Mini HP OnHere River

DESIGN OF MINI HYDROPOWER PROJECT
ON
HARE RIVER
ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
JUNE 2010
ARBA MINCH
DESIGN OF MINI HYDROPOWER PROJECT ON HARE RIVER
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

ON
A REPORT BY:
1. FASIL TESHOME
2. HENOCK TEFERA
3. HANAN TADELE
4. MELKAMU TESHOME
5. NEWAY G/TSADIK
6. SEIFU SISAY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
OF:
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE, BSc
IN
HYDRAULIC & WR ENGINEERING
AT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
MELKAMU ALEBACHEW (MSc)
AND
ADANECH YARED (BSc)
JUNE 2010
ARBA MINCH
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 II

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS REPORT ENTITLED DESIGN OF MINI

HYDROPOWER PROJECT ON HARE RIVER IS A GENUINE WORK DONE AND
SUBMITTED BY:
1. FASIL TESHOME
2. HENOCK TEFERA
3. HANAN TADELE
4. MELKAMU TESHOME
5. NEWAY G/TSADIK
6. SEIFU SISAY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE

OF:
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE, BSc
IN
HYDRAULIC & WR ENGINEERING
AT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
MELKAMU ALEBACHEW (MSc)…………………..
AND
ADANECH YARED (BSc)…………………………..
JUNE 2010
ARBA MINCH
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In advance, our indebted gratitude goes to the Almighty God, for His mercy, love and
care, which enable us to be alive and stay in the campus during the course of our study.
It is our pleasure to express our deepest gratitude to our advisors, Ato Melkamu
Alebachew and Wrt Adanech Yared for their consistent guidance and supervision.
Moreover, we would like to thank them for providing us the necessary reference
material for this project. And it was also impressing that they were working with the
group in harmony as a friend.
Last but not least, our sincere gratitude goes to our parents, sisters, brothers and
friends for their relevant moral and material support until we get reached this day.
The group
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 I

ABSTRACT
This report presents planning and design of mini hydropower project on Hare River
which is located in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional state,
Gamo Gofa zone near Arba Minch (the capital of Gamo Gofa zone).
The power demand assessment is done for the town Kola Shara and Chano under the
topic.
For hydrological analysis, 22 years of stream flow data recorded at a gauging station,
which is around 1km downstream of the planned dam site, is used. For design flood
estimation Log-Pearson type III distribution is the nearest fit for the given data. So, by
using this distribution a100years of flood is taken as a design flood.
The reservoir is planned by the method of mass curve technique. And the sediment
volume is approximated by empirical formulas which relate the live storage with the
sediment due to due to non availability of sediment data.
Due to the availability of ample rock material and other reasonable factors, a concrete
faced rock fill dam is selected. The dam has a height of 56m with crest width and length
of 7m and 175m respectively.
The availability of a flank at the right side of the dam favors for the choice of chute type
of spillway. The spillway is designed to have an effective length of 12m and discharge of
about 32.545m3/sec.
The conveyance system consists of tower intake, concrete lined head race, forebay,
penstock and concrete lined tail race canal. The design constitutes 805m long and 0.8m
trapezoidal concrete lined headrace canal leading to 10m wide, 25mlength and 4.5m
depth forebay and 193m long and 0.7m diameter inclined pressure shaft. After passing
through the turbine the water is discharged to the main course via the coarse stone
lined tailrace which is 1.37m wide and 65m long. The diversion of the river flow during
construction, a cofferdam of height 5.5m and a diversion tunnel with a diameter of 3m
and length of 370m have been designed.
Surface powerhouse is adopted. The powerhouse has a dimension of 19m length and
13.3m width. The installed capacity of the plant is 1.22Mw and 1units of 0.62m diameter
Francis turbines are used for power generation.
Environmental impacts due to the implementation of the project are quoted and
mitigation measures are suggested under the topic.
The cost analysis is roughly done, since there is no enough data obtained for the total
economic analysis of the project.
Finally, the conclusion and recommendation are included.
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... I
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................II
List of Figures. .............................................................................................................................VII
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. VIII
List of Annex ............................................................................................................................. VIII
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General background of the project.................................................................................. 1
1.2 Description of project Area ............................................................................................... 1
1.3. Objective and Designing approach ................................................................................ 3
2. POWER DEMAND ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 5
2.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2. Population Forecasting .................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Power demand of Kola Shara and Chano .................................................................... 7
3. HYDROLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 8
3.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Data availability .................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 Filling missing data and Transposing data to dam site................................................ 8
3.4 Return Period and Design life ........................................................................................ 10
3.5 Risk, Reliability and Safety factor.................................................................................. 11
3.6 Flood Estimation .............................................................................................................. 12
3.7 Flow Duration Curve........................................................................................................ 19
3.8 Water Law and Design Flow .......................................................................................... 21
4. RESERVOIR PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF THE PLANT.......................................... 22
4.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.2 Site Assessment .............................................................................................................. 22
4.3 Alternative Layout for Hydropower Development on Hare River ............................. 23
4.4 Types and Storage zone of Reservoir .......................................................................... 26
4.5 Physical Characteristics of Reservoir ........................................................................... 28
4.6 Reservoir Storage Capacity ........................................................................................... 30
4.7 Life of Reservoir ............................................................................................................... 35
5. FLOOD ROUTING.............................................................................................................. 36
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 III

5.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 36

5.2 Reservoir Routing ............................................................................................................ 36
5.3 Inflow Hydrograph............................................................................................................ 37
5.4 Out Flow Hydrograph ...................................................................................................... 39
5.5 Methods of Reservoir Routing ....................................................................................... 40
5.6 Inflow and Out Flow Curve ............................................................................................. 41
6. DAM CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................................... 42
6.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 42
6.2 Types of dam .................................................................................................................... 42
6.3 Factors governing selection of dam type ..................................................................... 42
6.4 Dam site selection for Hare River ................................................................................. 43
6.5 Types of rock fill dam ...................................................................................................... 44
6.6 Dam design..................................................................................................................... 45
6.7 Embankment design........................................................................................................ 48
6.8 Stability analysis............................................................................................................... 52
6.9 Foundation treatment ...................................................................................................... 54
6.10 Embankment Cutoff....................................................................................................... 55
6.11 Inspection galleries........................................................................................................ 55
7. SPILLWAY AND ENERGY DISSIPATER....................................................................... 56
7.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 56
7.2 Types of Spillway ............................................................................................................. 56
7.3 Essential Requirements of the Spillway ....................................................................... 57
7.4 Selection of spillway site and types .............................................................................. 58
7.5 Component of chute spillway ......................................................................................... 58
7.6 Design of chute spillway ................................................................................................. 59
7.7 Energy dissipation below spillway................................................................................. 67
8. GENERAL LAYOUT OF CONVEYANCE AND OUTLET WORKS............................. 71
8.1General ............................................................................................................................... 71
8.2 Intake Structure ................................................................................................................ 71
8.3 Headrace structure .......................................................................................................... 77
8.4 Forebay ............................................................................................................................. 80
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 IV

8.5 Penstock............................................................................................................................ 82
8.6 Tail Race Channel ........................................................................................................... 85
8.7 Valves ................................................................................................................................ 85
8.8 Hydraulic Losses.............................................................................................................. 86
8.9 Diversion Work ................................................................................................................. 88
9 POWER HOUSE PLANNING ........................................................................................... 91
9.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 91
9.2 Preliminary Power Assessment and Hydraulic Design.............................................. 91
9.3 Determination of Plant Capacity .................................................................................... 91
9.4 Hydraulic Turbines and Electromechanical Equipments ........................................... 92
9.5 Turbine Scroll Case ......................................................................................................... 97
9.6 Draft Tube ......................................................................................................................... 98
9.7 Turbine Alignment............................................................................................................ 99
9.8 Cavitations and Turbine Setting .................................................................................. 100
9.9 Turbine Governor........................................................................................................... 101
9.10 Electrical and Mechanical Equipment ...................................................................... 101
9.11 Power House Planning ............................................................................................... 102
10. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) ................................................ 106
10.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 106
10.2 Physical impact ............................................................................................................ 106
10.3 Impact on hydrology .................................................................................................... 107
10.4 Impacts on biological environment ........................................................................... 107
10.5 Impact on socio-economic environment .................................................................. 108
10.6 Potential positive impacts........................................................................................... 108
10.7 Mitigation measures .................................................................................................... 109
11. COST EVALUATION AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS............................................... 110
11.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 110
11.2 Bill of Quantities and Cost estimation....................................................................... 110
11.3 Annual cost and cost recovery factor ....................................................................... 112
11.4 Benefit of the project ................................................................................................... 113
11.5 Benefit cost ratio .......................................................................................................... 113
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 V

12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 114

12.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 114
12.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................... 114
REFERENCES: .......................................................................................................................... 116
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 VI

List of Figures.
Fig 3.1 L-moment chart
Fig 3.2 Goodness of fit test
Fig 3.3 Flow duration curve
Fig 4.1 Mass curve
Fig 5.1 Inflow hydrograph
Fig 5.2Inflow- Outflow Hydrograph
Fig 8.1Trapezoidal channel cross section
Fig 9.1Spiral Case Level
Fig 9.2 Draft Tube Level
Fig 9.3 Powerhouse plan
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 VII

List of Annex
Annex 1. Summary of Mean Monthly Discharge
Annex 2. Summary of Monthly Maximum Discharge

Annex 3. Summary of Monthly Minimum Discharge
Annex.4 Summary of Run-off Depth
Annex 5 Computation of FDC
Annex.6 Selection of frequency analysis method that is best suited for our site
Annex.7 Goodness of fit test
Annex.8 Design Flood Estimation Using Log Pearson typeIII
Annex.9 Elevation-Area-Capacity relation
Annex.10 Reservoir Capacity Determination using mass curve analysis
Annex.11 Determination of Evaporation using Penman method

Annex 12 Flood Routing
List of Abbreviations
EIA-Environmental Impact Assessment
FDC-Flow Duration Curve
FRL-Full Reservoir Level
HPP- Hydropower Project
MWL- Maximum Water Level
NPL-Normal Pull Level
TRL-Tail Race Level
USBR- United States Bureau Of Reclamation
USSCS-United States Soil Conservation Service
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 VIII

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General background of the project

In Ethiopia, the electricity generation from water came to existence in the beginning of
1930s, when Aba Samuel hydropower scheme was commissioned in 1932. This station
is capable of generating 6MW of electricity.
According to Ministry of Mines and Energy, in 1990 the total energy requirement in
Ethiopia was estimated to be 177.6Twh per year. Out of which 76.1% from wood, 16.1%
from agricultural by product, 5.3% from fuel oil, 1.1% from electricity 0.8% from charcoal
and 0.6% from other energy sources.
Ethiopia has got substantial hydropower potential estimated as 30,000MW. Out of this,
less than 3% has been utilized and the remaining should be developed at small to large
scale so that the source of energy for various uses can be replaced by this more
environmentally friendly, highly efficient and perpetual alternative energy source.
When the hydropower plant that is developed on Hare River is implemented, it will play
its own role in solving the electric scarcity problem in rural areas of Chano and
KolaShara
1.2 Description of project Area
1.2.1 Geographical Location

The project area is located between 6º05′ to 6º10′N latitude and 37º30′to37º35′E
longitude. The nearby bigger towns are Chencha and Arba Minch at an altitude of 2500
and 1200 meters above mean sea level respectively.
The Hare River catchment situates in Southern Region of Ethiopia, near Arba Minch
town. It is about 491kms away from Addis Ababa and about 14km from the capital of
Gamo Gofa zone.
HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 1

Figure 1 Project area
1.2.2 Topography
The topographical feature of the project area is surrounded by steep mountains
extending from northeast to west, lake Abaya extending from east to southeast and flat
terrain located at the boarder of lake Abaya. The lake is situated at an elevation of
1200m amsl.
1.2.3. Geological Condition

The geological condition of the area mostly consists of metamorphic rock of the
Precambrian system, which is mainly distributed, in south-west of Arba Minch. Basalt,
ignimbrite and trachyte of tertiary system are extensively distributed in the lava plateau
region, and it is mainly formed by alluvial sand gravel, sub sand soil and sub clean loam
of the quaternary system.
1.2.4. Climatic condition

The main rainy seasons are from April to June and from September to October. The
mean annual rainfall according to the meteorological observation of Arba Minch station
(5.5km away from the project area) is 753mm.
The relative humidity of the region varies from 86% in January to 84% may.The
maximum sunshine hours observed is 9.5hrs in January and November. The minimum
sunshine hours observed is 4.5hrs in July. The average monthly evaporation is 125mm.

