14.63414634 15.12195 1.744452
1.744452 1.744452 31 15.12195122 15.60976 1.74276
1.74276 1.74276 32 15.6097561 16.09756 1.729224
1.729224 1.729224 33 16.09756098 16.58537 1.693692
1.693692 1.693692 34 16.58536585 17.07317 1.68354
1.68354 1.68354 35 17.07317073 17.56098 1.670004
1.670004 1.670004 36 17.56097561 18.04878 1.648008
1.648008 1.648008 37 18.04878049 18.53659 1.644624
1.644624 1.644624 38 18.53658537 19.02439 1.583712
1.583712 1.583712 39 19.02439024 19.5122 1.563408
1.563408 1.563408 40 19.51219512 20 1.541412
1.541412 1.541412 41 20 20.4878 1.53126
1.53126 1.53126 42 20.48780488 20.97561 1.517724
1.517724 1.517724 43 20.97560976 21.46341 1.466964
1.466964 1.466964 44 21.46341463 21.95122 1.4382
1.4382 1.4382 45 21.95121951 22.43902 1.433124
1.433124 1.433124 46 22.43902439 22.92683 1.417896
1.417896 1.417896 47 22.92682927 23.41463 1.390824
1.390824 1.390824 48 23.41463415 23.90244 1.360368
1.360368 1.360368 49 23.90243902 24.39024 1.3536
1.3536 1.3536 50 24.3902439 24.87805 1.351908
1.351908 1.351908 51 24.87804878 25.36585 1.304532
1.304532 1.304532 52 25.36585366 25.85366 1.292688
1.292688 1.292688 53 25.85365854 26.34146 1.290996
1.290996 1.290996 54 26.34146341 26.82927 1.289304
1.289304 1.289304 55 26.82926829 27.31707 1.257156
1.257156 1.257156 56 27.31707317 27.80488 1.241928
1.241928 1.241928 57 27.80487805 28.29268 1.225008
1.225008 1.225008 58 28.29268293 28.78049 1.21824
1.21824 1.21824 59 28.7804878 29.26829 1.206396
1.206396 1.206396 60 29.26829268 29.7561 1.174248
1.174248 1.174248 61 29.75609756 30.2439 1.16748
1.16748 1.16748 62 30.24390244 30.73171 1.162404
1.162404 1.162404 63 30.73170732 31.21951 1.155636
1.155636 1.155636 64 31.2195122 31.70732 1.140408
1.140408 1.140408 65 31.70731707 32.19512 1.106568
1.106568 1.106568 66 32.19512195 32.68293 1.096416
1.096416 1.096416 67 32.68292683 33.17073 1.07442
1.07442 1.07442 68 33.17073171 33.65854 1.062576
1.062576 1.062576 69 33.65853659 34.14634 1.062576
1.062576 1.062576 70 34.14634146 34.63415 1.060884
1.060884 1.060884 71 34.63414634 35.12195 1.020276
15 | P a g e
1.020276 1.020276 72 35.12195122 35.60976 1.00674
1.00674 1.00674 73 35.6097561 36.09756 0.988128
0.988128 0.988128 74 36.09756098 36.58537 0.974592
0.974592 0.974592 75 36.58536585 37.07317 0.9729
0.9729 0.9729 76 37.07317073 37.56098 0.971208
0.971208 0.971208 77 37.56097561 38.04878 0.95598
0.95598 0.95598 78 38.04878049 38.53659 0.952596
0.952596 0.952596 79 38.53658537 39.02439 0.945828
0.945828 0.945828 80 39.02439024 39.5122 0.927216
0.927216 0.927216 81 39.51219512 40 0.91932
0.91932 0.91932 82 40 40.4878 0.911988
0.911988 0.911988 83 40.48780488 40.97561 0.908604
0.908604 0.908604 84 40.97560976 41.46341 0.903528
0.903528 0.903528 85 41.46341463 41.95122 0.8883
0.8883 0.8883 86 41.95121951 42.43902 0.884916
0.884916 0.884916 87 42.43902439 42.92683 0.883224
0.883224 0.883224 88 42.92682927 43.41463 0.857844
0.857844 0.857844 89 43.41463415 43.90244 0.835848
0.835848 0.835848 90 43.90243902 44.39024 0.810468
0.810468 0.810468 91 44.3902439 44.87805 0.800316
0.800316 0.800316 92 44.87804878 45.36585 0.793548
