Mini –project of small scale hydropower

for 4th year HWRE students

Description of the study area

General

The Meti river is located at the Oromia region,kellemwollega zone and seyo woreda .it is 638km
far from the A.A . the proposed intake site is located at 08٥32ʼ17.64ʼʼN latitude and
34٥32’35.46’’ E longitude on the land owned by MrGnogno(locally known name of the land of
owner).

Figure1-1 catchment area of Meti River at intake site

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TOPOGRAPHY
The digital elevation map of the area was prepared from SRTM with the resolution of 90m for
the delineation of the catchment. The catchment area and the drainage network of the catchment
are extracted with the DEM hydro processing tool in the integrated lad and water information
system (ILWIS) software. Based on the DEM the topography of METI catchment ranges from
2151m at the south of the catchment to 3692 m east of the catchment ,the catchment area of the
gauging station and weir site are 682.29km2 and 810.57km2 respectively .use simple area ratio
method to transfer the gauging station data to the un gauged data .

This is the general layout of the site

Additional information

Sediment load (S) is 1kg/m3

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Density of sand =2600kg/m3. Assuming the packing density 50%

Overall efficiency is 60%

Choose appropriate site for the settling basin with help of general lay out.

Refer your hand out and different text books for table and chart if necessary.

MONTHLY FLOW OF LANTE IN M^3/S

Year/Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

2000 0.246 0.2325 0.861 1.9695 1.2675 1.386 0.822 0.8475 1.041 1.461 0.693 0.4875

2001 0.2775 0.2175 0.2505 0.3225 0.297 0.6255 0.8925 0.537 1.719 0.9525 0.597 0.2835

2002 0.021 0.024 0.009 0.1125 0.405 0.621 0.681 0.615 1.0695 3.2535 0.69 0.2805

2003 0.1605 0.2055 0.1035 0.0615 1.6455 1.5465 0.4125 0.408 1.1145 1.3455 1.0245 0.5925

2004 0.3165 0.1635 0.0765 0.1815 2.4375 0.9405 1.7985 1.962 07845 0.558 0.3885 0.1875

2005 0.096 0.0615 0.051 0.6345 1.533 0.468 0.591 0.591 1.638 1.545 0.5565 0.231

2006 0.171 0.0825 0.132 0.5355 0.981 3.021 1.575 2.067 3.8175 1.3575 0.6195 0.3105

2007 0.1755 0.0825 0.072 0.417 0.864 0.378 0.8625 0.543 0.339 1.2 2.448 1.101

2008 1.458 0.8445 0.381 1.0305 1.9125 1.257 0.7875 1.275 0.801 2.3955 0.7035 0.279

2009 0.1425 0.069 0.192 0.414 0.8085 0.4605 0.6555 0.7605 0.69 2.4795 1.404 0.426

2010 0.213 0.102 0.0645 0.1455 0.972 0.495 0.5445 1.143 1.1985 3.1305 1.206 0.783

2011 0.486 0.258 0.1725 0.3495 1.1445 1.3665 0.6495 1.8585 4.3455 2.6235 1.233 0.3405

2012 0.231 0.0855 0.665 0.228 1.8525 1.599 0.4485 0.525 0.8385 1.989 0.675 0.4155

2013 0.3225 0.1485 0.1005 0.3465 0.7185 1.3005 0.552 1.011 1.4925 1.869 0.942 0.4395

2014 0.309 0.1845 0.1875 0.4815 1.737 0.876 0.336 0.741 1.5015 1.146 0.9045 0.3375

2015 0.1725 0.09 0.09 0.138 1.746 0.942 0.5415 0.612 2.0445 2.7 1.1565 0.219

2016 0.108 0.093 0.1065 1.086 1.2705 1.08 0.8055 1.4805 0.7095 1.7835 1.035 0.5235

Mean 0.288 0.174 0.177 0.498 1.270 1.08 0.762 0.999 1.479 1.870 0.957 0.426
5 5

1. Firepower using firm discharge 2.Q flood for the

design of the weir (use L moments to select methods of flood frequency analysis

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3. Ogee weir design (check its stability).

4.Design of intake, canal, settling basin, forebay and penstock and air vent (Draw it on A3 Paper
with neat hand drawing is possible).

5. Calculate the total cost of the designed components (Weir, intake, canal, settling basin,
forebay , penstock and air vent).(optional).

2.check the reconsance of hydrological data

The development of power from stream flow depends on the volume of flow and on the differential head
that could be available for power production. Hydrological date is needed in the design of hydraulic
structure to deduce from its analysis, significant figure such as the minimum, mean and maximum
discharge of the River at the proposed location of the structure.

Hydrology finds its greatest application the design and operation of water resource engineering projects
such as irrigation, hydropower and flood control projects. Hydrological studies involve the collection of
relevant data and analysis of the data by applying the principles and theory of hydrology to seek solution
to practical problems.

 Stream flow records are the major data required in planning and operation of hydraulic
structure.
 Meti River is equipped with two gauging stations: one on the main river near a Wollega Zone
and SeyoWoreda , some 638km from the A.A. Besides a station on the Meti River near of the
Wollega Zone for which stream flow records has been obtained. This station was in operation
only during the period 2000 to 2016. However, it delivers useful information on the correlation of
flow with that measured at the upstream site near of this zone.
Gauging station

Station Location

Latitude(N) Longitude(E)

Meti River 08٥32’17.64” 34٥48’35.46”

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The original given data for analysis consists of 34 year average monthly runoff with some missing data
and monthly precipitation (mm) at station gigessa river and 17 years average monthly runoff records.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine therunoff for themissing data at the station gigessa river using
relationship between precipitation and runoff. The original records are given in the appendix -1.

2.1.Transposing data to dam site

Areaofgaug ing
Qdam site = ∗Qgauging
Areaofdamsite

Quga =Cd
[ ]
Auga
A ga
∗Qga

Where Quga`= flow for theungauged catchment.

Q ga= flow for the gauged catchment.

C d =Coefficient of area ratioand have a value of 0.95.

A ga= drainage area of gauged catchment.

Auga =drainage area of ungauged catchment.

Year Jan Feb Mar apr may Jun jul Aug sep oct
2000 0.277488 0.26226 0.971208 2.221596 1.42974 1.563408 0.927216 0.95598 1.174248 1.648008
2001 0.31302 0.24534 0.282564 0.36378 0.335016 0.705564 1.00674 0.605736 1.939032 1.07442
2002 0.023688 0.0282 0.010152 0.1269 0.45684 0.700488 0.768168 0.69372 1.206396 3.782748
2003 0.181044 0.231804 0.117876 0.069372 1.856124 1.744452 0.4653 0.460224 1.257156 1.517724
2004 0.357012 0.184428 0.086292 0.91932 2.7495 1.060884 2.028708 2.213136 0.884916 0.629424
2005 0.108288 0.069372 0.057528 0.715716 1.729224 0.527904 0.666648 0.666648 1.847664 1.74276
2006 0.192888 0.09306 0.148896 0.604044 1.106568 3.407688 1.7766 2.331576 4.30614 1.53126
2007 0.197964 0.09306 0.081216 0.470376 0.974592 0.426384 0.9729 0.612504 0.382392 1.3536
2008 1.644624 0.952596 0.429768 1.162404 2.1573 1.417896 0.8883 1.4382 0.903528 2.702124
2009 0.16074 0.077832 0.216576 0.466992 0.911988 0.519444 0.739404 0.857844 7.67832 2.796876
2010 0.240264 0.115056 0.072756 0.164124 1.096416 0.55836 0.614196 1.289304 1.351908 3.531204
2011 0.548208 0.291024 0.19458 0.394236 1.290996 1.541412 0.732636 2.096388 4.901724 2.959308