Due to its great difference in altitude the climate of the project area remains tropical in
which the temperature decreases only to 29ºc in March and falls to 15.7ºc in December
with mean annual temperature of 24.1ºc
1.3. Objective and Designing approach
1.3.1. Objective
The objective of this project is to summarize our overall courses for partial fulfillment of
Bachelor of Science in hydraulic engineering. These courses helped us to get enough
knowledge on how to design and construct different water resource projects
theoretically and practically. Therefore, when we do this project our main objective is to
combine our theoretical and practical knowledge for designing and constructing an
efficient hydropower project and any other construction works related to our subject.
Additionally, when this project is implemented it will solve the electric scarcity in the
project area and improves the living standard of Chano Chalba people.
1.3.2. Designing approach

The recommended approach for designing the hydropower scheme has the following
stages:
A/Capability and demand survey
It is essential to establish accurately how much energy is required, for what purpose it is
used and to assess the organizational capability of the users of the scheme. This
scheme is planned for communities where most of them do not use latest electrical
household machines. Therefore, the major demand of electricity is for lightening.
B/Hydrology study and site survey
Hydrology study and site survey establishes the hydropower potential of the site. It
shows how the water flow varies and the amount of stream flow (discharge) available in
the river for generation of power throughout the year.
C/Pre-feasibility study
This is a quick cost study of a range of design options and rural energy sources. The
pre-feasibility study compares different alternatives to satisfy the consumer demand and
presents their main features. It should make it clear how will supply and demand are
matched.
D/Feasibility study

It is comprehensive analysis and detail study of the contemplated project. The feasibility
is study carried out in order to determine the technical, economical and environmental
feasibility of the project. This study will provide necessary information from which the
owners can decide whether to go for the implementation of the project and it serves as
application documentation for the development license.

2 POWER DEMAND ASSESSMENT
2.1 General
This project is mainly designed for lighting purpose at the rural area of Kola Shara and
Chano. During power demand, assessment the following thing should considered
 Population at the end of design period

 Degree of industrialization
 Commercial activities
 Institutions and public activities etc
However, mini hydropower project are designed for specific purpose. Similarly, Hare
River mini hydropower project is designed for lighting purpose. Therefore, we have
considered only power demand required by population of the area.
2.2. Population Forecasting

One of the biggest uncertainties in forecasting power demand for lighting lies in
estimation of the population at the end of design period. The population of a given rural
area can be increased by births, decreased by migration by deaths increased or
decreased by migration etc. For the prediction of population, it is better to study the
development of other similar towns or rural areas that have developed under same
circumstance. Because, the development of the town under consideration will be more
or less on the same line.
Table 1. 1 : Population data
Year Number of Population of Number of Population of

rural area around Arba Kola Shara and Chano
Minch
1986 73,585 -
1987 75,000 -
1988 76,448 -
1994 - 8783
The annual growth rate of rural area around Arba Minch is 2% and that of Semen Omo
zone is 4%.Therefore, for this project an annual population growth rate of 3% is adopted
to assess the power demand the area.

2.2.1. Forecasting Techniques

There are several methods of forecasting population. The most widely used ones are
the following:-
 Arithmetic increase method  Logistic curve method

 Geometric increase method  The method used by Ethiopian
 Incremental increase method Central Statistics Authority
 Decreasing rate method
The method used by Ethiopian Central Statistics Authority

Among the above methods, this method is considered to be better for forecasting the
population of the project area. Because, most of Ethiopian towns and rural areas are
adopting this method and there is lack of sufficient data to use other forecasting
techniques.
In this method, the assumption is made that all towns and rural areas irrespective of
size tend to grow according to the following equation
Where =Number of population after N years and =Present population
N=Number of years
K=Growth rate
From table it is clearly seen that the total number of population of Kola Shara and
Chano in 1994 is 8783.So,by using method used by CSA the present population of the
area is calculated as follows:-
= (8783) (. ∗ )
= 14,194
By adopting the same procedure the population of the area at different year up to end of
design life is calculated and represented in table shown below.

Table 1-1: Table Population Forecast
Year Total number of population

2010-2015 16,491
2015-2020 19,160
2020-2025 22,261
2025-2030 25,864
2.3. Power demand of Kola Shara and Chano

Assuming the current power demand per household is 120W i.e. two 60W bulbs.
The computation is performed as follows:-
Present per household demand =2*15 + 2*11=52W
Total Present demand = (120) (Present number of household)
= (120W) ( )
= (120W)( )
=340.7KW
Total Power demand at the end of design life is computed by assuming constant
increase in power demand throughout the design life. Therefore,
Total Power demand at the end of design life

=( )( )
.
=( )( )
=620.77KW
To be conservative a higher value is adopted. Therefore, total power demand at the end
of design life for lighting purpose is taken as 700KW
But, also other electricity demands are also considered.

3. HYDROLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS
3.1 General
Hydrology is a branch of science dealing the occurrence, circulation and distribution of
water in the earth and earth atmosphere.
Some of hydrological data needed for a design of different water resource projects are:
1) precipitation and climatic data 2) stream flow data 3) ground water and water quality
data 4) evaporation, transpiration and infiltration data 5) water availability and utilization
studies.
It has its own aspect in different water resource works especially in hydropower project.
Some of engineering aspects of hydrology are estimation of water resource, study of
flood, study of rainfall and ways of combating flooding problems. Water resource project
designed without careful analysis of hydrological data will fail or have limited life.
3.2 Data availability

Hydrological data available for the design of hydropower scheme on Hare River are
shown at annex. These data’s are:
1. Mean monthly stream flow

2. Maximum monthly stream flow
3. Minimum monthly stream flow
4. Flow volume
5. Run-off depth
3.3 Filling missing data and Transposing data to dam site
3.3.1 Filling missing data

Data year or month is missed because of different reasons. Some of these are failure of
instrument, carelessness of the observer etc.
There are different methods used for filling missing stream flow record of a given river.
Some of these are:-
A/Arithmetic mean method

The general arithmetic mean equation is,
= ( + …+ )
Where -Stream flow in m3/sec

-Number of stream flow record
B/Graphical Correlation Method

This method applied by first drawing period (time) versus stream flow and then by
finding an equation for the best fit curve. Finally, inserting the period for which the
missed data is found in to this equation gives as missing steam flow record.
This method cannot be applied because it doesn’t give us a reasonable value
C/Normal Ratio Method

The equation for normal ratio method is given as:
= ( + +. . . + )
Where m-number of year with full data above the year with missing data
-steam flow records
N-Mean value of stream flow
In this project, normal ratio method is used to obtain missing value of run-off depth.
D/ Linear Regression Method

The equation for linear regression is given as:
= +
Where X-average monthly run-off depth, mm
Y-average monthly stream flow, m3/sec
A & B-Coefficients
In this project, linear regression is used to obtain missing mean flow, maximum flow and
minimum flow value. We have selected this method due to the following reasons:-
-It is the most widely used method when compared to other

method.
-It is applied by creating a correlation with the given run-off not

with the value in the other months.
-The correlation coefficient, r in all cases is in between 0.6 and

1.

3.3.2 Transposing data to dam site

When the dam site is far from the gauging station, the measurement taken at the
gauging station is not directly used without transposing it to the dam site. Because,
there might be an entrance of tributaries or consumption of water for different uses.
Therefore, in such cases we need to transfer the data at the gauging site to the dam site
by using equation given below:-
= ×
But, for this project data transposing is not necessary. Because,
 our dam site and gauging station are nearby

 there are no tributaries between the dam site and gauging
station and
 there is no significant flow contribution to the river.
3.4 Return Period and Design life
3.4.1 Return period

The return period, indicates the average interval between the occurrence of floods
equal to or greater than a given magnitude.
Table 3- 1: Guideline for selecting design flood return period
No Structure Return
period(yrs)
1 Spill ways for projects with storage of more than 1000
60million cum
2 Barrage and miner dams with storage less than 60 100
million cum
3 Spill ways of small reservoir dams in the country side, 10-20
not endangering urban residences
4 As above but located so as endanger other structures or 50-100
urban residences in case of failure
5 Diversion weirs 50-100
6 Small bridges on main high ways 50-100
(Source: Rozgar Baban, Design of Diversion Weirs)
Depending on the above table, the return period for this project is hundred years.

=100years
3.4.2. Design Life

Design life of a structure is a period during which this structure could function properly
or the benefit obtained is greater than cost.
The selection of design life for diversion works depends on the risk that one is prepared
to take. In some cases use cost-benefit analysis and economic evaluation as
complementary measure.
For this project, we adopt a design life of 20 years.
3.5 Risk, Reliability and Safety factor

Risk is the probability of an event at least once over a period of N successive years.
= 1 − (1 − )N
Where -return period
R-risk
The designer of hydraulic structures always faces an engineering doubt about the risk of
failure of his /her structure. This is because the estimation of hydrologic design values
(such as-the design flood discharge and river stage during the design flood) involve a
natural or inbuilt uncertainty and as such a hydrological risk of failure.
It can be seen that the return period for which a structure should be designed depends
up on acceptable level of risk. In practice, the acceptable level of risk is governed by
economic and policy consideration.
For this project, the risk of failure of the structure can be computed as:-
20
= 1− 1−
= 18.2%
Reliability, Re is defined as,
= 1−

= (1 − )N
= 1 − 0.182 = 0.818 = 81.80%
Safety factor, Sf
Due to different uncertainties arising from structural, construction, operational and

environmental causes, any water resource development will have to have an acceptable
safety factor. The acceptable limit of safety factor hydropower project is from
3.6 Flood Estimation
3.6.1 Importance of Flood Estimation

Most decisions regarding the managements of water resources are based, in the part at
least, on estimates of the quantity of water to be managed or the rates of flow to be
regulated. Flood estimate is therefore basic to the planning of hydropower project and to
the subsequent operation of the project. Some examples where flood estimation values
are required: the design of bridges, culvert waterways and spillways for dams, reservoir
capacity and estimation of scoured at a hydraulic structure.
3.6.2. Test for outliers
An outlier is an observation that deviates significantly from the bulk of the data, which
may be due to errors in data collection, or recording, or due to natural causes. The
presence of outliers in the data causes difficulties when fitting a distribution to the data.
Low & high outliers are both possible and have different effect on the analysis. The
Grubbs & Beck (1972) test (G-B) May be used to defect outliers. In this test the
quantities x H & x L are calculated by using equations shown below:-
=exp ( + )
=exp ( − )
Where and S are the mean and standard deviation of the natural logarithms of the
sample respectively. is the G-B statistic tabulated for various sample size and
significance levels by Grubbs and Beck (1972). At5 the 10% significance level, the
following approximation proposed by Pilon at al. (1985) is used, where N is the sample
size