0.793548 0.793548 93 45.36585366 45.85366 0.781704
0.781704 0.781704 94 45.85365854 46.34146 0.77832
0.77832 0.77832 95 46.34146341 46.82927 0.768168
0.768168 0.768168 96 46.82926829 47.31707 0.7614
0.7614 0.7614 97 47.31707317 47.80488 0.739404
0.739404 0.739404 98 47.80487805 48.29268 0.732636
0.732636 0.732636 99 48.29268293 48.78049 0.715716
0.715716 0.715716 100 48.7804878 49.26829 0.705564
0.705564 0.705564 101 49.26829268 49.7561 0.700488
0.700488 0.700488 102 49.75609756 50.2439 0.698796
0.698796 0.698796 103 50.24390244 50.73171 0.69372
0.69372 0.69372 104 50.73170732 51.21951 0.690336
0.690336 0.690336 105 51.2195122 51.70732 0.673416
0.673416 0.673416 106 51.70731707 52.19512 0.66834
0.66834 0.66834 107 52.19512195 52.68293 0.666648
0.666648 0.666648 108 52.68292683 53.17073 0.666648
0.666648 0.666648 109 53.17073171 53.65854 0.629424
0.629424 0.629424 110 53.65853659 54.14634 0.627732
0.627732 0.627732 111 54.14634146 54.63415 0.622656
0.622656 0.622656 112 54.63414634 55.12195 0.614196
0.614196 0.614196 113 55.12195122 55.60976 0.612504
0.612504 0.612504 114 55.6097561 56.09756 0.610812
0.610812 0.610812 115 56.09756098 56.58537 0.605736
16 | P a g e
0.605736 0.605736 116 56.58536585 57.07317 0.604044
0.604044 0.604044 117 57.07317073 57.56098 0.5922
0.5922 0.5922 118 57.56097561 58.04878 0.590508
0.590508 0.590508 119 58.04878049 58.53659 0.55836
0.55836 0.55836 120 58.53658537 59.02439 0.5499
0.5499 0.5499 121 59.02439024 59.5122 0.548208
0.548208 0.548208 122 59.51219512 60 0.54708
0.54708 0.54708 123 60 60.4878 0.543132
0.543132 0.543132 124 60.48780488 60.97561 0.527904
0.527904 0.527904 125 60.97560976 61.46341 0.519444
0.519444 0.519444 126 61.46341463 61.95122 0.495756
0.495756 0.495756 127 61.95121951 62.43902 0.480528
0.480528 0.480528 128 62.43902439 62.92683 0.470376
0.470376 0.470376 129 62.92682927 63.41463 0.468684
0.468684 0.468684 130 63.41463415 63.90244 0.466992
0.466992 0.466992 131 63.90243902 64.39024 0.4653
0.4653 0.4653 132 64.3902439 64.87805 0.460224
0.460224 0.460224 133 64.87804878 65.36585 0.45684
0.45684 0.45684 134 65.36585366 65.85366 0.438228
0.438228 0.438228 135 65.85365854 66.34146 0.429768
0.429768 0.429768 136 66.34146341 66.82927 0.426384
0.426384 0.426384 137 66.82926829 67.31707 0.394236
0.394236 0.394236 138 67.31707317 67.80488 0.390852
0.390852 0.390852 139 67.80487805 68.29268 0.384084
0.384084 0.384084 140 68.29268293 68.78049 0.382392
0.382392 0.382392 141 68.7804878 69.26829 0.3807
0.3807 0.3807 142 69.26829268 69.7561 0.379008
0.379008 0.379008 143 69.75609756 70.2439 0.36378
0.36378 0.36378 144 70.24390244 70.73171 0.36378
0.36378 0.36378 145 70.73170732 71.21951 0.357012
0.357012 0.357012 146 71.2195122 71.70732 0.350244
0.350244 0.350244 147 71.70731707 72.19512 0.348552
0.348552 0.348552 148 72.19512195 72.68293 0.335016
0.335016 0.335016 149 72.68292683 73.17073 0.319788
0.319788 0.319788 150 73.17073171 73.65854 0.316404
0.316404 0.316404 151 73.65853659 74.14634 0.314712
0.314712 0.314712 152 74.14634146 74.63415 0.31302
0.31302 0.31302 153 74.63414634 75.12195 0.291024