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 2012 0.261696 0.096444 0.187812 0.257184 2.08962 1.803672 0.54708 0.5922 0.945828 2.243592
2013 0.36378 0.167508 0.113364 0.390852 0.810468 1.466964 0.622656 1.140408 1.68354 2.108232
2014 0.348552 0.208116 0.2115 0.543132 1.959336 0.988128 0.379008 0.835848 1.693692 1.292688
2015 0.19458 0.10152 0.10152 0.155664 1.969488 1.062576 0.610812 0.690336 2.306196 3.0456
2016 0.121824 0.104904 0.120132 1.225008 1.433124 1.21824 0.908604 1.670004 0.800316 2.011788

Nov dec Max Min mean (x-mean)^2

0.781704 0.5499 2.2216 0.2623 1.0636 0.00763
0.673416 0.319788 1.9390 0.2453 0.6554 0.10294
0.77832 0.316404 3.7827 0.0102 0.7410 0.05532
1.155636 0.66834 1.8561 0.0694 0.8104 0.02748
0.438228 0.2115 2.7495 0.0863 0.9803 0.00002
0.627732 0.260568 1.8477 0.0575 0.7517 0.05042
0.698796 0.350244 4.3061 0.0931 1.3790 0.16223
2.761344 1.241928 2.7613 0.0812 0.7974 0.03199
0.793548 0.314712 2.7021 0.3147 1.2338 0.06633
1.583712 0.480528 7.6783 0.0778 1.3742 0.15839
1.360368 0.883224 3.5312 0.0728 0.9398 0.00133
1.390824 0.384084 4.9017 0.1946 1.3938 0.17437
0.7614 0.468684 2.2436 0.0964 0.8546 0.01479
1.062576 0.495756 2.1082 0.1134 0.8688 0.01153
1.020276 0.3807 1.9593 0.2081 0.8217 0.02386
1.304532 0.247032 3.0456 0.1015 0.9825 0.00004
1.16748 0.590508 2.0118 0.1049 0.9477 0.00081

 Checking the consistency of data

year/ (logQi-
month Qmax log(Q)i Ῡ Ῡ) (logQi-Ῡ)^2 mean(Ῡ)
2000 2.2216 0.3467 0.4454 -0.0987 0.00975 -0.0987
2001 1.939 0.2876 0.4454 -0.1578 0.02491 -0.1578

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 2002 3.7827 0.5778 0.4454 0.1324 0.01753 0.1324
2003 1.8561 0.2686 0.4454 -0.1768 0.03126 -0.1768
2004 2.7495 0.4393 0.4454 -0.0061 0.00004 -0.0061
2005 1.8477 0.2666 0.4454 -0.1788 0.03196 -0.1788
2006 4.3061 0.6341 0.4454 0.1887 0.03560 0.1887
2007 2.7613 0.4411 0.4454 -0.0043 0.00002 -0.0043
2008 2.7021 0.4317 0.4454 -0.0137 0.00019 -0.0137
2009 7.6783 0.8853 0.4454 0.4399 0.19348 0.4399
2010 3.5312 0.5479 0.4454 0.1025 0.01051 0.1025
2011 4.9017 0.6903 0.4454 0.2449 0.06000 0.2449
2012 2.2436 0.3509 0.4454 -0.0945 0.00892 -0.0945
2013 2.1082 0.3239 0.4454 -0.1215 0.01476 -0.1215
2014 1.9593 0.2921 0.4454 -0.1533 0.02350 -0.1533
2015 3.0456 0.4837 0.4454 0.0383 0.00146 0.0383
2016 2.0118 0.3036 0.4454 -0.1418 0.02011 -0.1418
N 17 1.2304 sum 0.48400 -0.0006
ẟn-1 0.121
-3.6399E-05
mean(Ῡ)

The following frequency equation can be used to detect high outliers.

Y h=k∗δ n−1 +Ȳ
Where: Yh=is the high outlier threshold in log units

K is outlier test value for a given sample size & level of significance.
K =-3.62201+6.28446N1/4-2.49835N1/2+0.491436N3/4-0.037911N

δ n-1=standard devia

 δ n−1=√∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
 Q H =(10)Y H

 A similar equation can be used to detect low outliers

YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1

Where YL=is the low outlier threshold in log units.

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 YL
Q L=(10)

17

∑ Qi (logi)
i=1
Mean( Ȳ )=
N

2.2. FOR HIGHER OUTLIER

2.2.1.CHACKING THE CONSISTENCE OF THE DATA FOR MAXIMUM DISCHARGE

year/
month

N
ẟn-1

mean(Ῡ)

The
foll
owi
ng
fre

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que
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Y h=k∗δ n−1 +Ȳ
Wh
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lier
thr
esh

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 old
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10 | P a g e
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11 | P a g e
 e
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12 | P a g e
 1
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13 | P a g e
 9
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14 | P a g e
 
δ n−1=√∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

YH
Q H =(10)


15 | P a g e
 Y
=Ȳ
-K

16 | P a g e
 *
δn-1

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ere
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lier
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Q L=(10)Y L

17

∑ Qi (logi)
Mean( Ȳ )= i=1
N

17 | P a g e
  δ n−1=√∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

δ n−1=¿0.121 Mean ( Ȳ )=¿-0.0000364

The following frequency equation can be used to detect high outliers.

Y h=k∗δ n−1 +Ȳ
K =-3.62201+6.28446N1/4-2.49835N1/2+0.491436N3/4-0.037911N N=17
K=-3.62201+6.28446*17^1/4-2.49835*17^1/2+0.491436*17^3/4-0.037911*17
K=2.307595

YH=K*δ n−1 * Mean ( Ȳ )

YH=2.307595*0.121*-0.0000364
YH=-0.0000102
 Q H =(10)Y H

QH=(10)^-0.0000102
QH=0.9997m /s 3

 A similar equation can be used to detect low outliers

YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1

YL=-0.0000364-2.307595*0.121
YL= -0.27926
QL=(10)^-0.27926
QL=0.52569m3/s
No lower outliers because there is no discharge less than QL= 0.52569m3/s in the given data.