1 1 3
= −3.62201 + 6.2844N -2.49835N +0.491436N -0.037911N
4 2 4
Substituting N=23 the K value becomes 2.448 and therefore for this project the high and
low outliers are calculated to be = 34.254 m3/sec and = 1.667 m3/sec
respectively according to equations shown above.
3.6.3 Methods of Flood Estimation
A/Probability Plotting Method

It is a plot of peak flow and return period. To obtain the probability of each flood peak in
the series, being equaled or exceeded, first the data is arranged in descending order,
then the probability of each event is calculated.
The plotting position of each peak flood is calculated from:
=( )
Where m=serial number of the event in the arranged data series
N=number of data point or years of record in the series
P=probability of flow being equaled or exceeded and
T=return period of flow
B/Rational Method
One of the most commonly used method for the calculation of peak flow from small
areas(i.e less than 0.8km2) .It is based on the application of the formula:-
Where Q-peak flow
C-runoff coefficient (0.2to0.8)
I-Intensity of rain fall &
A-catchment area

C/Unit Hydrograph Techniques (UH)

UH is the hydrograph of storm, runoff, resulting from an isolated rain fall of some unit
duration occurring uniformly over the entire are of the catchment. i.e.(1cm)
It is applicable for small and medium basin (A<5000km 2) since according to the theory
storm distribution over the area is assumed to be fairly even.
D/ Flood Frequency Analysis

The frequency analysis in hydrology is a statistical method used to show that events of
certain magnitudes may on average is expected once every N year.
There are different methods of flood frequency analysis. But, the most commonly known
methods are:-
A/Normal Distribution Method E/Log normal
B/ Gumbel Distribution Method F/Uniform
C/Log Pearson type III Distribution Method G/Expontial
D/General Extreme Value Distribution H/Normal
Fitting a distribution to data sets provides a compact and smoothened representation of

the frequency distribution revealed by the available data and leads to a systematic
procedure for extrapolation to frequencies beyond the range of the data set.
Several general approaches are available for estimating the parameters of a distribution.
Some of these methods are the following:-
 Method of moments
 Method of maximum likelihood
 Method of probability weighted moments etc
 Method of moments
Sample estimator of L-moment are linear combinations of the ranked observation and
thus do not involve squaring or cubing the observations. That is why it said L-moments.
In a wide range of hydrological applications, L-moments provide simple and reasonably
efficient estimator of the characteristics of hydrologic data and distribution parameters.
Estimation of L-moment are most simply written as linear function of estimator of

Probability Weighted Moments (PWMs). The first PWMs, one employs the ordered

observations or the order statistics Xn≤….≤X1 corresponding to the sorted or ranked

observations in a sample (Xi), (i=1......n).
A sample estimator of  r for r≥1 is
1 n j  0.35) r

*
br  x( j ) {1  ( )}
n j n n
j  0.35
Where, 1-( ) are estimators of F(x).
n

br Is suggested function use when estimating quantiles and fitting distribution of a single
site; though it is biased, it generally yields smaller mean square error quantile estimator
that the unbiased estimators.
When unbiasedness is important, one can employ unbiased PWM estimators
( )
∑ ( )
( )(( ) )
∑
( )( )
( ) ( ) (( ) )
∑
( )( )( )
Unbiased PWM estimators Values

9.06013
6.096138
4.747202
3.932203
For any distribution, L-moment are easily calculated in terms of PWMs from
= = 9.06013
=2 − = 3.132146

=6 −6 + =0.96651
=20 − 30 + 12 − =0.321534
Estimate of the L, are obtained by replacing the unknown  r , by simple estimator br .

The L-moment ratios, which are analogous to conventional moment ratio defined by
Hosking as
= =0.345707
= =0.308578
= =0.102656
Where, Measure of location
Measure of skewness
Measure of scale dispersion
Measure of kurtosis
To select the type of distribution, which fit to the given data, is using the following
equations:
A/Uniform distribution
=0 =0
B/Exponential Distribution
=1/3, =1/6
C/Normal distribution
= 0, = 0.1226
D/Gumbel distribution
=0.1699, =0.1504
E/ Log-normal distribution
2 4 6 8
=0.12282 + 0.77518 +0.12279 -0.1368 +0.11368
F/ Log-PearsonIII distribution
=0.1224+0.30115 2+0.95812 4
-0.57488 6
+0.19383 8

G/General extreme value (GEV)

2 3 4 5
=0.10701+0.1109 +0.84838 -0.0669 +0.00567 -0.04208 -
0.03763 6
L-moment chart
1.2
1
General Extreme Value
0.8 Gamma & Pearsonlll
Kurtosis
Log normal
0.6 Weir Site
Uniform
0.4
Gumbel
Logistic
0.2
Exponential
0 Normal
0 0.5 1 1.5
Skewness
Fig 3.1 L-moment chart
From the skewness versus kurtosis plot, the distribution that best fit to our dam site is
Log Pearson type III.
F/ Log Pearson type III distribution

The distribution is suitable for both annual non-extreme series and the extreme flood
frequency analysis. In this method, the flow values in the record are first converted to
the logarithmic form of base ten. Step wise the procedure is as follows:
1. List the discharges vertically in descending order
2. Obtain a log of the discharges and list them in another column
3. Determine the skewness, from the following equation:
∑( )
=
( )( )
Where N= number of records

∑( )
= standard deviation, = ( )
4. Obtain the frequency factor, K from table (Rozgar Baban, Design of diversion head
works)
5. For the selected value of , the design flood is calculated by:
log Q = +
Q =antilog (log Q )
Parameters used in Log Their Value

Pearson type III distribution
0.268
0.1154
K 2.411
Q 33.45(m3/sec)
3.6.4 Goodness of Fit Test
The test uses the correlation r between the ordered observations X (i) and the
corresponding fitted quantities Wi = G -1 (1-qi), determined by plotting position qi for each
X(i). Values of r near 1 suggested that the observation could have drawn from the fitted
distribution. Essentially, r measures the linearity of the probability plot, providing a
quantitative assessment of fit. If x denotes the average value of the fitted quantiles.
Then,
 X i 
 X W W i 
 X  X  *  W  W  
r=
2 2 0 .5
i i
r=0.9046
Different plotting position attempt to achieve almost quantile unbiasedeness for different
distribution; many can be written as-
( )
=( )
( )
For Log Pearson type III distribution =3 8, then =( )

Goodness of fit test

120
100
80
Discharge
60
Qactual
40 Qcomputed
20
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fig 3.2 Goodness of fit test
3.7 Flow Duration Curve

Flow duration curves are plotted using the average monthly values of the flow. Two
different methods are used 1) total period method and 2) calendar year method
3.7.1 The Calendar Year Method

In this method, average monthly values are first arranged in ascending order. These
average values are then used for plotting flow duration curve. Such a curve has only
twelve points.
3.7.2 The Total Period Method

In this method, the entire available record is used for drawing the flow duration curve.
Thus, the 23 years record would produce 23x12 values of monthly average flows.
These are first tabulated in ascending order. The resulting flow duration curve would
then draw with help of 23x12 values.
Due to total year method incorporates all the flow records; it gives more accurate result
than the calendar year method. Thus, it is used to plot flow duration curve for this project
using Weibull formula.
i.e. =( ∗ 100…………………………………………..
)
Where, m= is the order of the discharge

P= percentage probability of the flow magnitude being equaled or exceeded.
N= number of data points that are used in the listing.
From the flow duration curve the conventional discharges that are obtained for some
percentage of excedence are , , .
Where,
– Minimum flow available for 100% of time, which is used for the computation of
minimum potential power (firm power)
– Small potential power computed from the flow available for 95% of time
– Median potential power is computed from the flow available for 50% of time
- Mean potential power is computed from the average of mean yearly flow for period
10 – 30 year.
Depending on the Flow Duration Curve analysis, the conventional discharge values are
tabulated as follows:-
Conventional Discharge Value From FDC(m3/sec)
0.095
0.350
1.421

FLOW DURATION CURVE

7
4
Discharge in cumecs
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percentage of exceedence
Fig 3.3 Flow duration curve
3.8 Water Law and Design Flow

Water Law is a system of law that has developed to determine who has the right to
water when shortages occur. An uncontrolled abstraction of water from watercourse
results in series damage to aquatic biota, flora and fauna of the ecosystem. To avoid
this certain residual flow (compensation flow) should remain to downstream users.
The Hare River mostly uses for irrigation, home use and for drinking cattle’s in the area.
As a solution for this case, the Hare River Hydropower Project is reserved some amount
of water for aquatic biota in the river and water which returns to stream through tail race
will be used for other purpose like irrigation ,home uses etc.
Design flow for hydropower project is a flow that hits the turbine for generation of power.
When someone aims to fix design flow, he/she should have to fulfill water law.
Design flow chosen for a hydropower scheme is depending on the type of power
generated. This means whether it is firm or peak power etc

4. RESERVOIR PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF THE PLANT
4.1 General
River flow rate may vary considerable during different periods of a year. It may carry
little or no water during in a drought year and carry a large amount of water after heavy
rains. This heavy rain may cause flood hazard along the riverbanks or outside. During
extremely low flows, it may not possible to meet the demand of different consumers of
water by directly drawing from a river.
To alleviate this problem reservoir or artificial lake are created by constructing a dam
across the river which can retain the excess water during period of high flows for use in
the period of low flows on the drought season. In addition, for conserving water for latter
use, the storage of floodwater may also reduce flood damage in the downstream of the
reservoir.
4.2 Site Assessment

A satisfactory site for hydropower plant must fulfill certain functional and technical
requirements. Functional suitability of a site is governed by the balance b/n its nature
physical characteristics and the propose of the (attachment hydrology, available head,
discharge etc.) must be matched to operational parameter set by nature and scale of
the project served. Technical acceptability is directly by the presence of satisfactory
sites for plant components and availability of construction material.
During site assessment a hydropower development engineer should look for
Geological condition of the area

Topographic condition of the area
Availability of construction material.
Accessibility of the site
Geological study
Geological investigation of water power structure site selected for detailed evaluation is
directed to determination of geological structure, faulting jointing and to establishing
ground and ground water condition adjacent to selected site.
Topography
During topographic study, suitable land escape for different components of hydropower
plant should be studied. The suitable land escape for different structures varies. For
example weir or dams requires narrow valley with sound at the abutment and
foundation.