0.291024 0.291024 154 75.12195122 75.60976 0.282564
0.282564 0.282564 155 75.6097561 76.09756 0.277488
0.277488 0.277488 156 76.09756098 76.58537 0.26226
0.26226 0.26226 157 76.58536585 77.07317 0.261696
0.261696 0.261696 158 77.07317073 77.56098 0.260568
0.260568 0.260568 159 77.56097561 78.04878 0.257184
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0.257184 0.257184 160 78.04878049 78.53659 0.247032
0.247032 0.247032 161 78.53658537 79.02439 0.24534
0.24534 0.24534 162 79.02439024 79.5122 0.240264
0.240264 0.240264 163 79.51219512 80 0.231804
0.231804 0.231804 164 80 80.4878 0.216576
0.216576 0.216576 165 80.48780488 80.97561 0.2115
0.2115 0.2115 166 80.97560976 81.46341 0.2115
0.2115 0.2115 167 81.46341463 81.95122 0.208116
0.208116 0.208116 168 81.95121951 82.43902 0.197964
0.197964 0.197964 169 82.43902439 82.92683 0.19458
0.19458 0.19458 170 82.92682927 83.41463 0.19458
0.19458 0.19458 171 83.41463415 83.90244 0.192888
0.192888 0.192888 172 83.90243902 84.39024 0.187812
0.187812 0.187812 173 84.3902439 84.87805 0.184428
0.184428 0.184428 174 84.87804878 85.36585 0.181044
0.181044 0.181044 175 85.36585366 85.85366 0.167508
0.167508 0.167508 176 85.85365854 86.34146 0.164124
0.164124 0.164124 177 86.34146341 86.82927 0.16074
0.16074 0.16074 178 86.82926829 87.31707 0.155664
0.155664 0.155664 179 87.31707317 87.80488 0.148896
0.148896 0.148896 180 87.80487805 88.29268 0.1269
0.1269 0.1269 181 88.29268293 88.78049 0.121824
0.121824 0.121824 182 88.7804878 89.26829 0.120132
0.120132 0.120132 183 89.26829268 89.7561 0.117876
0.117876 0.117876 184 89.75609756 90.2439 0.115056
0.115056 0.115056 185 90.24390244 90.73171 0.113364
0.113364 0.113364 186 90.73170732 91.21951 0.108288
0.108288 0.108288 187 91.2195122 91.70732 0.104904
0.104904 0.104904 188 91.70731707 92.19512 0.10152
0.10152 0.10152 189 92.19512195 92.68293 0.10152
0.10152 0.10152 190 92.68292683 93.17073 0.096444
0.096444 0.096444 191 93.17073171 93.65854 0.09306
0.09306 0.09306 192 93.65853659 94.14634 0.09306
0.09306 0.09306 193 94.14634146 94.63415 0.086292
0.086292 0.086292 194 94.63414634 95.12195 0.081216
0.081216 0.081216 195 95.12195122 95.60976 0.077832
0.077832 0.077832 196 95.6097561 96.09756 0.072756
0.072756 0.072756 197 96.09756098 96.58537 0.069372
0.069372 0.069372 198 96.58536585 97.07317 0.069372
0.069372 0.069372 199 97.07317073 97.56098 0.057528
0.057528 0.057528 200 97.56097561 98.04878 0.0282
0.0282 0.0282 201 98.04878049 98.53659 0.023688
0.023688 0.023688 202 98.53658537 99.02439 0.010152
0.010152 0.010152 203 99.02439024
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3.Firm power (Qd)
Firm Power: Also called primary power is the power which always ensured to a consumer at any
hour of the day and is thus completely dependable power. Such a power corresponds to the
minimum stream flow and is available for all times.
Qmin=0.1624m 3 /s
(for run-off river plant
0% 100%
er)
3.1.Hydraulic losses
3.1.1.Entrance loss
The losses due to sudden contraction of the area at the inlet section is given by:
2
V
heK
2
g
19 | P a g e
Where K is a constant, which depends on the shape of the entry.