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2.2.2. Minimum flows Annual Minimum flow (m3/s)outlier test

year/month Qmini logQi

2000 0.2623 -0.5812
2001 0.2453 -0.6103
2002 0.0102 -1.9914
2003 0.0694 -1.1586
2004 0.0863 -1.0640
2005 0.0575 -1.2403
2006 0.0931 -1.0311
2007 0.0812 -1.0904
2008 0.3147 -0.5021
2009 0.0778 -1.1090
2010 0.0728 -1.1379
2011 0.1946 -0.7109
2012 0.0964 -1.0159
2013 0.1134 -0.9454
2014 0.2081 -0.6817
2015 0.1015 -0.9935
2016 0.1049 -0.9792
sum
N
ẟn-1
mean(Ῡ)

Standard deviation(δ ¿¿ n−1)=√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿=

0.3421

For n=17, K=2.307595

Y H =k∗δ n−1+Ȳ
YH=2.307595*0.3421+ (0.00003)
YH= 0.78946
YH
Q H =(10)

Q H =( 10 )0.78946 =6.15828m3/s

As there is no discharger greater than

19 | P a g e
 QH=6.15828m3/s in the data there is no high
outlier.

2.1. For lower outliers

YL=Ȳ-K * δn-1

YL=0.00003-2.307595*0.3421

YL= -0.78942
Q L=(10)Y = 0.1624m3/s
L

There isno lower outliers because there

isno discharge less than QL= 0.1624m3/s
in the given data.

2.4.Flow duration curve (FDC)

Basically one of the popular methods of studying stream flow variability is through flow duration
curves. A flow duration curve is a plot of discharge against the percent of time flow was equaled
or exceeded.

Flow duration curves find a considerable use in water resource planning and development. Some
of their important uses are:
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 i. In evaluating the characteristics of the hydropower potential of a river.
ii. In comparing the adjacent catchments with a view to extend the stream flow data.
iii. In evaluating various dependable flows in the planning of water resources engineering
projects etc…
There are two main methods of plotting flow duration curve

1 Total year method

It considers a total time series of floods that represent equal interval increment of time
for each measured values, such as mean daily, weekly or monthly flows and ranks the
flows according to magnitude. The rank order values are assigned in individual order
value the largest being the 1st with rank. In the total year method the entire available
record is used for plotting the flow duration curve. All the data’s are tabulated in
descending order starting from the wettest month on the entire period and ending with
the driest month of the period for which the flow record is available.

2 Calendar year method

In calendar year method each year average monthly flow value are first arranged in
ascending order. Then the average flow values corresponding to the driest month, the second
driest month and so on up to the wettest month are found out by taking arithmetic mean of all
values of the same rank. These average values are then used for plotting the flow duration
curve.

Draw the flow duration curve by using total yare method; it gives more accurate result than
the calendar year method. Thus, we used to plot the flow duration curve for this project using
Weibull formula, i.e.

Pi = (m/n+1)*100 %
where:
Pi = plotting position
m = rank
n = length of records
Flow duration curve from annex 2

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There are two main methods of plotting flow duration curve

Chart Title
9

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
.

Jan desending Rank

0.48780487
7.67832 7.67832 1 8
4.90172 0.97560975
4 4.901724 2 6
1.46341463
4.30614 4.30614 3 4
3.78274 1.95121951
8 3.782748 4 2
3.53120
4 3.531204 5 2.43902439
3.40768 2.92682926
8 3.407688 6 8
3.41463414
3.0456 3.0456 7 6
2.95930 3.90243902
8 2.959308 8 4
2.79687 4.39024390
6 2.796876 9 2
2.76134
4 2.761344 10 4.87804878
5.36585365
2.7495 2.7495 11 9
2.70212 5.85365853
4 2.702124 12 7
2.33157 2.331576 13 6.34146341

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 6 5
2.30619 6.82926829
6 2.306196 14 3
2.24359 7.31707317
2 2.243592 15 1
2.22159 7.80487804
6 2.221596 16 9
2.21313 8.29268292
6 2.213136 17 7
8.78048780
2.1573 2.1573 18 5
2.10823 9.26829268
2 2.108232 19 3
2.09638 9.75609756
8 2.096388 20 1
10.2439024
2.08962 2.08962 21 4
2.02870 10.7317073
8 2.028708 22 2
2.01178
8 2.011788 23 11.2195122
1.96948 11.7073170
8 1.969488 24 7
1.95933 12.1951219
6 1.959336 25 5
1.93903 12.6829268
2 1.939032 26 3
1.85612 13.1707317
4 1.856124 27 1
1.84766 13.6585365
4 1.847664 28 9
1.80367 14.1463414
2 1.803672 29 6
14.6341463
1.7766 1.7766 30 4
1.74445 15.1219512
2 1.744452 31 2

1.74276 1.74276 32 15.6097561

1.72922 16.0975609
4 1.729224 33 8
1.69369 16.5853658
2 1.693692 34 5
17.0731707
1.68354 1.68354 35 3
1.67000 17.5609756
4 1.670004 36 1
1.64800 1.648008 37 18.0487804

23 | P a g e
 8 9
1.64462 18.5365853
4 1.644624 38 7
1.58371 19.0243902
2 1.583712 39 4
1.56340 19.5121951
8 1.563408 40 2
1.54141
2 1.541412 41 20
20.4878048
1.53126 1.53126 42 8
1.51772 20.9756097
4 1.517724 43 6
1.46696 21.4634146
4 1.466964 44 3
21.9512195
1.4382 1.4382 45 1
1.43312 22.4390243
4 1.433124 46 9
1.41789 22.9268292
6 1.417896 47 7
1.39082 23.4146341
4 1.390824 48 5
1.36036 23.9024390
8 1.360368 49 2

1.3536 1.3536 50 24.3902439

1.35190 24.8780487
8 1.351908 51 8
1.30453 25.3658536
2 1.304532 52 6
1.29268 25.8536585
8 1.292688 53 4
1.29099 26.3414634
6 1.290996 54 1
1.28930 26.8292682
4 1.289304 55 9
1.25715 27.3170731
6 1.257156 56 7
1.24192 27.8048780
8 1.241928 57 5
1.22500 28.2926829
8 1.225008 58 3

1.21824 1.21824 59 28.7804878

1.20639 29.2682926
6 1.206396 60 8
1.17424 1.174248 61 29.7560975

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 8 6
30.2439024
1.16748 1.16748 62 4
1.16240 30.7317073
4 1.162404 63 2
1.15563
6 1.155636 64 31.2195122
1.14040 31.7073170
8 1.140408 65 7
1.10656 32.1951219
8 1.106568 66 5
1.09641 32.6829268
6 1.096416 67 3
33.1707317
1.07442 1.07442 68 1
1.06257 33.6585365
6 1.062576 69 9
1.06257 34.1463414
6 1.062576 70 6
1.06088 34.6341463
4 1.060884 71 4
1.02027 35.1219512
6 1.020276 72 2

1.00674 1.00674 73 35.6097561

0.98812 36.0975609
8 0.988128 74 8
0.97459 36.5853658
2 0.974592 75 5
37.0731707
0.9729 0.9729 76 3
0.97120 37.5609756
8 0.971208 77 1
38.0487804
0.95598 0.95598 78 9
0.95259 38.5365853
6 0.952596 79 7
0.94582 39.0243902
8 0.945828 80 4
0.92721 39.5121951
6 0.927216 81 2

0.91932 0.91932 82 40
0.91198 40.4878048
8 0.911988 83 8
0.90860 40.9756097
4 0.908604 84 6
0.90352 0.903528 85 41.4634146