Availability of construction material

Selected quarry site should contain enough volume of construction material within
acceptable distance from construction area.
Accessibility of the site

The selected site should be fully accessible for transportation of different construction
material and for construction.
4.3 Alternative Layout for Hydropower Development on Hare River

Various possibilities exist for the general layout of hydro scheme. The layout of
hydropower scheme should be done in order to have optimum layout and which gives
minimum cost for implementation, maintenance and operation.
Based on our field visit and topographic map of the area we have selected two possible
alternative sites for locating the main components of Hare River mini hydropower plant
such as dam, conveyance systems and powerhouse.
Alternative I
The main criteria comparing this alternative are:
 Head and discharge

 Suitability of the site for weir, conveyance system and powerhouse
 Accessibility of the site
 Economic condition
 Power generation capacity
Based on the above criteria’s the possible alternative sites are discussed as follow.
Alternative II
Alternative I
It is located at 6o05’ latitude and
This site is located at 37o34’ longitude
37o35’longitude.
and 6o07’ latitude.
The proposed power plant components
The proposed power plant components
for this site are-
for this site are
 Diversion weir
 Rock fill dam for storage
 Canal for water conveyance
 Canal for conveyance system
 Underground powerhouse
 Surface powerhouse

Table 4. 1: Comparison of alternatives
S Main criteria Alternative I Alternative II Remark

No. for
comparison
1 Head Hence, change in Due to the flatness of Higher head is
elevation between dam the area between weir obtained from
and powerhouse is and powerhouse site, site I
high, the available head the available head for
is also high. power generation is
-Numerically=70m small.
-Numerically H=20m
2 Discharge Enough discharge is Relatively discharge The discharge
available at the river for at this site is higher variation
storage purpose due to the entrance of between the
some tributaries site is not
significant
3 Suitability of -Narrow valley Hence this site is wide Relatively site I
the site for observed at this site it is not suitable for is suitable for
dam and creates suitability for dam. construction of
other dam construction. But it is suitable for storage dam
components -Also this it is suitable diversion weir and and other
of power for construction of other other components components of
plant component of the power plants
power plant.
4 Site for Suitable for storage Not suitable Site I is more
storage suitable for
storage due to
the availability
of narrow
valley
5 Accessibility Accessible Accessible -
of the site
6 Power -Hence there is Low head and The required
sufficient head and unsuitability for power can be
discharge required storage creates obtained from
power can be obtained difficulty in generating site I
required power

7 Economy Rock fill dam Available construction Economically

construction is cost materials are available site I is
effective because there for construction of feasible.
is availability of diversion weir.
construction materials However, the
at the site. proposed canal is long
and the powerhouse
is underground to get
sufficient head. This
makes it costly.
Photo by the group during site visit

4.4 Types and Storage zone of Reservoir
4.4.1General
Availability of water in Equator area like Ethiopia is highly uneven both in space and in
time. To meet the demand of water at the location of water resource project arising out
of the variability of the resource, storage reservoir provide the only viable alternative.
The variation of discharge in the river is common during different period of the year. In
rainy season there is excess flow down the valley in the river .When a barrier is
constructed across some river in the form of a dam water gets stored on the upstream
on side of the barrier forming a pool of water generally called a dam reservoir .The
stored water meets the demand in dry periods
A rock fill dam is built across a Hare river to reserve sufficient water behind it so that
water can supplement the various demands (power generation) during lean seasons.
4.4.2 Type of Reservoir

Depending up on the purpose served by given reservoir the reservoir may be classified
in the following four categories.
1. Storage or conservation reservoir

2. Flood control reservoir
3. Multipurpose reservoir
4. Distribution reservoir
1. Storage or conservation reservoir
A city water supply, irrigation water supply or a hydroelectric project drawing water
directly from river or stream may fail to satisfy the consumer demand during extremely
low flows, while during high flows it may become difficult to carry out their operations
due to devastating floods. Storage or a conservation reservoir can retains such excess
supplies during period of peak flows and can release gradually during low flows.
2. Flood control reservoir
A flood control reservoir, generally called a flood mitigation reservoir stores a portion of
flood flows in such away to minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be protected
downstream. To accomplish this entire inflow entering the reservoir is discharged until
the out flow reaches safe capacity and the channel downstream. The inflow in excess of
this rate is stored in the reservoir, which is then gradually released, to recover the
storage capacity for the next flood.

3. Multipurpose reservoir
A reservoir planned and constructed to serve not only one purpose but also various
purposes together is called a multipurpose reservoir. This type of reservoir can be
designed to protect the downstream areas from floods and to conserve water for water
supply, irrigation, industrial needs, hydroelectric purposes etc.
4. Distribution reservoir
A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir constructed within a city water supply
system. Such a reservoir can be filled by pumping water at certain rate and can be used
to supply water even at rates higher than the inflow rate during periods of maximum
demand(critical period of demand).
4.4.3 Storage Zone of Reservoir

The various zone of storage in a reservoir are
a. Normal pool level:
It is the maximum elevation, to which the reservoir water surface will rise during normal
operating condition.
b. Minimum pool level:
The lowest water surface elevation, which has to be kept under normal operating
condition in a reservoir
c. Surcharge storage:
This is the storage between full reservoir level and maximum water level.
d. Dead storage (low water level):
It is the minimum reservoir level below which, water is not allowed to be drawn for
conservation purposes. This also represents a level below which the silt carried by the
river is expected to be deposited. Dead storage is generally taken as 10 to 25 % of the
gross storage.
e. Live storage:
It is also known as the useful or conservation storage of a reservoir and it is the

difference between the storages at full reservoir level and dead storage level
f. Bank storage:
It is the storage of water in the permeable reservoir banks.
g. Full reservoir level (FRL):
It is the level of spillway crest (for un gated spillway) or the top of spillway gate (for
gatedspillway) to which the reservoir is usually filled.
h. Maximum water level (MWL):
It is the new elevation to which, water in the reservoir rises when design flood impinges
at full reservoir level.
4.5 Physical Characteristics of Reservoir
4.5.1 Area-Elevation-Capacity relation ship

 The area inclosed within each contour can be measured by tracing the contour
on a millimetre paper and by counting the area inclosed within the contour.
 Storage at any level is calculated from area-elevation relation ship.
The storage capacity is computed using one of the following ways;
1. Trapezoidal formula (simple average formula)
V = (A1+ A2)
2. Simpson’s rule
V = (A1+4 A2+ A3)
Where A1, A2, and A3 are areas of succeeding controls
Δh – is the vertical distance between two alternative contours
3. Cone formula
∆V1 = (A1+A2+ A1 * A2 )
V=Σ∆v
4.Integration technique
Integratining area elevation curvve yilds capasity elevation curve. The surveyed area at
large contour interval may be plotted on a simple graph paper and smooth curve i.e area-

elevation curve is drawn. The equation of this curve is now obtained by statistical
method, which can be integrated to obtain the equation of the capasity-elevation curve.
The equation of the area elevation curve, will generally of the form
A=a+bh+ch2+dh3+....................+mh n-1
Where A – area at any elevation h
a,b,c,d............m – constants
n – number of contours
h – diffeernce between required contour and datum
For this project integration technique is selected.Becouse,this method gives better result
with minimum error for contous at large contour interval when compared to other
methods.
4.5.3 Area-Capacity-Elevation Curve

The important physical characteristics of a reservoir are its storage capacity. The
capacity of the reservoir is determined from the contour map of the reservoir area on the
selected site; the water spread of the reservoir at any elevation is determined by
measuring the area at the contour by a planImetre.
Area - Elevation - Capacity curve

3 -50
2.5 0
2 50
1.5 100
1 150
0.5 200
0 250
1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500
-0.5 300
Area-Elevation Capacity-Elevation
Fig 4.1 Area-Capacity-Elevation Curves

4.6 Reservoir Storage Capacity
4.6.1 Live storage

Storage is the amount of water that has to be stored to balance the supply demand
variation. It depends on the rate of inflow, outflow and losses. The inflow and out flow
values are to be determined.
The demand for this project is determined from the total power demand, which is
calculated in chapter two. Out flow includes: water released for downstream
requirement, loss as evaporation, seepage and water required to generate the required
power. The demand for power generation is a flow corresponding to 75%exceedence
Different methods are available to determine the live storage for a given demand and in
flow. The two most widely methods are:-
1. Mass curve
2. Sequent peak algorithm
In this project mass curve technique is applied.
The flow mass curve is a plot of the commutative discharge volume against time plotted
in chronological order. It is also known as ripple’s mass curve. The abscissa of mass
curve is chronological time in days, weeks, or months depending on the data being
analyzed. Whereas,the ordinate is in units of volume in Mm 3, m3/s*day (cumec* day),
ha*m and ha*cm over a catchments area.
In the mass curve procedure, two important assumptions are made;
1. The reservoir is full at the beginning of the critical draw down period.
2. As the analysis utilizes historical stream flow data, it is implicit that future sequence
of inflow will not contain a more severe draught than the historical sequence.
Steps to find the storage capacity of a reservoir from the mass curve
i) For the proposed dam site, construct a mass curve of cumulative curve of the
historical stream flows by taking three consecutive dry years.
ii) Superimposed on the mass curve the cumulative draft line for the reservoir such
that it is tangential to each lump of the mass inflow curve.
iii) Measure the largest intercept between the mass inflow curve and the cumulative
draft line. This gives the storage capacity desired.

The live storage for this project from mass curve analysis is 5.3088031Mm3
35
30
25
20
Cumulative Inflow
15
Cumulative Demand
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fig.4.2 Mass curve and demand curve
4.6.2 Reservoir yield

The most important aspect of storage reservoir design analysis of relation between yield
capacity. Yield is the amount of water, which can be supplied from the reservoir in
specified interval of time. Yield is depend up on inflow and will vary from year to year.
The safe, or the firm, yield is the maximum quantity of water, which can be guaranteed
during a critical dry period. From mass curve 0.9293m 3/s is uniform rate of flow during
dry period. Thus we can conclude that maximum possible yield is equal to 22.01m 3/s
4.6.3 Reservoir Sedimentation
4.6.3.1 General
Sediment is the fragmental earth materials eroded, transported and deposited
elsewhere naturally by agent like air and water. Sediment transport is a natural process
and therefore, it can not be stopped completely.
Transportation of sediment by flowing water and their deposition in the reservoirs

depend on flow condition, sediment composition and their interaction with each other.
When river water enters a reservoir, the velocity decreases because of the increased
cores sectional area through which it passes. Reservoir water is usually less turbid than
inflowing stream water. The two fluids have different densities. The river water is usually
cooler than reservoir water. Due to these factors, the heavy river water flows along the
bottom of the reservoir towards the dam under influence of gravity. Thus a stratified flow

condition is developed. This water reaches the dam and then rises vertically along the
wall of the dam. In the process, mixing also take place between the reservoir and river
water and part of turbid water spills over the dam. With time the sediment usually settles
at the bottom of the reservoir
Sedimentation of a reservoir reduces the storage capacity and it was the primary
problems to be dealt with in the 21st century. The final destiny of a reservoir as to be
filled with sediment, if the sediment inflow is large compared with the reservoir capacity;
the useful life of the reservoir may be varying short.
4.6.3.2 Estimation of total sediment

To compute sediment load that will enter the reservoir throughout its life one of the
following things should at least known,
 Rate of silting
 Relation between stream flow and suspended sediment load
 Total sediment transport in the catchment
 Bed load or suspended sediment load volume etc
However, for the case of Hare River none of the above data is recorded. Therefore, we
are going to take assumptions depending on different literatures and our field visit.
According to some literatures
Dead storage=rate of silting * life of the reservoir
Dead storage=full supply level of off taking canal
Dead storage= (15%-25%) (Live storage)
Assume dead storage is 25% of live storage,
Dead storage= (25%) (5.3088031Mm3)=1.3272008Mm3
Dead storage + Live storage=1.3272008+5.3088031=6.6360039Mm3
The area corresponding to this storage is 0.307499km2
4.6.3.3 Reservoir sedimentation control