K=0.03 for bell-mouthed entry
U.S.B.R's criterion: permissible velocity in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 m2/s
There are numerous expressions available for predicting head loss across trash racks.
One such expression (after Kirschmer’s) is:
4
/3 2
t V
a
hr
Kt
sin
b
2
g
Where, Kt is trash rack loss coefficient (a function of bar shape), t is bar thickness, b is
spacing between bars, Va is approach velocity, and f is angle of inclination of bars with
the horizontal.
kt = trash rack loss coefficient ( a function of bar shape) = 2.4 (for rectangular bar)
3.1.3.Penstock loss
�� * �2
�� = …
2��
20 | P a g e
where f = friction coefficient = 0.011 for steel
L = length of penstock 30 m
D = diameter of penstock
v0
.125
2
ghnet………………………………………(1)
8 flQ2
hfp 2 5
gD there, f-friction factor for steel lining =0.011
Hfp=8*0.011*30*0.010152/3.14^2*9.81*D^5=2.81*10^-6/D^5
Hnet=2140-2120.315-2 . 81 * 10− 6
�5
=19.685-2 . 81 * 10− 6
�5
21 | P a g e
V 0.1252gHnet 2 . 81 * 10− 6 ……………………………………(2) and
� = 0 . 125 2 * 9 . 81 * (19 . 685 − )
�5
V=Q/A=Q/0.785D^2=0.010152*0.785/D^5
2 . 81 * 10− 6 0 . 007969
0 . 125 2 * 9 . 81 * (19 . 685 − 5 )=
� �2
Check V=0.007969/D^2=0.007969/0.072^2=1.537m/s
The velocity is between 1m/s and 5m/s, which is the permissible velocity.
hfp=flv^2/2Dg=0.011*30*1.537^2/2*9.81*0.072
hfp=0.5519
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Therefore, firm power value is 18.2708MW
4.Design Flood (DF) or peak flood
This is a flood selected for the design of a structure. It is selected in such a way that it
accommodates any negative effects that are to be imposed on the structure intended. It is also
sometimes taken as a flood corresponding to a certain desired frequency of occurrence
depending up on economy and practical consideration
4.1.By using L-moment
(n-r)(n-1- (n-1)(n-r)(n-1-r)(n-2-
(n-r)*Qpi (n-1-r) r)*Qpi (n-1) (n-2-r) r)*Qpi
122.8528 15 1842.792 16 14 412785.408
73.5255 14 1029.357 15 13 200724.615
60.2854 13 783.7102 14 12 131663.3136
49.1751 12 590.1012 13 11 84384.4716
42.3744 11 466.1184 12 10 55934.208
33.5016 10 335.016 11 9 33166.584
27.613 9 248.517 10 8 19881.36
24.7455 8 197.964 9 7 12471.732
21.6168 7 151.3176 8 6 7263.2448
15.7052 6 94.2312 7 5 3298.092
13.3296 5 66.648 6 4 1599.552
10.541 4 42.164 5 3 632.46
8.0472 3 24.1416 4 2 193.1328
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5.8779 2 11.7558 3 1 35.2674
3.878 1 3.878 2 0 0
1.8561 0 0 1 -1 0
∑ ���
= 3.037988
�� =
�
∑( � − �) * ���
= 1.8931
�1 =
� ( � − 1)
∑( � − �) (� − 1 − �) * ���
= 1.4431
�2 =
� ( � − 1)(� − 2)
∑( � − �) (� − 1 − �) ( � − 2 − �)( � − 1) * ���
= 1.12103
�3 =
� ( � − 1)(� − 2)( � − 3)
To select the type of distribution which fit to the given data are computed as follows;
24 | P a g e
a)Uniform distribution
Z3=0 Z4=0
B)Exponential distribution
Z3=1/3 Z4=1/6
c) Normal distribution
Z3=0 Z4=-2.0286
f) Pearson distribution
Z4=0.1224+0.30115 (Z3) 2 +0.95812(Z3)4-0.57488(Z3)6 + 0.19383(Z3)=0.41696
Thus the value of the sample Z4 is almost close to the value of the computed Z4 for GEV.
Then the best probable
parameter distribution for our 17 years stream flow data is the GEV method.