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 8 3
41.9512195
0.8883 0.8883 86 1
0.88491 42.4390243
6 0.884916 87 9
0.88322 42.9268292
4 0.883224 88 7
0.85784 43.4146341
4 0.857844 89 5
0.83584 43.9024390
8 0.835848 90 2
0.81046
8 0.810468 91 44.3902439
0.80031 44.8780487
6 0.800316 92 8
0.79354 45.3658536
8 0.793548 93 6
0.78170 45.8536585
4 0.781704 94 4
46.3414634
0.77832 0.77832 95 1
0.76816 46.8292682
8 0.768168 96 9
47.3170731
0.7614 0.7614 97 7
0.73940 47.8048780
4 0.739404 98 5
0.73263 48.2926829
6 0.732636 99 3
0.71571
6 0.715716 100 48.7804878
0.70556 49.2682926
4 0.705564 101 8
0.70048 49.7560975
8 0.700488 102 6
0.69879 50.2439024
6 0.698796 103 4
50.7317073
0.69372 0.69372 104 2
0.69033
6 0.690336 105 51.2195122
0.67341 51.7073170
6 0.673416 106 7
52.1951219
0.66834 0.66834 107 5
0.66664 52.6829268
8 0.666648 108 3
0.66664 0.666648 109 53.1707317

26 | P a g e
 8 1
0.62942 53.6585365
4 0.629424 110 9
0.62773 54.1463414
2 0.627732 111 6
0.62265 54.6341463
6 0.622656 112 4
0.61419 55.1219512
6 0.614196 113 2
0.61250
4 0.612504 114 55.6097561
0.61081 56.0975609
2 0.610812 115 8
0.60573 56.5853658
6 0.605736 116 5
0.60404 57.0731707
4 0.604044 117 3
57.5609756
0.5922 0.5922 118 1
0.59050 58.0487804
8 0.590508 119 9
58.5365853
0.55836 0.55836 120 7
59.0243902
0.5499 0.5499 121 4
0.54820 59.5121951
8 0.548208 122 2

0.54708 0.54708 123 60

0.54313 60.4878048
2 0.543132 124 8
0.52790 60.9756097
4 0.527904 125 6
0.51944 61.4634146
4 0.519444 126 3
0.49575 61.9512195
6 0.495756 127 1
0.48052 62.4390243
8 0.480528 128 9
0.47037 62.9268292
6 0.470376 129 7
0.46868 63.4146341
4 0.468684 130 5
0.46699 63.9024390
2 0.466992 131 2

0.4653 0.4653 132 64.3902439

0.46022 0.460224 133 64.8780487

27 | P a g e
 4 8
65.3658536
0.45684 0.45684 134 6
0.43822 65.8536585
8 0.438228 135 4
0.42976 66.3414634
8 0.429768 136 1
0.42638 66.8292682
4 0.426384 137 9
0.39423 67.3170731
6 0.394236 138 7
0.39085 67.8048780
2 0.390852 139 5
0.38408 68.2926829
4 0.384084 140 3
0.38239
2 0.382392 141 68.7804878
69.2682926
0.3807 0.3807 142 8
0.37900 69.7560975
8 0.379008 143 6
70.2439024
0.36378 0.36378 144 4
70.7317073
0.36378 0.36378 145 2
0.35701
2 0.357012 146 71.2195122
0.35024 71.7073170
4 0.350244 147 7
0.34855 72.1951219
2 0.348552 148 5
0.33501 72.6829268
6 0.335016 149 3
0.31978 73.1707317
8 0.319788 150 1
0.31640 73.6585365
4 0.316404 151 9
0.31471 74.1463414
2 0.314712 152 6
74.6341463
0.31302 0.31302 153 4
0.29102 75.1219512
4 0.291024 154 2
0.28256
4 0.282564 155 75.6097561
0.27748 76.0975609
8 0.277488 156 8
0.26226 0.26226 157 76.5853658

28 | P a g e
 5
0.26169 77.0731707
6 0.261696 158 3
0.26056 77.5609756
8 0.260568 159 1
0.25718 78.0487804
4 0.257184 160 9
0.24703 78.5365853
2 0.247032 161 7
79.0243902
0.24534 0.24534 162 4
0.24026 79.5121951
4 0.240264 163 2
0.23180
4 0.231804 164 80
0.21657 80.4878048
6 0.216576 165 8
80.9756097
0.2115 0.2115 166 6
81.4634146
0.2115 0.2115 167 3
0.20811 81.9512195
6 0.208116 168 1
0.19796 82.4390243
4 0.197964 169 9
82.9268292
0.19458 0.19458 170 7
83.4146341
0.19458 0.19458 171 5
0.19288 83.9024390
8 0.192888 172 2
0.18781
2 0.187812 173 84.3902439
0.18442 84.8780487
8 0.184428 174 8
0.18104 85.3658536
4 0.181044 175 6
0.16750 85.8536585
8 0.167508 176 4
0.16412 86.3414634
4 0.164124 177 1
86.8292682
0.16074 0.16074 178 9
0.15566 87.3170731
4 0.155664 179 7
0.14889 87.8048780
6 0.148896 180 5
0.1269 0.1269 181 88.2926829

29 | P a g e
 3
0.12182
4 0.121824 182 88.7804878
0.12013 89.2682926
2 0.120132 183 8
0.11787 89.7560975
6 0.117876 184 6
0.11505 90.2439024
6 0.115056 185 4
0.11336 90.7317073
4 0.113364 186 2
0.10828
8 0.108288 187 91.2195122
0.10490 91.7073170
4 0.104904 188 7
92.1951219
0.10152 0.10152 189 5
92.6829268
0.10152 0.10152 190 3
0.09644 93.1707317
4 0.096444 191 1
93.6585365
0.09306 0.09306 192 9
94.1463414
0.09306 0.09306 193 6
0.08629 94.6341463
2 0.086292 194 4
0.08121 95.1219512
6 0.081216 195 2
0.07783
2 0.077832 196 95.6097561
0.07275 96.0975609
6 0.072756 197 8
0.06937 96.5853658
2 0.069372 198 5
0.06937 97.0731707
2 0.069372 199 3
0.05752 97.5609756
8 0.057528 200 1
98.0487804
0.0282 0.0282 201 9
0.02368 98.5365853
8 0.023688 202 7
0.01015 99.0243902
2 0.010152 203 4

3.Firm power (Qd)

30 | P a g e
Firm Power: Also called primary power is the power which always ensured to a consumer at any
hour of the day and is thus completely dependable power. Such a power corresponds to the
minimum stream flow and is available for all times.

Secondary Power Qmin=0.1624m^3/s

Primary Power Firm Pow

(for run-off river plant
er)Qmin=0.1624m /s
3

0% 100%

Definition Sketch of Firm/Primary and Secondary Power

1. Firm power P = ηγQHnet

Net Head Hnet = Hg – Head Loss
Where Hg-Head of gauging station
Hg=2140-2120.315=19.685m
Head Loss=ht+he+hb+hf+hex+hc+hg
Where ht=trash rack loss
he=entrance loss
hb=bend loss=0
hf=friction loss
hex=expansion loss
hc=contraction loss

3.1.Hydraulic losses

3.1.1.Entrance loss

The losses due to sudden contraction of the area at the inlet section is given by:
2
V
Δh e=K
2g
Where K is a constant, which depends on the shape of the entry.