In order to increase the life of the reservoir, it is necessary to control the deposition of
sediment. The various methods, which are adopted to control the deposition of
sediment in reservoir, are as follows:

a) Selection of dam site: - The silting depends upon the amount of erosion from the
catchments. If the catchment is less eroding able, the silting will less. Then the silting
can be reduced by choosing the reservoir site in such away as to exclude the runoff
from the easily erodible catchments.
b) Construction of check dams:-The sediment inflow can be controlled by building

check dams across the river stream contributing much sediment load.
c) Construction of under sluice in the dam:-The dam is provided with openings in its
bed, so as to remove the more silted water on downstream side.
d) Reservoir design:-The rate of sedimentation is less for reservoir of small capacity

having large inflow rate than that of reservoir of large capacity. On the same area
because capacity inflow rate is small for small capacity reservoir.
e) Erosion control in the catchments:-The erosion in the catchments area may be

controlled by the use of methods of soil conservation such as: forestation, controlling of
grazing, and provision of control bunds. The methods of soil conservation are quite
effective in the control of sedimentation of reservoir but, they are costly and show
appreciable result only after.
4.6.4 Reservoir Evaporation

Where there is a reservoir involved in a hydropower development there is need to
assess the effect of evaporation loss from the reservoir surface. This loss in warmer
climate is considerable. The amount of water evaporated from a water surface is
estimated by the following methods:
i. Measurement using evaporation pan

ii. Empirical evaporation equation
iii. Analytical method
iv. Penman’s equation
Among the above equations, penman’s equation is applied to compute the potential
evapotranspiration from the water surface of Hare hydropower plant reservoir. This
equation is based on sound theoretical reasoning and is obtained by combination of the
energy balance and mass transfer approach.
According to him, PET=
Where, PET =daily potential evapotraspiration in mm/day

=net radiation of in mm of evaporable water per day
A=Slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs. temperature
= psychometric constant =0.49mm of mercury/C o
The net incident solar radiation is estimated by the following equation:
Hn =Ha (1-r) (a+b )- Ta4 (0.56-0.092 )(0.1+0.9 )
Where, a, b =constant a = 0.29cos(latitude)=0.288 and b= 0.52
n = actual duration of bright sunshine in hours
N =maximum possible hour of bright sunshine
r =0.05 for water surface
= Stefan Boltzman constant = 2.01* 10 -9
Ta = 273+oC=mean air temperature in Kelvins estimated by
The parameter including wind velocity and saturation deficit, Ea is estimated as
Ea =0.35(1+ ) (ew-ea)
Since the volume and the surface area of water in the reservoir is not constant, two-third
of maximum, area is assumed as a mean and net evaporation volume is estimated.
Hence, A mean=( ) (A maximum)
2
A mean== (0.307499) = 0.2049993km
Therefore, the evaporation volume is computed as,
V evaporation= (A mean) (net evaporation depth)
V evaporation= (0.2049993km2) (1.96458) =0.40273745Mm3
Finally, the total storage becomes,
Total storage= Dead storage + Live storage + V evaporation
Total storage =1.3272008+5.3088031+0.40273745

Total storage=7.03874135Mm3
Elevation=1320.1217m (NPL)
4.7 Life of Reservoir
4.7.1 Useful Life of Reservoir

It is the period of a reservoir in years from its constructed till the time it can serve to its
design commitments without any assistance from a new reservoir. The useful life of a
reservoir depends on the rate of silting. As the concentration of sediment deposition in a
reservoir increases, the life of the reservoir becomes short. Then a stage will reach that
the reservoir area not able to serve for its intended purpose. When 20% of the designed
capacity of a reservoir is reduced, we can assume that the useful life of the reservoir is
over.
4.7.2 Economic Life

When the economic returns from a reservoir from its various purposes like flood control,
irrigation, power generation, municipal and other water supplies are no more beneficial
with respect to its service requirements, then we say that the economic life of the
reservoir is over.

5. FLOOD ROUTING
5.1 General
Flood routing is the method of determining the flood hydrograph at a section of a river by
utilizing the data of flood flow at one or more upstream sections.
The hydrologic analysis of problems such as flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir
design and spillway design invariably include flood routing. In these applications two
broad categories of routing can be recognized.
This are-
1. Reservoir routing
2. Channel routing
5.2 Reservoir Routing

Reservoir routing is a process of computing water level in the reservoir and out flow
rates corresponding to a particular inflow hydrograph at various instant of time. It is
carried out to determine the maximum water level and the corresponding out flow rates
when the maximum flow passes over the spillway. The maximum water level is required
for fixing the height of the dam while the maximum out flow rate is required for the
design of spillway.
The equation of continuity used in all hydrologic routing is the primary equation. This
states that the difference between inflow & out flow rate is equal to the rate of change of
storage
i.e.
I – Q=∆S/∆t Where: - I=inflow
Q=outflow
∆S=change in storage
∆t =change in time
For a reservoir routing, the following data have to be known:
1. Storage volume vs. Elevation for the reservoir.

2. Water surface elevation Vs out flow and hence storage Vs outflow
3. Inflow hydrograph, I= I(t) and

4. Initial value of S, I, and Q at time t=0
5.3 Inflow Hydrograph

Inflow hydrograph is the curve of inflow Vs time. It is determined by using measured
hourly data or synthetic hydrograph.
To develop inflow hydrograph to a catchment, detail information about the rainfall and the
resulting flood hydrograph are needed. However, mostly seen information would not be
available, therefore to construct unit hydrograph for some area, empirical equation of
regional validity that relate the hydrograph characteristics are available. Unit hydrographs
derived from such relationship is known as synthetic unit hydrograph.
In order to develop synthetic unit hydrograph the equation which was first developed by
Synder and modified by Linsley et al. is used for computing the lag time(tp) to peak of the
inflow hydrograph.
= ( )n
√
Where; L =is the basin length measured along the water course from basin dived
gauging station in mile.
Lc=distance along the main water course from gauging station to a point
opposite to the water shed centroid in mile
S=basin slope
Ct=coefficient depending on basin characteristics
n =basin constant
For Hare River we have,
Ct=1.2 L=11.438mile Lc=5.913mile S=0.0455m/m

. .
=(1.2)( )0.38
√ .
=10.706hr
The duration of effective rainfall, is computed by-

.
= = =1.946hr
. .
=2hr
The modified basin lag is given by

.
= + =10.706+ =10.72h
Therefore, the time to peak, is obtained as
= + = 10.72 + =11.72hr
Say = 12hr
There are several methods to develop synthetic unit hydrograph. Among the methods,
Dimension less unit hydrograph method approach is the most widely used one.
The computation is made depending on the dimensionless unit hydrograph developed

by US department of soil conservation service (SCS), which is the result of an analysis
of a large number of natural UH’s obtained from different geological locations of varying
size. The plotting position of the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph are expressed as
the ratios, i.e., the ordinate is the discharge expressed a ratio to the peak discharge
(Q/Qp) and the abscissa is the time expressed as a ratio of time to peak (t/t pk). The
inflow hydrograph is obtained by multiplying QP and tpk with the ratio given by US- SCS
and it is shown at annex
Table 5. 1: The coordinate of dimensionless unit hydrograph
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0. 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
6
0 0.01 0.07 0.1 0.2 0.4 0. 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7
5 5 6 8 3 6 7 9 7 8 2 4 5
1.5 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.0
6 6 2 2 4 8 3 8 5 6 8 9 4

INFLOW HYDROGRAPH
40
35
FLOW (m3/sec)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME(hr)
Fig 5.1 Inflow hydrograph
5.4 Out Flow Hydrograph

The hydrograph of flood entering a reservoir will change in shape as it emerged out of
the reservoir. This is due to temporary storage. Hydrograph which is modified by a
reservoir when a particular flood passes through it and used to determine the maximum
rise in the water surface of the reservoir and the maximum discharge over spillway crest
is called out flow hydrograph.
Therefore, the outflow discharge is computed by considering the over fall spill out of
water. That means
Q = C*L*H 1.5
Where C = coefficient of discharge
L = effective length of the weir crest in meter.
H = measured head above the crest in meter.
For this particular project C=2.2
In the determination of the spillway length 10m, 12m, and 15m are taken for the
comparison. When the length of the spillway decreases the height of the outflow above
the spillway, will increases. It results in increasing the dam height, which in turn
increases the dam cost. On the other hand, when the length of the spillway increases it
will make the design of the spillway more costly.

Taking in to account all the above advantage and disadvantage, 10m effective length of
the spillway is taken.
5.5 Methods of Reservoir Routing

There are different techniques that are used in the determination of reservoir routing like
a. Trial And Error,

b. Modified Pull’s Method, and
c. Good rich Method.
From these equations, the trial and error method is adopted as it is widely used with the
help of spreadsheet.
The equation of continuity used in all the hydrograph routing methods, as the primary
equation, states that the difference between the inflow equation and outflow rate is
equal to the rate of change of storage.
Mathematically, this can be written as shown below:
I –Q= ∆S/∆t
But,
Q1  Q2 I1  I 2
Qavg  , I avg  and S  S2  S1
2 2
The above equation can therefore be written as:
 I  I2   Q  Q2 
t  1   t  1   S 2  S1
 2   2 
Rearranging the above equation gives
 I  I 2   S1 Q1   S 2 Q2 
 1      
 2   t 2   t 2 
Storage is determined by assuming a constant increase in height for the horizontal

surface area (normal pool level) at the top, which is assumed in the routing technique.
Therefore, S=A.H
Where A= the surface area at normal pool level=0.3242835km2

H= head of water measured above the crest (normal pool level).
The routing process is done with the help of spreadsheet application by using goal seek
and the whole calculation is shown at annex.
5.6 Inflow and Out Flow Curve
INFLOW-OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH
40
35
30
25
FLOE(m3/sec)
20
INFLOW
15
OUTFLOW
10
5
0
-5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME(hr)
Fig 5.2Inflow- Outflow Hydrograph
From the inflow-outflow hydrograph the maximum discharge over spillway corresponds
to the point on a curve at which the inflow hydrograph crosses the peak of outflow
hydrograph. Hence, the maximum discharge over the spillway Qmax =32.515m3/s and
the corresponding height is 1.15m. Therefore, for the design of spillway
Qmax=32.515m3/s at an elevation of (1.15+1320.1217)=1321.2717m a.s.l

6. DAM CONSTRUCTION
6.1 General
Dam is a solid barrier generally impervious in nature constructed at the narrow out let of
a catchment area or in a valley. They can be constructed of earth, steel, timber rock or
from solid masonry concrete. It holds up the flow of water to raise the water level to a
fixed level to form a reservoir on the upstream side.
Dam serves for two purposes:
 It retains water to create an impounding reservoir
 It passes the water over or through it when it is required or when the water is surplus
6.2 Types of dam

Based on the type of construction material dam can be
 Embankment dam (Earth fill and rock fill) and

 solid masonry dam
Based on the purpose for which they are constructed
 Storage dam
 Diversion and detention dam
Based on the hydraulic design a dam can be
 An over flow type and

 Non over flow type
6.3 Factors governing selection of dam type

For a particular project two or three types of dam may be technically feasible but only
one of them will be the most economical. Therefore, while designing a dam we have to
consider the following points:-
6.3.1 Topography and valley shape

The choice of the type of dam for a particular site depends largely on the topography
and valley shape
General guideline for the selection of dam type
 If the valley is narrow or V-shaped and has sound rock in a bed

and abutment an arch dam is the most suitable type of dam.