General Extreme Value Distribution (GEV)
Where
ξ = location parameter
α = scale parameter
k= shape parameter
K=7.8590C+2.9554C2 = -0.5461
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� �2
α= =1.5375
( 1+ � ) (1 − 2 − �
)
Using these parameters the 100 years return period flood would be,
X100 = 36.6m3/se
The design discharge that we use to design the hydraulic structures is 36.6m3/s.
4.3.Selection of Return Period
Return period (T) is the average interval in years between events when equal or exceed a given
magnitude.
the return period for this particular project is taken as 100 years and 30years expected life
4.4.Risk and Reliability
Risk is the probability of an event occurring at least once over a period of n successive years.
R=1-(1-1/T) n
Where:
T = return period, n = expected life and R = risk
The designer of hydraulic structures always faces an engineering doubt about the risk of failure of the
structure.
R = 1 – (1 −1/T)n
= 1-(1-1/100)30
=0.26=26%
Reliability, Re is defined as,
Re = 1 – R
= 1-0.26=0.74=74%
Thus the possible risk of flood damage by a flood magnitude exceeding the 100 years frequency in the
proposed design life of 30 years of the reservoir is about 26% with the reliability of confidence of 74%.
26 | P a g e
x 1 . 85
0 . 85
Ogee crest profile is given as 2 H d = y where Hd is the design head
He = (Q/Cd*L)2/3 = (0.1624/-0.0714*0.072*10)^0.666=2.153m
x 1 . 85
0 . 85
Y =2 H d = X1.85/2*2.08670.85 = X1.85/3.737
Assume the slope of d/s face 0.7H:1V ,dy/dx = X1.85 / 3.737 =1/0.7
2.U/S profile
27 | P a g e
a = 0.175Hd = 0.3652m
b = 0.282Hd = 0.5884m
R3 =0.305*10K
v6.4Hd 4.88
K= 3.6Hd 19
.52
K = 2.6088m R3 =123.908 m
Sin = E/R
28 | P a g e
For the straight sloping surface with slope 0.7:1
D = Vertical * slope ,where vertical is from below fig
Vertical=H-Y-R/2
D=(19.114-2.6868-(4.7785/2))*0.7=9.8265m
BTotal = B+X+D+E
Btotal=0.5884m+3.4793m+9.8265m+4.1383m=18.0325m
Stability Analysis
29 | P a g e
Use integration fore irregular shape to calculate area
A3 =b*w =1.845m2
A5 = ½*b*w =0.479m2
A6 =1/2*b*w = 1.213m2
Vertical Horizontal
30 | P a g e
1. Stability against sliding factor, Fss
Fss =∑H/∑V=4.79/231.65=0.021≤0.7
Therefore, the structure is safe against sliding!
Fo
M ve
M ve
2418
.1
17.6 1.50safe
137
.6
3. Stability against tension
Mnet 9.63
X=
Fv
31 | P a g e
operation slab is shown in the drawing for both head regulator and under sluice with
thickness 20cm.
The thickness of the breast wall is also the same as that of the operation slab. The
nominal thickness is fixed from the point of construction rather than the imposed load.
The thickness required for the imposed load is less than the nominal value and treated
as cantilever retaining wall. For the breast wall, the minimum reinforcement area is
taken as 15% along the respective direction.
Hence Asteel= 0.0015*1650*200=495
Asteel= 495mm2/m
Provide F12@C/c 200 mm
Considering cover thickness of 50 mm, effective depth = 50 + 12/6 = 56
Hence spacing of reinforcement = 200mm < 432mm
Asteel= 565.2
Therefore the actual provided steel area per meter width is 565 mm2/m >495 mm2/m,
which is safe. This is the same procedure for operation slab except bar diameter.
Hence minimum reinforcement area is 0.15% of the concrete area per meter length,
Asteel = 495 mm²/m.
Provide F12 @ c/c 200 mm.
Therefore the actual provided steel area per meter width is 587 mm2/m>495 mm2/m
Ok!