31 | P a g e
 K=0.03 for bell-mouthed entry
U.S.B.R's criterion: permissible velocity in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 m 2/s

Velocity (V) = 1m/s

2
1
Δh e=0 . 03 =0 . 00153 m
2∗9 . 81

3.1.2.Trash rack loss

There are numerous expressions available for predicting head loss across trash racks.
One such expression (after Kirschmer’s) is:
V
Δh r = K t
b ( )
t 4/ 3 a 2
2g
sin φ

Where, Kt is trash rack loss coefficient (a function of bar shape), t is bar thickness, b is
spacing between bars, Va is approach velocity, and  is angle of inclination of bars with
the horizontal.

Where t= thickness of bar in mm = 25mm

b = clear spacing b/n bars in mm = 100mm

ᵩ= angle of bare inclination with horizontal = 650

kt = trash rack loss coefficient ( a function of bar shape) = 2.4 (for rectangular bar)

U.S.B.R's criterion: permissible velocity in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 m 2/s

Velocity (V) = 1m/s

( )
4/3 2
25 1
Δh r =2. 4 sin 65=0 .017 5
100 2∗9 . 81

3.1.3.Penstock loss
2
fL∗v
hf = …
2 gD

32 | P a g e
 where f = friction coefficient = 0.011 for steel

L = length of penstock 30 m

D = diameter of penstock

V = velocity through penstock

First determine of value of diameter and velocity through penstock

according to USBR, empirical formula for economic diameter of penstock is:

v=0.125 √ 2gh net

………………………………………(1)

h net = Hg - (elevation at end of penstock) - (head loss up to the end of penstock)

Where h net is the rated head

Hg or NPL (normal pool level)

Elevation at end of penstock

8 flQ 2
hfp=
π 2 gD 5
there, f-friction factor for steel lining =0.011

l-lengthof penstock =30m

D-diameter of the penstock

Hfp=8*0.011*30*0.010152/3.14^2*9.81*D^5=2.81*10^-6/D^5

Therefore; hnet = NPL –Hpenstock

−6
2.81∗10
Hnet=2140-2120.315- 5
D

33 | P a g e
 −6
2.81∗10
=19.685- 5
D

√
V =0 . 125 2 gH ne

√
t
2.81∗10−6
v=0.125 2∗9.81∗(19.685− 5
)
D ……………………………………(2) and

V=Q/A=Q/0.785D^2=0.010152*0.785/D^5

Then equating 2 & 3

√
−6
2.81∗10 0.007969
0.125 2∗9.81∗(19.685− 5
)=
D D2

SVolving for D by trial and error take D=0.072m

Check V=0.007969/D^2=0.007969/0.072^2=1.537m/s

∴
The velocity is between 1m/s and 5m/s, which is the permissible velocity.

(c) Head loss in the penstock

hfp=flv^2/2Dg=0.011*30*1.537^2/2*9.81*0.072

hfp=0.5519

Head loss =0.5519 m

Total head loss=he+ht+hfp=0.00153m+0.0175m+0.5519m=0.571m

Net head(H)=Hg-Total headloss

=(2140m-2120.315m)-0.571m=19.685m-0.571m=19.114m
P = ηγQHnet, γ = ƿ ġ

34 | P a g e
η=60%=0.6
γ = ƿ ġ=1000*9.81=9810kg/m3
Q=0.1624m3/s

P = 0.6* 1000*9.81*0.1624*19.114 = 18270.8KW=18.2708MW

Therefore, firm power value is 18.2708MW
4.Design Flood (DF) or peak flood
This is a flood selected for the design of a structure. It is selected in such a way that it
accommodates any negative effects that are to be imposed on the structure intended. It is also
sometimes taken as a flood corresponding to a certain desired frequency of occurrence
depending up on economy and practical consideration
4.1.By using L-moment

year/
month Qmax Qdes Rank
2000 2.2216 7.6783 1
2001 1.939 4.9017 2
2002 3.7827 4.3061 3
2003 1.8561 3.7827 4
2004 2.7495 3.5312 5
2005 1.8477 3.0456 6
2006 4.3061 2.7613 7
2007 2.7613 2.7495 8
2008 2.7021 2.7021 9
2009 7.6783 2.2436 10
2010 3.5312 2.2216 11
2011 4.9017 2.1082 12
2012 2.2436 2.0118 13
2013 2.1082 1.9593 14
2014 1.9593 1.939 15
2015 3.0456 1.8561 16
2016 2.0118 1.8477 17

(n-r)(n-1- (n-1)(n-r)(n-1-r)(n-2-
(n-r)*Qpi (n-1-r) r)*Qpi (n-1) (n-2-r) r)*Qpi
122.8528 15 1842.792 16 14 412785.408
73.5255 14 1029.357 15 13 200724.615
60.2854 13 783.7102 14 12 131663.3136
49.1751 12 590.1012 13 11 84384.4716
42.3744 11 466.1184 12 10 55934.208
33.5016 10 335.016 11 9 33166.584

35 | P a g e
 27.613 9 248.517 10 8 19881.36
24.7455 8 197.964 9 7 12471.732
21.6168 7 151.3176 8 6 7263.2448
15.7052 6 94.2312 7 5 3298.092
13.3296 5 66.648 6 4 1599.552
10.541 4 42.164 5 3 632.46
8.0472 3 24.1416 4 2 193.1328
5.8779 2 11.7558 3 1 35.2674
3.878 1 3.878 2 0 0
1.8561 0 0 1 -1 0

Sum 51.6458 514.9251 5887.712

N 17
Βο 3.037988
β1 1.8931
β2 1.4431
β3 1.12103

β o=
∑ Qpi = 3.037988
n

β 1=
∑ ( n−r )∗Qpi = 1.8931
n(n−1)

β 2=
∑ ( n−r ) (n−1−r )∗Qpi = 1.4431
n(n−1)(n−2)

β 3=
∑ ( n−r )( n−1−r ) (n−2−r )(n−1)∗Qpi = 1.12103
n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)

 L-moment can be written as

L1 = βo= 3.037988
L2 = 2β1 - βo = 0.5882
L3 = 6β2 –6β1+ βo = 0.337988
L4 = 20β3 -30β2 + 12β1- βo= -1.1932
L-moment ratios

Z3 = skewness and Z4 = kurtosis

Z2= L2/L1 = 0.1936

36 | P a g e
 Z3= L3/L2 =0.5746
Z4= L4/L2 = -2.0286

To select the type of distribution which fit to the given data are computed as follows;
a)Uniform distribution
Z3=0 Z4=0
B)Exponential distribution
Z3=1/3 Z4=1/6
c) Normal distribution
Z3=0 Z4=-2.0286

d) Log normal distribution

Z4=0.12282+0.77578 (Z3) 2 +0.12279(Z3) 4 - 0.13638(Z3) 6 +0.113638(Z3) 8 =0.1223
f) General Extreme Value (GEV)
Z4=0.1070+0.1109 (Z3) 2 -0.0669(Z3) 3+ 0.60567(Z3)4 - 0.04208(Z3) 5 +0.03763(Z3) 6 =0.1268

f) Pearson distribution
Z4=0.1224+0.30115 (Z3) 2 +0.95812(Z3)4-0.57488(Z3)6 + 0.19383(Z3)=0.41696
Thus the value of the sample Z4 is almost close to the value of the computed Z4 for GEV.
Then the best probable
parameter distribution for our 17 years stream flow data is the GEV method.
General Extreme Value Distribution (GEV)