 If the valley is moderately wide, U-shaped and has sound rock

bed a gravity dam or buttress dam may be quite suitable.
 For low rolling plan, country with wide valley and an alluvial soil
or boulders in the bed an earth or rock fill dam is preferable.
6.3.2 Geology and foundation condition

A dam is a very big structure that needs load acting on the dam including its own
weight are ultimately transferred to the foundation and abutment
Therefore, a thorough deal about the site for bearing capacity should be made and you
have to check whether fault fissured materials or permeable rock present or not.
If the solid rock foundation is granite or gneiss, we can construct any type of dam.
Otherwise, for the foundation such as gravel, which is unable to carry the weight of high
concrete gravity dam and silt or fine sand foundation, which have high seepage problem
the construction should precede after an appropriate treatment is made.
6.3.3 Availability of construction material

The most economic type of dam will be the one for which the construction materials are
found in a sufficient quantity in the dam site within a reasonable distance from the site.
Therefore the type of dam to be selected is the one for which the required construction
material is in the vicinity of the project site as it reduces the total cost of project by
reducing transportation expense ,human labor and time.
6.3.4 Spill way size and location

The size of spill way depends on the magnitude of flood to be discharged.
Therefore, spill way is much more important on streams with large flood potential than
the type of dam to be considered.
In addition to this adoption to the purpose of the dam supposed to serve, economy and
safety the best dam for the given site will be selected.
6.4 Dam site selection for Hare River

For this particular project, because of the fact that the valley shape is wide and the
foundation condition is a gravel soil, which is highly permeable, an embankment type of
dam is selected.

In addition to this since the materials required for the construction of the dam is at the
reasonable distance from the dam site it will reduce the transportation cost. In other
ways while using those naturally existing materials (rocks), the cost of concrete will
decrease which gives rise to our economy. The area is affected by seismic wave; an
embankment type of dam is the most suitable for the site.
In general, considering the above reasons and others like safety, suitable site for
locating the spillway, rock fill type of dam with suitable cut off to reduce seepage loss is
selected.
6.5 Types of rock fill dam

Depending on the location of membrane, we may classify a rock fill dam in to three
groups.
i. Central core
ii. Sloping core
iii. Upstream membrane or decked
In the central core, the dam is provided with a central impervious core covered by
comparatively pervious transition zone, which is finally surrounded by much more
pervious outer zone. The central core checks the seepage, the transition zone prevent
piping though the cracks which develop in the core while the outer core gives stability
to the central impervious and distribute a load over a large area of foundation .this type
of dam is widely constructed if the pervious central core is sufficiently available. Clay
soil is impervious but do not make the best core because it shrinks and swell too much.
Therefore, it has to be mixed with a fine sand or fine gravel for the best impervious
central core.
In sloping core, the type of core of the dam will remain with the same criteria as a
central core but if the core will be rearranged at an angle for the better stability of core
material. In other words, the central and sloping core is internal membranes used to
increase the maximum contact pressure with the foundation.
In the case of using an upstream membrane, it is recommended that it will be

constructed of concrete or asphalt at upstream face with reinforced concrete.
For Hare River, an upstream membrane with reinforced concrete facing is selected,
because, the membrane has the following advantage

 The membranes can be constructed after completion of the rock fill

section.
 It is relatively easy to raise the dam height after some times (later on).
 The external membrane is simple for inspection and repair than central
core.
 Foundation grouting can be performed simultaneously with rock fill
placement.
 A large portion of the dam is available for stability against sliding.
 Membrane can be used as slope protectio
6.6 Dam design

The most important element in a section of concrete facing rock fill dam is the free
board.
A. Free board:-it is a vertical distance between the maximum reservoir level of the
top of the dam the free board has several components.
 Rise in reservoir level due to flood routing
 Seiche effect
 Wind set up of the water
 Wave action
 Run up of waves on the dam
The last four components are of the considered as the free board
Seiche:-it is a periodic undulation of reservoir. It is assumed maximum of 0.5m high in

some large dam. However, usually ignored particularly in medium size reservoir. For
this particular project, it is taken to be 0.25.
Wind set up-this height of water filled up due to the blowing wind. It can be calculated by
Zuider Zee equation.
= /
Where U-wind speed 40km/hr(assumed)
K-constant=62000
F-fetch length=Θ-angle of wind to fetch=0(assumed)
Dr-depth of reservoir=51.3217 and S-wind set up
∗ .
= = 0.000655
∗ .

Wave height computation
/
= 0.032√ + 0.763 − 0.271( ) , for F≤32km =0.032√40 ∗ 1.30208 + 0.763 −
/
0.271(1.30208) = 0.664
Minimum wave action =1.5 ∗
=1.5 ∗ 0.664 = 0.996
Wave run up:-the maximum height attained by a wave running up a dam face referred
to steady level without wind action. It primarily depends up on the wave height, depth in
front of the dam geometry and material of the upstream face of the dam approach
condition in the reservoir.
. . ∗ .
Wave run up=0.75 ∗ +( )
= 0.75 ∗ 0.664 + ( )
= 0.9056
∗ .
Free board excluding settlement
= 0.25 + 0.000655 + 0.996 + 0.9056 = 2.1523
From flood routing computation height due to flood above NPL is
= −
= 1321.4007 − 1320.1217 = 1.279
Dam height includes the heights up to NPL, routed height, free board and allowance for
settlement.
Dam height excluding settlement= 51.3217 + 2.1523 + 1.279 = 54.753
I. Settlement calculation
Rock fill settlement is associated with particle crashing and is greatly increased by
saturation it can therefore be calculated design construction operation. The construction
settlement at crest level is given by
Where H-total dam height

/
= 0.001 ∗ 54.753 = 0.40513

( )
Where α-constant between (0.2-0.5)
Take α=0.2 for small dam series settlement in an embankment dam is low
t2- design life of dam=20yr
-time of construction=2yr
. ( ) .
. . .
Total height of the dam= = 54.753 + 0.60513 = 55.358
For design purpose take = 56
Top width;-the top width of an embankment dam should be sufficient to keep the
phreatic line with in the dam when the reservoir is full. It should also be sufficient to with
stand earthquake shock and wave action.
The top width (T) of the embankment the dam can be selected as per the following
recommendation.
= + 3 For very low dams
= 0.55√ + 0.2 For dams lower than 30 meters

/
= 1.65( + 1.5) For dams higher than 30 meters
Where H is the height of the dam, H=56
T is the minimum top width

/
Hence, for this particular project the minimum top width will be:- = 1.65( + 1.5)
/
= 1.65(56 + 1.5) = 6.368
Take T=7m

6.7 Embankment design
6.7.1Embankment section
The upstream and downstream slopes of the dam will depend on the type of impervious
membrane and its location. Rock fills dams in which the membrane is placed on the
upstream face, the dam usually have upstream slope ranging from 1.3 to 1.7:1 with
downstream slopes approximating the natural slope of the rock.
6.7.2 Seismic design consideration

It is the general opinion of many designers that the use of large downstream zones of
quarry rock compacted in thin layer provides maximum stability against seismic wave
and the maximum resistance to the flow of large quantities of water through the dam
section should create cracking.
Thus it is recommended where seismic activity is expected decked rock fill dam
containing large dam stream slope of the decked fill be flattened to a slope of 1.7 to1 in
all case.
For Hare River considering the fact that, the African Great Rift Valley passes through
the area and there is active seismic wave an upstream slope of 1.3:1 and the
downstream slope of 1.7:1is adopted.
The interior section of the decked rock fill dam can be divided in to three zones and
described as
Zone A -Well graded, smaller sized rock and gravel; used to provide bedding for the
upstream membrane and to retard extreme water losses should the membrane crack
Zone B-rock of lesser quality than zone C, such as excavated material from the spillway
used to minimize to total dam costs.
Zone C- The larger downstream zone of the dam, consisting of the best quality, larger
size, compacted rock, and this zone provides high stability to the section.
6.7.3 Placing of rock fill material

During construction of rock fill dam, limiting settlement to an acceptable limit is the
critical one. Joint separation with Subsequent water loss through the whole dam body is
the result of excessive settlement that may ruptures the upstream membrane. For rock
fill dam with upstream concrete facing, the embankment should be preferably before
construction of the upstream membrane is begun. In such away, the probability of series
membrane cracking is reduced by allowing initial settlement to take place.

In addition, the settlement of rock material has been correlated with the application of
water. Rock fill material dry and subsequently cured may settle appreciably than others.
Sluicing has long been advocated as a method, which assures that point-to-point
bearing occurs between the larger rock and the finer ones that the finer materials
washed in to the void.
When rock fill materials are placed in thin lifts and compacted there appears to be no
definite proof that shining operations provided a significant reduction in the total
settlement.
Dirty rock will require a greater amount of water to wash away the fine material.
Therefore, case should be taken that an accommodation of mud does not form at the
bottom of the lift due to sluicing sufficient sluicing equipment should be available to add
the maximum rock placing rates. Since its absence may affect the quantity of rock fill
placed.
In a concrete faced rock fill dam the zone a material has been eliminated and only a
leveling course is applied to the face zone B. compaction of the leveling coarse is
performed by drawing a smooth drum vibration roller up the face. The final upstream
surface of zone B may also be finished by pulling the vibratory roller up its face. The
advice of an experienced dam design should be obtained before zone A is eliminated.
6.7.4 Concrete facing membrane

A large number of rock fill dam have been faced with conventionally placed reinforced
concrete than with any other type of impervious membrane. In most cases these facing
have performed well for correctly compacted rock fill embankments with limit of leakage
and miner repair slab thickness and reinforcing requirement have usually been
determined by experiences with the idea of satisfying the following criteria.
 Low permeability
 Sufficient strength to bridge subside area of face
 High resistance to weathering action
 Sufficient flexibility to tolerate small embankment settlement
The recommended slab thickness for facing varies from 20 to 90cm, the concrete to be
used should be dense, durable, weather resistant and of low permeability. For the case
of possibility of settlement by earthquake the slab thickness for the membrane may be
increased
= 0.3 + 0.003
= 0.3 + 0.003 × 51.3217 = 0.456

Say t=0.5
Where t- is thickness of slab
H-reservoir depth
Reinforcement area= 0.005 × (1.3 + 2.5)
= 0.005 × 0.5 × (1.3 × 56 + 2.5) = 0.18825
Use bar diameter = 20
= = × = 314 = 3.14 × 10
0.18825
= = 599.522
3.14 × 10
= 600
.
= ×
= 15.302
Take 15cm spacing c/c
Therefore, provide 600 bars of 20mm diameter at 15cm c/c horizontally

Fig6.1 Dam section

6.8 Stability analysis
Stability against head water pressure

Head water may tend to slide the dam along the base which is resisted by shear
resistance developed at the base. A factor of safety to be computed i.e
∅
=
Where ∅=350 to 400, take ∅=350
The force tending to cause sliding of the dam is the horizontal component of water head
pressure.
= = 0.5 × 9810 × 56 = 15.382 /
= G=Average specific weight of rock fills =2.87

∅
=
1
2.89 × 9810 × 2 × [ + ] tan ∅
2.89 × 9810 ×
1
2.89 × 9810 × 2 × [7 + 175]56 tan 35
= = 6.531 > 2
0.5 × 9810 × 56
Therefore, the dam is safe against head water pressure
Shear safety

The shear safety of a horizontal dam section is  tan 
Z
Where  = average shear stress (horizontal)
z = Average overburden pressure of approximately

z =  H/2
 r = average unit weight of the rock (fill material) assume
 r = 20 KN/m3
` = angle of internal friction assume Ǿ = 35 0
h = reservoir depth
 The Horizontal component of water pressure
= 0.5 ℎ = 0.5 × 9810 × 51.3217 = 12.919 /
* The horizontal shear stress is calculated as :-
= , Where B is the bottom width of the dam