6.Design of intake, canal, settling basin, forebay and penstock and air vent
The intake is a structure constructed at the entrance of a power canal or pipe through which the flow is diverted
from the source such as river or reservoir. It is an essential component of hydropower schemes and provided as
32 | P a g e
ü Functions of Intakes
II-To provide smooth, easy and vortex or turbulence free entry of water in to the conveyance system
III-To prevent entry of coarse river born trash matters such as boulders, logs, tree branches etc
IV-To exclude heavy sediment load of river, from entering the conveyance system
ü Location of Intakes
The various factors influencing the choice of location of an intake structure are
To safely convey water in the approach a cannel velocity of water should be between 0.6 to 0.75m/s and
taking the average (0.7m/s) and use design discharge Q = 0.010152m3/se by considering a run off river
intake.
A=� / � = 0 . 1624 / 0 . 7 = 0 . 232�2
2
�=� � /4 = 0.232m2, D =0.5435m
The gate operates at 0.6127m above the centerline of conduit. A bell mouth entry provides by using
Douma equation.
33 | P a g e
4X2+44.4Y2 = D2
X= 0.5D
Y
…………………………………… D=2X
X= D/2
6.2.Canal design: The head race canal is designed to carry the stated design discharge under uniform
flow condition. The design criteria should involve: Hydraulic considerations; Practical considerations and
Economic considerations
- design the concrete lined trapezoidal canal,Assume to use the design parameter,usually for concrete
34 | P a g e
lining permissible velocity is between 0.3 to 5m/s. the canal may be lined with well finished concrete,
where the Rugosity coefficient n=0.012.the velocity that permit is taken as 0.3m/s.use side slope
1H: 1V
T=0.3m
Y=0.136252m 1
B=0.02749m
35 | P a g e
Wetted Perimeter=3.46y=3.46*0.136252=0.47143m
Water depth=0.75*y=0.75*0.136252=0.10219m
Solving B=0.02749m
6.3. ForeBay
A forebay is a basin located at the end of power canal just before the entrance to the penstock or pressure
shaft. It is called ahead pond. It acts as a transition between power canal and the penstock. It is formed at
the end of the head race and beginning of the penstok .Generally, it is located at the transision area where
the ground profile change from slighitly sloping to steep
Functions of forebay: -
Forebay serves the following purposes.
It can serve as a balancing reservoir
.It can serve as a settling basin.
It can serve to distribute evenly the water conveyed by power canal among the penstock where two
or more penstocks are provided.
6.3.1.Design of Forebay
36 | P a g e
L = length of power canal 275m
V = velocity of water through power canal (1.5m/s) and t =time required by water to reach in to fore Bay.
������������������
t =
���������������������� ����� �����
Depth of fore bay (D) =4 x dia of penstock + a sill of 20cm + canal depth
To minimize cost of excavation it is better to make length large as compared to the depth
Time required by water to reach outlet of fore Bay, t = L /V = 1.4974 / 0.00825 = 181.305sec
6.4.Penstocks
Penstocks are the huge diameter pipes that carry water under pressure from head pond or the forebay to the
turbines. Penstock may be subjected to the water hammer pressure due to fluctuation load. Short length
turbine penstock are design to take this extra pressure .How ever in the case of long penstock surge tank is
Penstocks closing gates should be provided at the entrance from the forebay to permit repair of penstock.
An air vents and vent pipe connecting the top of the penstock with the open air, is provide downstream
from the gate. Such a vent permits the entry of air in to the penstock, as soon as the gates are closed and
37 | P a g e
water drown off through the turbine wheels.
6.4.1.Design of penstock
The permissible velocity for ranges from 3 to 5 m/s, we adopts 4m/s velocity
A = Q /V = = � �2 / 4
D = 0.8248m
3) P.J.BIER,S
38 | P a g e
and Vvertical = 0.1 m/s
With this, following information can be obtained;
Lsettling = 2 Q / (W * Vvertical)
= (2 * 0.1624) / (3.5* 0.075) = 0.00696m
Therefore, the length of the settling basin is 0.00696 m. As the design parameter showed, the length of the
settling basin should be four to 10 times of its width.
Here length = 34.28m which is 0.00696 / 3.5 = 0.00199m
Hence, the design is acceptable.
The next step is to calculate the expected silt load: -Sloadof the settling basin which is given by Sload= Q T C.