4.2.The Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEV)

The parameters of GEV distribution in terms of L-moment are

XT = ξ + α/k [1- (-ln (1-1/T)) K]

Where

ξ = location parameter

α = scale parameter

37 | P a g e
 k= shape parameter

K=7.8590C+2.9554C2 = -0.5461
K L2
α= =1.5375
( 1+ K ) (1−2−K )
α
ξ = L1 + ( (1+k)-1) =4.9173
K
2 L2 ln ⁡( 2) 2 β 1− β ln ⁡( 2)
C= - = – = -0.0714
0

L3+3 L ln ⁡(3) 3 β 2− β ln ⁡(3)

2 0

Using these parameters the 100 years return period flood would be,

XT = ξ + α/k [1- (-ln (1-1/T))K]=36.6

X100 = 36.6m3/se

The design discharge that we use to design the hydraulic structures is 36.6m3/s.
4.3.Selection of Return Period
Return period (T) is the average interval in years between events when equal or exceed a given
magnitude.
the return period for this particular project is taken as 100 years and 30years expected life
4.4.Risk and Reliability
Risk is the probability of an event occurring at least once over a period of n successive years.
R=1-(1-1/T) n
Where:
T = return period, n = expected life and R = risk
The designer of hydraulic structures always faces an engineering doubt about the risk of failure of the
structure.
R = 1 – (1 −1/T)n
= 1-(1-1/100)30
=0.26=26%
Reliability, Re is defined as,
Re = 1 – R
= 1-0.26=0.74=74%

38 | P a g e
Thus the possible risk of flood damage by a flood magnitude exceeding the 100 years frequency in the

proposed design life of 30 years of the reservoir is about 26% with the reliability of confidence of 74%.

5. Ogee weir design (check its stability)

1. 85
x
2H 0 . 85
Ogee crest profile is given as d = y where Hd is the design head

He = (Q/Cd*L)2/3 = (0.1624/-0.0714*0.072*10)^0.666=2.153m

Fixation of upstream and downstream sheet pile bottom levels.

Average discharge intensity q = Q/L = 36.6 /10 = 3.66 m3/s/m
Regime scour depth, assuming f = 1

()
1
q2
=1.35∗ 3
R f , R=1.35*(3.66^2/1)^0.3333=3.203M
Va = q/R = 3.66/3.204=1.1425m2/se

Ha = Va2/ (2g) = 1.1425^2/2*g=0.0665m

Therefore, the design head, Hd = He – Ha =2.153 -0.0665=2.0865m

x 1. 85
2 H 0 . 85
Y= d = X1.85/2*2.08670.85 = X1.85/3.737

Assume the slope of d/s face 0.7H:1V ,dy/dx = X1.85 / 3.737 =1/0.7

1.85X0.85 / 3.737 =1/0.7

X =3.4793m and Y= X1.85 / 3.737 = 2.6868m

1. D/S profile of the weir

D/S Profile table

X 0 0.2786 0.3715 0.5572 3.4793

Y 0 0.0252 0.0424 0.0907 2.6868

39 | P a g e
2.U/S profile

a = 0.175Hd = 0.3652m

b = 0.282Hd = 0.5884m

R1 = 0.2Hd = 0.4173m R2 = 0.5Hd = 1.04325m

R3 =0.305*10K

K=
[ v+ 6. 4 H d +4 .88
3 .6 H d +19 . 52 ]
V=q/y = 3.66 /2.6868 = 1.3622m2 /se

K = 2.6088m R3 =123.908 m

 For the vertical portion or first part of the weir.

B = 0.282Hd = 0.5884m

 For the curved portion with equations, Y = X^1.85/3.737

X=3.4793m Y=2.6868m

 For the bucket

Sin θ = E/R

E = R sin θ where θ =60 and R = H/4 =19.114/4=4.7785m

40 | P a g e
 E = 19.114/4 *sin 60 = 4.1383m

 For the straight sloping surface with slope 0.7:1

D = Vertical * slope ,where vertical is from below fig
Vertical=H-Y-R/2

D=(19.114-2.6868-(4.7785/2))*0.7=9.8265m

Total bottom width of the weir is:

BTotal = B+X+D+E

Btotal=0.5884m+3.4793m+9.8265m+4.1383m=18.0325m

Stability Analysis

41 | P a g e
Use γc = 24KN/m and γw = 10 KN /m, by considering a unit width

Use integration fore irregular shape to calculate area

A1 = ∫ydx =yxʅ x from0 to 0.2786m =5.325m2

A2 = ∫ydx =yxʅ x from 0.2786m to 0.3715m=1.776m2

A3 =b*w =1.845m2

A4 =1/2*∫ydx=1/2*yx ʅ x from 0.55721m to0.3715m =1.519m2

A5 = ½*b*w =0.479m2

A6 =1/2*b*w = 1.213m2
Item Forces( KN) Moment
S/ 5.1.Stability analysis for weir
arm(KNm
no
)

Vertical Horizonta
l

1 W1=5.325*24 127.8 - 1493.9

2 W2 = 1.776*24 42.624 - 373.5

3 W3=1.845*24 36.90 - 314.0

4 W4=1.519*24 36.46 - 206.8

5 Phw = 0.479*10 - 4.79 29.9

6 Phu =1.213*10 -12.13 - -137.6

3. Stability against tension

Total sum 231.65 4.79

42 | P a g e
1. Stability against sliding factor, Fss
Fss =∑H/∑V=4.79/231.65=0.021≤0.7
Therefore, the structure is safe against sliding!

2. Stability against over turning

F o=
∑ M+ve
∑ M−ve
2418 .1
= = 17 . 6>1. 50 safe
137 . 6
3. Stability against tension

∑ Mnet =9. 63
X= ∑ Fv

e = |B/2−X| = │17.02/2 – 9.63│= 1.12

e < B/6 = 2.84 ok!
So, the structure is safe against overstress problem
Breast Wall and Operation Slab
A vertical raised gate is designed for the head regulator and under sluice. These gates

43 | P a g e
slide over the breast wall using spindle during opening and closing.
For easy operation of these gates, operation slab is provided. The size of the operation
slab is fixed from the point of construction and free movement. The size of the
operation slab is shown in the drawing for both head regulator and under sluice with
thickness 20cm.
The thickness of the breast wall is also the same as that of the operation slab. The
nominal thickness is fixed from the point of construction rather than the imposed load.
The thickness required for the imposed load is less than the nominal value and treated
as cantilever retaining wall. For the breast wall, the minimum reinforcement area is
taken as 15% along the respective direction.
Hence Asteel= 0.0015*1650*200=495
Asteel= 495mm2/m
Provide 12@C/c 200 mm
Considering cover thickness of 50 mm, effective depth = 50 + 12/6 = 56
Hence spacing of reinforcement = 200mm < 432mm
Asteel= 565.2
Therefore the actual provided steel area per meter width is 565 mm2/m >495 mm2/m,
which is safe. This is the same procedure for operation slab except bar diameter.
Hence minimum reinforcement area is 0.15% of the concrete area per meter length,
Asteel = 495 mm²/m.
Provide 12 @ c/c 200 mm.
Therefore the actual provided steel area per meter width is 587 mm2/m>495 mm2/m
Ok!