=175m
. /
= = 73.8323 /
×
= = 20 × 56 × 0.5 = 560 /
. /
= = 0.1318 ≤ tan 35 = 0.7
/
Therefore, shear failure is not expected
 Sliding Safety
The sliding safety of the entire dam body subjected to deadweight and water pressure
must be checked.
N =Normal force For the dam to be safe against sliding
T= tangential force ≤ tan ∅
=Unit weights of rock fill material
T= Horizontal forces = Horizontal component of water pressure = 12.919MN/m

N=  vertical forces = water weight above + weight of the u/s slope fill material
The vertical component of water pressure is
= = /2
ℎ = 51.3217
m = slope of u/s face= 1.3:1
= 16.795 /
Weight of the rock fill material= ( + )× × 0.5
= 20 × (7 + 175) × 56 × 0.5 = 101.92 /
. .
∑ = + = 118.715 /
= = 0.1088 ≤ tan 35
. /
Therefore, the dam is safe against sliding.
6.9 Foundation treatment

In actual practice, ideal foundation is not commonly available. Even rocky foundation
may have varies defects like cracks, faults, and weak seems.
The foundation of the dam must be strong enough and capable of withstanding the
foundation pressure exerts on it under varies conditions of loading.
The weakness in foundation needs proper treatment could be accomplished by properly

sealing the foundation. The method of sliding depends up on type of structure and
character of foundation. The common methods of sealing are
I. Foundation grouting
II. Provision of cut off
Foundation grouting is a process in which a grout in liquid form is injected in to the soil
or fissured rocky foundation according to foundation served, foundation grouting is
divided in to

a. construction grouting
b. curtain grouting
c. blanket or area grouting
For concrete facing rock dam type of grouting adopted mostly is a curtain type of
grouting because it depends on the treatment to be given to the foundation.
Sufficient treatment should be carried on the foundation to satisfy the following
1. Minimum leakage
2. Prevention of piping
3. Limited settlement
4. Sufficient friction development between abutment and foundation to ensure
sliding stability
6.10 Embankment Cutoff

It is used to prevent seepage under the dam and provide the water tight seal between the
dam membrane and the foundation. To prevent seepage beneath the dam foundation is
usually grouted .Cutoff wall excavated to various depth into bed rock are generally used
to prevent leakage in the upper few feet of the foundation, to facilitate grouting operation,
to provide a water tight seal with the membrane and to take the downward trust of the
membrane. Drainage galleries are so sometime used in conjunction with cutoff to
facilitate later grouting and to determine seepage location and quantities.
A minimum width and depth of 3 feet is recommended for cutoff walls in sound rock,
deeper walls should be in unsound, broken or closely jointed rock.
6.11 Inspection galleries

The water which seep through the body of the dam is collected by means of a system of
galleries provided at varies elevations and inter connected by vertical shafts, besides
inspection purpose it may serve for other purpose along with seepage water.
Generally, galleries are used to-
Intercept and drain the water seeping through the dam.
Provide access to dam the dam interior
 Provide access for grouting when it cannot be done from the face of dam
 Provide space for drilling and grouting foundation.

7. SPILLWAY AND ENERGY DISSIPATER
7.1 General
Spillway is structure constructed at or near the dam site for effective disposal of surplus
water from upstream to downstream of it .A spillway capable of discharging the probable
maximum flood, which cannot contain in the allotted storage, and at diversion dam to
bypass flows exceeding those, which turn to the diversion system.
The spillway must have adequate discharge capacity to pass the maximum flood
downstream without causing any damage to the dam and its appurtenant structures and
it must be hydraulically and structurally safe.
A spillway can be located either within the body of the dam or at one end of it or entirely
away from it as an independent structure.
7.2 Types of Spillway

The spillway can be classified in to different types based on the various criteria as:
1. Classification based on the time when the spillway comes in to operation
 Service (or main) spillways design for frequent use in conveying flood release
from the reservoir to a watercourse downstream from a dam. It designed to pass
the entire flood.
 Auxiliary spillways designed for in frequent use and many sustain limited
damages when used. Some damages of the structure from passage of infrequent
flood are possible. It is provided in conjunction with the main spillway is designed
are expected .the total capacity of the spillway is then equal to the sum of the
capacity of the main and auxiliary spillways.
 Emergency spillways designed to provide a reserve protection against over toping
of a dam intend for use under extreme conditions, such as disoperation or,
malfunction of a service spillway.
2. Classification according to flow through the spillway
 Controlled or gated spillway a controlled spillway is one, which provide with the
gates over the crest to control the out flow from the reservoir. In the controlled
spillway, the full reservoir usually keeps at the top level of the gates. The out flow
from the reservoir can be released the reservoir even when the water levels below
the full reservoir level.
 Uncontrolled (ungated) spillway it can control spillway, the gates are not provided
our not provided over the crest to control the over flow from the reservoir .The full

reservoir level is at crest level of the spillway. The water escapes automatically
when the water level rises above the crest level. Thus, the main advantage of
uncontrolled spillway is that it does not require the gates and the operator and
lifting power to operate the gates besides there is no problem related to the
maintenance and repair of gat
3. Classification based on the prominent features pertaining to the various component of

the spillway
 Free over fall (straight drop) spillway in which water drops freely from the crest of
the weir having downstream face vertical or nearly vertical
 Overflow (ogee spillway) these are by far the most widely adopted .They mainly
used on masonry or concrete structure.
 Chute channel or trough spillway if there is a suitable saddle around the reservoir
rim of along the abutment, such spillways are providing as an independent
structure.
 Side channel spillway the distinguishing characteristics of such spillway is that
the flow after passing over the ogee crest; is carried away by a channel running
essentially parallel to the crest.
 Siphon spillway these types are not to accommodate a large capacity and space
is limited
 Shaft or morning glory spillway a shaft spillway with a funnel shaped inlet is
known morning glory spillway.
 Conduit or tunnel spillway these types have selected if the conditions are not
suited for other types since it is not economical.
7.3 Essential Requirements of the Spillway

In order to satisfy the intended functions spillways fulfill the following essential
requirements:-
 It must be hydraulically and structurally safe.

 It must have adequate discharge capacity.
 It must be so located that the spillway discharge does not erode or undermine
the d/s toe of the dam.
 Surface of the spillway must be erosion resistance to withstand the high scouring
velocities created by the drop from the reservoir to the water.
 It should provide with some device for dissipation of excess energy on the d/s
side of the spillway.
 The spillway discharge should not exceed the safe discharge of the downstream
channel to avoid its flooding.
7.4 Selection of spillway site and types

Selection of spillway layout and location depends on various factors
o type of dam,
o quantity of floodwater to discharge,
o amount of excavation and possibility for is use as construction material or
embankment material,
o stability of foundation and excavation,
o hydraulic condition,
o geological conditions,
o topography of the site and
o Overall economy of the scheme
For this particular project, chute type of spillway is well suited. Because;
o It is the simple for design and construction.

o It is adoptable to any foundation condition
o Its overall economy of is low
Chute spillway essentially requires enough slope to maintain super critical flow, it avoid
unstable flow conditions. Actually, Hare River Hydropower project site is located in high
mountainous zone, which make easy to give slope to maintain supercritical flow .
7.5 Component of chute spillway

Generally, the design of chute spillway consists of the following sections
a. Control structures or a low ogee weir
Since the chute spillway is provided in a flank or a saddle, the height of the spillway or
ogee weir required to be constructed in that flank will be small. Sometimes flat low weir
shall be required depending on the natural level of the bottom of the flank.
If the flank bottom is lower than the natural pool level, an ogee weir shall have to be
constructed up to that level and if flank bottom is at a higher level than the normal pool
level, excavation will have to be done up to that level. In such a case the weir crest is
normally left flat as it shall seldom be economical to excavate the rock just for the
sake of constructing an ogee shape for obtaining high coefficient of discharge.
b. Chute slope

The water spilling over the control structure (ogee weir) and then flow through the chute
channel. The maximum slope of the chute is governed by the condition that supercritical
flow must be maintained.
c. Side wall (Training walls)
The side walls of the chute should such a height that water does not spill over them. A
sufficient freeboard must be provided above the top of the water nape, for obtaining the
top level of the sidewalls .The freeboard is generally given by equation:
Freeboard = 0.61 + 0.04*Vm *d
Where: Vm - mean velocity of water in the chute reach
dm - mean depths of water in the chute reach under consideration.
d. Approach channel
Approach channel of a chute spillway is entrance channel constructed so as to lead the

reservoir water up to the control structure (low ogee weir).It may be constructed in
trapezoidal shape with side slopes 1:1. If any curvature is required it is generally
confined to the entrance it is generally confined to the entrance channel, because the
velocity of flow is low in this channel. The friction head lost in the entrance channel up to
the spillway crest can be calculated by Manning’s formula.
e. Discharge carrier
It is part of the spillway, which leads the water from the control structures to the
downstream rivers. It is generally straight in plan .However, if any curvature is required
to be provided ,its floor should be supper elevated to guide the high velocity flow
around the bend ,thus avoiding filing up of flow towards the outside of the chute.
7.6 Design of chute spillway

Data required for design:-
 Spillway crest level =1320.1217m

 Level of bottom of flank at which the low ogee weir is to be constructed
=1316.3m
 Design discharge =32.515m3/sec
 Downstream tail water level =1270.3
 The spillway length = 3 span of 4mclear width

7.6.1 Design of approach channel

Q=CLeHe3/2
Assume the coefficient of discharge as 2.2 and taking Le as the clear width which equal
to 12m and assuming He is equal with H we get
32.515=2.2*12*H3/2
H3/2=1.23163
H=1.15m
Upstream water level=Crest level + H =1320.122 + 1.15 = 1321.272m asl
Water depth = Upstream water level –Bed level in the flank = 1321.272-
1316.3=4.972m= Y
Assuming the trapezoidal approach channel with 1:1 side slope
 The width of the channel, B= Total length of spillway
B=Clear width + (no. of pier *pier thickness)
B=12+ (2*3) =18m
 Area of the channel, A= (B + Y) Y
A= (18+4.972)*4.972=114.22m2
 Velocity of approach, Va= Q/A

.
Va= =0.285m/s
.
 Velocity head. Ha =
.
Ha= =0.00413m
.
 The wetted perimeter, P=B+2
P=18+2√2(4.972)=32.063m
 The hydraulic radius, R=

.
R= =3.562m
.
Assuming the length of the channel to be 30m;the head loss due to friction upto spillway
crest is given by Manning’s formula as:
o ℎ =
. ∗ . ∗
ℎ = = 0.000162
.
Level of upstream TEL= upstream water level + velocity head- head loss due to friction
Level of upstream TEL=1321.272+0.00413-0.000162=1321.2759m say, 1321.28 masl
Hence, the head over the crest including velocity of approach, He
o = 1321.28 − 1320.122 = 1.158

o And = − = 1.158 − 0.00413 = 1.154
Correction for coefficient of discharge
I. Correction due to height of ogee weir

. . .
 = = = 3.312
. .
.
 = = 1.003
.
The correction coefficient corresponding to the above and values is 1.00625
II. Correction due to upstream slope of 45 o

.
 = = 925.42
.
The correction coefficient will be equal to o.985
The corrected value of discharge coefficient is obtained as
 = 2.2 ∗ 1.00625 ∗ 0.985 = 2.18
Effective length, = − 2[ + ]
= 12 − 2 ∗ [2 ∗ 0.01 + 0.1] ∗ 1.158 = 11.722
The correct head, will then be given by

32.515=2.18*11.722* , solving for gives 1.174m
Hence, the correct = 1.174 − 0.00413 = 1.17
Therefore, the design shall be done for a design head equal of 1.17m
7.6.2 Design of crest profile