This is quite straightforward because according to the recommended design parameters,
T = silt emptying frequency in seconds = 12 hours = 12 x 60 x 60 = 43,200 seconds and
C or the silt concentration or load of the incoming flow was given as 1 kg/m3, therefore:
Sloasd= Q T C = 36.6 *43200 * 1 =1581120kg
Now it is necessary to calculate the volume of the silt load, which is given by
VOsilt= Sload / (Sdensity*Pfactor)
where:
Sdensity= density of silt, and it has been recommended that in absence of reliable data the safe
parameter is 2600 kg/m3, which will be used in this case also;
Pfactor= packing factor of sediments submerged in water = (50%) as given.
Therefore the volume of the silt load now is given as:
VOsilt= Sload / (Sdensity*Pfactor) = 1581120/ (2600 *0.5) = 1216.246 m3
After these it is now important to calculate the average collection of the depth required in the settling basin
which is given as:
Dcollection = VOsilt / (Lsettling * W)
All the other parameters have been already calculated, therefore,
Dcollection = VOsilt / (Lsettling * W)
= 1216.246 / (0.00696*3.5) =49927.99m
39 | P a g e
Qa = 400CAP0.5 where Qa= discharge of air vent in m3/se
A= area of vent in m2
Capacity of air vent (Qv) = 25% of conduit discharge and allowable air velocity in air vent is (40 – 90) m/s,
so take V = 40m/s
CONCULUSION
The Meti river hydropower project is low capacity high head plant due to the availability of the high head and
The geological data available tells that, the dam site has enough rock foundation to carry the load of the dam
in suitable manner. The flow duration curve of the given flow has drawn by using both total and calendar method.
For most large hydropower project the design discharge is obtained in the range of 40% to 70% of exceedence.
By considering this recommended range, the design discharge of this particular project is about 0.1642m3/s
The L-moment calculation shows that log normal method is the best method to estimate the design flood of this
particular project. From the calculation, for 30yr design period and 100yr return period the design flood
40 | P a g e
is about 36.6m3/s.
Reservoir planning is done to determine the total storage (dead and live) storage of the lake.
Since the topography of the site has a good feature for the development of underground power house,
we decide to provide underground power house. Taking in to account all the necessary factors which control
the selection of turbine type, we get that propeller turbine is the best for this particular project.
9.RECOMMENDATION
To specify the types structures for a certain site it is the must to consider all the necessary factors which
control selection of the site. But due to the shortage of real information about the site we consider only some
of the factors. So we recommend that the site selection should be revised before the implementation of the project.
The impoundment due to the lake may cause water born disease, submergence of the various species of forest
and evaluation of the people from their area. Thus alternate solutions like establishments of health center,
compensation payment, resettlement of the people to the area and creating awareness to the people
For underground power house development the geology of the site should have been studied carefully.
However, there is no enough data available for the geological condition of the site. Therefore, the type of
Even though such type of project is so lengthy and time taking, the duration given for preparation of the project is
very less. So we want to recommend that the department should rearrange enough time for laboratory used for
the next generation to have the expected quality for their work.
10.REFERENCES
1. Calvin Victor Davis and Kenneth E.Sorensen.Hand book of applied Hydraulics, New York: Mc Graw Hill,
3rd edition
2. Dandekar, M.M and K.N Sharma .Water power engineering. New Delhi Vices publishing, 1997
41 | P a g e
3. David R.Maidement, Hand book of Hydrology, New York, Mc Graw Hill.
4. Elzabeth.M.Shaw.Hydrology in practice, Second edition
5. Linsley Ray K, Max A.Kohler, and Joseph L.H Paulhus Hydrology for engineer’s .Tokyo; Mc Graw Hill; 1982
6. Novak, P.A.I.B Moffit, C.Nallury, and R.Narayanan, Hydraulic
top soil
clear M^3 depth=9.8265 20 196.53
excavation M^3 depth=0.5435 30 16.305
rfm bar
and
concrete Kg length of bar ᶲ12mm200mm=300 400 120000
CANAL
top soil
clear m^3 depth=0.10219 20 2.0438
excavation M^3 depth=9.8265 20 196.53
42 | P a g e
PENSTOCK
top soil
clear M^3 depth=0.4489 20 8.978
length of
penstock M^3 length=19.685 10 196.85
Concrete M^3C29 cement=11 400 4400
INTAKE
top soil
clear M^3 depth=0.5435 20 10.87
excavation M^3 length=1.17085*depth2.34=2.7398 20 54.796
Concrete M^3 cement=13 400 5200
AIR VENT
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