6.Design of intake, canal, settling basin, forebay and penstock and air vent

(Draw it on A3 Paper with neat hand drawing)

6.1. Design of Intake

The intake is a structure constructed at the entrance of a power canal or pipe through which the flow is diverted

from the source such as river or reservoir. It is an essential component of hydropower schemes and provided as

44 | P a g e
an integral part or in isolation from diversion weir or dam.

Functions of Intakes

The main functions of intakes are:

I-to control flow of water in to the conveyance system

II-To provide smooth, easy and vortex or turbulence free entry of water in to the conveyance system

III-To prevent entry of coarse river born trash matters such as boulders, logs, tree branches etc

IV-To exclude heavy sediment load of river, from entering the conveyance system

Location of Intakes

The various factors influencing the choice of location of an intake structure are

-Type of edifice that is storage reservoir runoff river scheme

- Location and type of dam/weir

-type of water conductor system that is canal or tunnel

-topographical feature of the river

To safely convey water in the approach a cannel velocity of water should be between 0.6 to 0.75m/s and
taking the average (0.7m/s) and use design discharge Q = 0.010152m3/se by considering a run off river
intake.
A=Q/V =0.1624/0.7=0.232 m2

2
A=π D /4 = 0.232m , D =0.5435m
2

Qm = CdA√2gh, H = Q2/CdA2g = 0.6127m

The gate operates at 0.6127m above the centerline of conduit. A bell mouth entry provides by using
45 | P a g e
Douma equation.

4X2+44.4Y2 = D2

Where D = 2.3417m (conduit diameter)

X = 0.5D = 0.5*2.3417 = 1.17085m

Y= √ (D2 – 4X2) / 44.4

X(m) 0.013143 0.01643 0.02191 0.03286 1.17085

Y(m) 0.3492 0.35241 0.3514 0.35129 0.00

Location of intake, ht = D + 2z = 2.3417 + 2*0.6127= 3.5671m

Where ht = height of inlet opening

D = Diameter of conduit

X= 0.5D

Y
…………………………………… D=2X

X= D/2

6.2.Canal design: The head race canal is designed to carry the stated design discharge under uniform

flow condition. The design criteria should involve: Hydraulic considerations; Practical considerations and

Economic considerations

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- design the concrete lined trapezoidal canal,Assume to use the design parameter,usually for concrete

lining permissible velocity is between 0.3 to 5m/s. the canal may be lined with well finished concrete,

where the Rugosity coefficient n=0.012.the velocity that permit is taken as 0.3m/s.use side slope

1H: 1V

Economical section of the trapezoidal section is:

Channel section Area Wetted Hydraulic Top Width Wa

Perimeter Radius
Trapezoidal 1.73y2 3.46y 0.5y 2.31y 0.75

T=0.3m

Y=0.136252m 1

B=0.02749m

area (A) = Q/v from continuity equation and from section A = ( b+ y )y

Perimeter (p) = b + 2√2y

R =A/p, R = 0.5y from economical section.

0.5y = (b + y) y / b + 2√2y, b = 0.8282y

A = 0.010152 /0.3 = 0.03384m2 = (b +y) y

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0.03384 = (0.8282y + y) y, y = 0.136252m and b = 0.8282y = 0.112844m

Wetted Perimeter=3.46y=3.46*0.136252=0.47143m

R =A/p, R = 0.5y =0.068126m

Top Width=2.31y=2.31*0.136252=0.31474m,take T=0.3m

Water depth=0.75*y=0.75*0.136252=0.10219m

The top width (T) =B+2my, where m =1,slope=1H:1V

0.3m=B+2*1*0.136252,

Solving B=0.02749m

Check the velocity

V=Q/A= 4.276m/s < 5m/s, hence safe
Then using manning’s formula
S= (Vn/R2/3) 2 =0.0943

6.3. ForeBay

A forebay is a basin located at the end of power canal just before the entrance to the penstock or pressure
shaft. It is called ahead pond. It acts as a transition between power canal and the penstock. It is formed at
the end of the head race and beginning of the penstok .Generally, it is located at the transision area where
the ground profile change from slighitly sloping to steep
Functions of forebay: -
 Forebay serves the following purposes.
 It can serve as a balancing reservoir
 .It can serve as a settling basin.
 It can serve to distribute evenly the water conveyed by power canal among the penstock where two
 or more penstocks are provided.
6.3.1.Design of Forebay

ForeBay is designed at length of 275m from intake

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L = length of power canal 275m

V = velocity of water through power canal (1.5m/s) and t =time required by water to reach in to fore Bay.

lengt h ofpowercanal
t =
velocityofwatert h rough power canal

t = L /V = 275 /1.5= 183.3sec

Volume of for bay (V) = Q*t =0.1624*183.3=29.768 m3

Depth of fore bay (D) =4 x dia of penstock + a sill of 20cm + canal depth

D = 4*0.072m + 0.2 + 1.5 = 1.988m

To minimize cost of excavation it is better to make length large as compared to the depth

Assuming width (W) = 10m, the length of for bay is calculated as

L = V / W *D = 29.768 / 10 *1.988 = 1.4974m

Therefore the dimension of for bay is w =10m, D = 1.988m and L =1.4974m

Velocity of water inside fore Bay

V = Q /A = 0.1624 / 10 * 1.988 = 0.008259m/s

Time required by water to reach outlet of fore Bay, t = L /V = 1.4974 / 0.00825 = 181.305sec

6.4.Penstocks

Penstocks are the huge diameter pipes that carry water under pressure from head pond or the forebay to the

turbines. Penstock may be subjected to the water hammer pressure due to fluctuation load. Short length

turbine penstock are design to take this extra pressure .How ever in the case of long penstock surge tank is

provided to reduced water hammer.

Penstocks closing gates should be provided at the entrance from the forebay to permit repair of penstock.
An air vents and vent pipe connecting the top of the penstock with the open air, is provide downstream
from the gate. Such a vent permits the entry of air in to the penstock, as soon as the gates are closed and
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water drown off through the turbine wheels.
6.4.1.Design of penstock

The permissible velocity for ranges from 3 to 5 m/s, we adopts 4m/s velocity

1) G.S Sarkarias formula (1968)

D = 0.62 P0.43 / H0.65 where H = NPL – Elva. Of penstock = 19.685

P = horse power transmitted = γQH/736 = 42.61

D = 0.62 x 42.610.43 / 19.6850.65 = 0.4489m

2) USBR V = 0.125√2gh = 0.125√(2*9.81*19.685) = 2.457m /se,take V=3m/s

Allowable velocity 3m/se

A = Q /V = ¿ π D 2 /4

D = 0.8248m

3) P.J.BIER,S

D = 0.176 (P/H) 0.466 = 0.2557m

From the above calculation the average D= 0.2557+0.24489+0.8248/3=0.4246m

Therefore, we take diameter of penstock = 0.4246m and velocity in penstock = 3m/s

6.5.Design of settling basin

For the design of settling basin, the first step is to choose arbitrarily the suitable width of the settling basin.
The rule of thumb says that it should be two to five times the width of the headrace canal. We know that the w
canal from calculations before is 0.7m. The width of the settling basin (W) was chosen as 3.5 m which is about
five times the width of the headrace canal and is therefore allowed, So we have W= 3.5 m, (Q ) or the design fl
It is known that in order to calculate the settling length (Lsettling) of the settling basin the following equation is
given,
Lsettling = 2 Q / (W * Vvertical)
Vvertical refers to the fall velocity taken as 0.075 m/s for example, for the value of particle of the size 0.75 mm.
The same value will be taken in this case also, the value (W) is arbitrarily chosen to be 3.5 m; Q= 0.1624 m3/s
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and Vvertical = 0.1 m/s
With this, following information can be obtained;
Lsettling = 2 Q / (W * Vvertical)
= (2 * 0.1624) / (3.5* 0.075) = 0.00696m
Therefore, the length of the settling basin is 0.00696 m. As the design parameter showed, the length of the
settling basin should be four to 10 times of its width.
Here length = 34.28m which is 0.00696 / 3.5 = 0.00199m
Hence, the design is acceptable.
The next step is to calculate the expected silt load: -Sloadof the settling basin which is given by Sload= Q T C.
This is quite straightforward because according to the recommended design parameters,
T = silt emptying frequency in seconds = 12 hours = 12 x 60 x 60 = 43,200 seconds and
C or the silt concentration or load of the incoming flow was given as 1 kg/m3, therefore:
Sloasd= Q T C = 36.6 *43200 * 1 =1581120kg
Now it is necessary to calculate the volume of the silt load, which is given by
VOsilt= Sload / (Sdensity*Pfactor)
where:
Sdensity= density of silt, and it has been recommended that in absence of reliable data the safe
parameter is 2600 kg/m3, which will be used in this case also;
Pfactor= packing factor of sediments submerged in water = (50%) as given.
Therefore the volume of the silt load now is given as:
VOsilt= Sload / (Sdensity*Pfactor) = 1581120/ (2600 *0.5) = 1216.246 m3
After these it is now important to calculate the average collection of the depth required in the settling basin
which is given as:
Dcollection = VOsilt / (Lsettling * W)
All the other parameters have been already calculated, therefore,
Dcollection = VOsilt / (Lsettling * W)
= 1216.246 / (0.00696*3.5) =49927.99m

6.6.Design of air vent

Size of the air vent is calculated as

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Qa = 400CAP0.5 where Qa= discharge of air vent in m3/se

A= area of vent in m2

C = 7 and P = pressure difference

According to USBR, design guide K. N. SHARMA (1999)

Capacity of air vent (Qv) = 25% of conduit discharge and allowable air velocity in air vent is (40 – 90) m/s,

so take V = 40m/s

Qv = 25% Q = 25% * 0.1624 = 0.0406m3/s

Area of air vent A = Qv / V but A=π D2 /4 =0.002538M^3/S/40M/S=0.03595m

D = 0.03595m there for the size of air vent is 0.03595m

CONCULUSION

The Meti river hydropower project is low capacity high head plant due to the availability of the high head and

medium power production.

The geological data available tells that, the dam site has enough rock foundation to carry the load of the dam

in suitable manner. The flow duration curve of the given flow has drawn by using both total and calendar method.

For most large hydropower project the design discharge is obtained in the range of 40% to 70% of exceedence.

By considering this recommended range, the design discharge of this particular project is about 0.1642m3/s

at 100% of exceedence for firm power.

The L-moment calculation shows that log normal method is the best method to estimate the design flood of this

particular project. From the calculation, for 30yr design period and 100yr return period the design flood

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is about 36.6m3/s.

Reservoir planning is done to determine the total storage (dead and live) storage of the lake.

Since the topography of the site has a good feature for the development of underground power house,

we decide to provide underground power house. Taking in to account all the necessary factors which control

the selection of turbine type, we get that propeller turbine is the best for this particular project.

9.RECOMMENDATION

To specify the types structures for a certain site it is the must to consider all the necessary factors which

control selection of the site. But due to the shortage of real information about the site we consider only some

of the factors. So we recommend that the site selection should be revised before the implementation of the project.

The impoundment due to the lake may cause water born disease, submergence of the various species of forest

and evaluation of the people from their area. Thus alternate solutions like establishments of health center,

compensation payment, resettlement of the people to the area and creating awareness to the people

are recommended while the project is on the way of its completion

For underground power house development the geology of the site should have been studied carefully.

However, there is no enough data available for the geological condition of the site. Therefore, the type of

powerhouse is determined mainly depending on the topographical conditions.

Even though such type of project is so lengthy and time taking, the duration given for preparation of the project is

very less. So we want to recommend that the department should rearrange enough time for laboratory used for

the next generation to have the expected quality for their work.

10.REFERENCES

1. Calvin Victor Davis and Kenneth E.Sorensen.Hand book of applied Hydraulics, New York: Mc Graw Hill,
3rd edition
2. Dandekar, M.M and K.N Sharma .Water power engineering. New Delhi Vices publishing, 1997

53 | P a g e
3. David R.Maidement, Hand book of Hydrology, New York, Mc Graw Hill.
4. Elzabeth.M.Shaw.Hydrology in practice, Second edition
5. Linsley Ray K, Max A.Kohler, and Joseph L.H Paulhus Hydrology for engineer’s .Tokyo; Mc Graw Hill; 1982
6. Novak, P.A.I.B Moffit, C.Nallury, and R.Narayanan, Hydraulic

WEIR unit quantity price amount birr

Masonry M^3 cement=20 400 8000

top soil
clear M^3 depth=9.8265 20 196.53
excavation M^3 depth=0.5435 30 16.305
rfm bar
and
concrete Kg length of bar ᶲ12mm200mm=300 400 120000

CANAL
top soil
clear m^3 depth=0.10219 20 2.0438
excavation M^3 depth=9.8265 20 196.53

Masonry M^3 cemnet=21 400 8400

rfm bar
and
concrete M^3 length ofbarᶲ12mm200mm=300 400 120000
FOREBAY
top soil
clear M^3 depth=1.988m 15 29.82
lengh*depth=1.988*1.4974=2.97
excavation M^3 68 15 44.65
Masonry M^3 cement=5 400 2000
SETLING
top soil
clear M^3 depth=4.99 20 99.8

Masonry M^3 cement=12 400 4800

PENSTOCK
top soil
clear M^3 depth=0.4489 20 8.978
length of
penstock M^3 length=19.685 10 196.85
Concrete M^3C29 cement=11 400 4400
INTAKE
top soil
clear M^3 depth=0.5435 20 10.87
length=1.17085*depth2.34=2.739
excavation M^3 8 20 54.796
Concrete M^3 cement=13 400 5200
AIR VENT
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