I. Design equation for downstream profile
.
 = = 0.00352
.
.
 = = 3.256
.
Hence, lies between 0 and 0.08 and ≥ 1.0, it is possible to use the equation
recommended by WES for downstream profile
. .
 = 1.852 But, =1.174m
.
= 2.099y
.
 y= .
II. Position of downstream apron of spillway
The apron or toe of spillway should be at such an elevation that it does not affect the
coefficient of discharge.
 ℎ + ≥ 1.7
ℎ + ≥ 1.996
Hence, the maximum apron elevation=upstream TEL- ℎ + =1321.2759-

1.996=1319.28masl
Therefore, provide the toe of the spillway at 1319.28m asl

,
Discharge intensity downstream of spillway piers, q = = = 1.806 /
.
If d is the width, then the velocity, V== =
.
( )
Specific energy = + = + = − . = 1.996
.
From the above equation yields,

19.62 − 39.1615 + 3.2616 = 0
Solving the above equation by hit and trial, we get = 0.3144
The downstream profile is designed between RL1320.122masl (crest level) and

RL1319.28masl (apron level)
Hence, the maximum ordinate y = 1320.122-1319.28=0.842m and the corresponding

value of X is computed by equation
.
0.842 = , X=1.377m ≅ 1.4
.
The remaining coordinates of downstream profile between X=0 and X=1.4m are worked
out as
Table 7. 1: Coordinates of downstream profile of low ogee weir
X in meters Y=
.
in meters
.
0 0
0.3 0.056
0.6 0.192
0.9 0.395
1.1 0.565
1.3 0.760
1.377 0.842
The coordinates of the upstream profile are calculated as shown in the table below

Table 7.2: Coordinates of upstream profile of low ogee weir
X Y
0.000 0.00 0 0
0.020 0.0004 0.0235 0.0005
0.060 0.0036 0.0704 0.00422
0.100 0.0103 0.1174 0.0121
0.120 0.015 0.141 0.0176
0.140 0.0207 0.164 0.0243
0.150 0.0239 0.176 0.0281
0.160 0.0275 0.1878 0.0323
0.175 0.0333 0.2054 0.0391
0.190 0.0399 0.223 0.0468
0.195 0.0424 0.2289 0.0498
0.200 0.045 0.2348 0.0528
7.6.3 Design of chute or discharge carrier

.
The critical depth, = = = 0.693
.
The depth at the top of spillway (d) was calculated to be 0.341m,which is less than .
Hence, the flow at the top of spillway is supercritical.
The chute channel should now be given a milder slope for little distance from toe, but in
no case less than the critical slope.
.
Critical velocity, = = = 2.606 /
.
But, V= ⁄ ⁄
A rectangular channel with bottom width 18m should be provided as the chute channel
for the chute spillway.
At critical flow, A= = 18 × 0.693 = 12.474
P= + 2 = 18 + 2 × 0.693 = 19.386
.
R= = = 0.643
.
Critical slope, is therefore calculated as

2.60 6= × 0.643 ⁄ ⁄
.
S = 0.0044 =
A slope of say is provided in 35m distance from the top of the spillway.
Bed level at the end of = 1319.28 − = 1318.93 .
The reverse curve at the toe may have the radius equal to 2 = 2 × 1.174 = 2.438
From this point on wards i.e RL =1318.93m up to RL=1270.3m the slope of discharge
carrier is steeped at a slope of 7:1. The entire design is now like a rectangular channel.
The depth, velocity etc at the end point of 1 in 100 slope may be taken to be the same
as they were at the toe of the spillway, because the small length of 25m shall not
produce much difference.
The calculations of water depth, velocity, etc can now be carried out for the entire reach
(RL =1318.93masl to RL =1270.3masl) of the discharge carrier by dividing the channel
length in to small reaches.The depth (d) at the point is assumed in col (6). Specific
energy is calculated in col (9).The TEL at the end is calculated in col (10). The drop in
energy line (hf) in the interval is calculated in col (17). The drop h f at the end of the
interval is subtracted from the final calculated TEL at the beginning of the interval in col
(18). The col (18), is then compared with col (10). They should be almost equal. If the
difference is large, the assumed depth is changed till equivalence is obtained.
Calculation of water depth on the chute is done in the annex
Design of curve (at the junction of 100:1 and 6:1 slopes, a convex curve shall be
provided)
The convex curve can be designed as per equation
= − tan − . [ ( ) ]
.
( )
The specific energy at junction point ( + ℎ )=0.3144+0.3144 + .
= 1.996
.
Hence, tan = is small (cos ) = 1
=− − , differentiating with respect to x we get =− −

. .

The curve meet downstream slope where = − (-ve sign shows that as x increases y
decreases)
Equating we get − − =− and solving for x gives x=0.94m

.
Other coordinates of this curve for values of x between x=0 and x=0.94m determined
from equation = + .
Table 7. 3 : Coordinates of convex curve of chute spillway
x in meters 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.94

y in meters 0 0.008 0.03 0.054 0.083
7.6.4 Design of sidewall

H= dat, Vmax + +
= 0.61 + 0.04
The first 50m:

( . . ) . .
= = 7.0645 / , = = 0.265
.
= 0.215 + + (0.61 + 0.04 × 7.0645 × 0.265 = 1.434
.
The next 100m:

( . . ) . .
= = 7.833 / , = = 0.23
.
= 0.226 + + (0.61 + 0.04 × 7.833 × 0.23 = 1.43
.
The last chute length:

( . . ) . .
= = 7.88 / , = = 0.223
.
= 0.228 + + (0.61 + 0.04 × 7.88 × 0.223 = 1.43
.

7.6.5 Design of base slab

 Thickness of reinforcement = 30cm
 Area of concrete = (spillway width)(thickness) = (18)(0.3) = 5.4m 2
 Reinforcement required = 0.25% (Area of concrete) = 0.0025)(5.4)=13500mm 2
 Using ∅16 bars, area of reinforcing steel= = 201
 Number of bar required= = = 67.2 ≅ 68
 Spacing between bars = = = 26.47 ≅ 27
Therefore, reinforcement is provided using ∅16 bars at 27cm c/c in both directions.
7.7 Energy dissipation below spillway

The water that flows over the spillway posses a very high kinetic energy converted
entirely from potential energy. Therefore if the water flows with such a high velocity in to
the downstream direction, serious scours on the channel may occur. In addition, if the
scour is not properly controlled, it will extend back ward and endanger the whole
structure. Hence, in order to prevent the bed from scouring, the structure for dissipating
the kinetic energy provide before it discharges into the downstream channel.
Chute spillway generally discharges water at a point far away from the dam. Hence,
protection is required only for the spillway as the danger for the main dam is not there.
For this reason, a hydraulic stilling basin is sufficient, and provide at the discharging point
of the spillway. Stilling basins are not simple concrete apron, but are provided with
auxiliary devices, such as, chute blocks, sills, baffle blocks, etc. they are devices which
help in dissipating the incoming energy by offering resistance to flow and may stabilize
flow in a shorter length of the basin, thus reducing the cost. In general, stilling basin may
be defined as, a structure where energy dissipation action is confined.
7.7.1 Design of Energy Dissipater

The relation between the pre jump and the post jump is as follows:
y1 
y2  1  8 F1  1
2
2 
 
From the table given at annex, the following parameters are known: Froude number =
5.272, the depth y1 = 0.229m and velocity = 7.897m/s.  y2=1.597m

Since our Froude number Fr=5.272 is greater than 4.5 and velocity V=7.897m/s is less
than 15m/s U.S.B.R stilling basin type  can be provided. This type of stilling basin is
provided with, chute blocks, baffle blocks and end sills.
Dimension of stilling basin.

 Height of end sills = 1.49*Y1 = 1.49*0.229 = 0.341m
 Maximum width of chute blocks (W 1) =Y1 =0.229m
 Height of baffle blocks (h3) = 1.9Y1 = 1.9*0.229 = 0.435m
 Spacing between chute blocks (s1) = Y1 =0.18m.
 Distance between chute blocks and baffle blocks = 0.8Y 2 = 0.8*1.597=1.278m
 Length of stilling basin = 2.6Y2 = 2.6*1.597 = 4.152m
 Bed level of stilling basin should be set 5% more than the sequent depth.
 Therefore, bed level of stilling basin= 1270.3+0.05*1.597 = 1270.38m.a.s.l.



8. GENERAL LAYOUT OF CONVEYANCE AND OUTLET WORKS
8.1General
Intake, head race tunnel, penstocks, outlets, conduits etc drawing water from reservoir,
river or canal have to be provided with suitable arrangement to draw in required supply
in a satisfactory manner for the production of power. Structures for this purpose are
known as water conveyance structures.
8.2 Intake Structure

The intake is a structure constructed at the entrance of a power canal or pipe through
which the flow diverted from the source such as river or reservoir. It provides smooth
easy and turbulent free flow through the conveyance.
8.2.1 Types of intakes

The type of intake structure depends up on the type of power plant as well as its layout.
There are six types of intake:
Run-of-river intake Tower intake
Canal intake Shaft intake
Dam intake Intakes of special type
8.2.2 Functions of Intakes

The main functions of intakes are:
 To control flow of water in to the conveyance system

 To provide smooth, easy and vortex or turbulence free entry of water in to the
conveyance system
 To prevent entry of coarse river born trash matters such as boulders, logs,
tree branches etc…
 To exclude heavy sediment load of river, from entering the conveyance
system.
8.2.3 Intake selection and design

The basic principles for selection of intake location
 Intakes from streams should be located, wherever possible on the concave

side of the bend.

 The effectiveness of the intake in preventing sediment entry increase with the
sharpness of the bend
 Intakes from the straight reaches can be made favorable by artificially forcing
the water to follow a curved path.
 Best position of intake is with the screen at right angles to the spillway so that
in flood seasons the flow carries the debris over its crest.
 In order to attain the required discharge capacity the intake must be placed
sufficiently below reservoir level and high enough to prevent entry of
sediment.
The design of an intake has to care for
 Structural stability  Hydraulic efficiency

 Limitation of entrance velocity  Practicability of operation
 For this particular project, the appropriate intake type is tower intake with trash rack
structure in front of the horizontal bell mouth inlet, which minimizes the entrance
losses and provides smooth flow.
8.2.4 Design of Intake Opening

The transition from the opening to a circular conduit is designed based on the principle
of free jet and elliptical profile.
 To determine the diameter of intake conduit
.
= = 1.1282
.
= 1.1282 ⇒ = 1.2
4
A conduit diameter D=1.2m is adopted to maintain = 1.6923 in conduit

diameter of the head required is
= 2 ℎ ℎ .
= = 0.18

 The gate operates at 0.18m above the centerline of conduit. Entrance to the gate
should be shaped such that the entrance loss is minimum. A bell mouth entry
provides such condition. The shape of bell mouth is elliptical, as suggested by the
equation:
−( =1
( . ) . )
Where D= 1.2m (conduit diameter)
X(m) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Y(m) 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.0
 Location of intake
ℎ = + 2 = 1.2 + 2 × 0.18 = 1.56
Where ℎ = height of inlet opening
D=Diameter of conduit
Z=is the value of Y at X=0
 Elevation of inlet center is,

= Dead storage level + D/2 + some allowance above the dead
storage level
.
= 1289+ +2=1291.6m
 Gates
The form of a reservoir outlet works will vary considerably with the type of dam and
the purpose of the reservoir. Each installation consists of a conduit through which or
under the dam or the abutment with suitable control valves or regulate to the flow.
The requirements of a high-pressure conduit control are:
i. The outlet should be hydraulically smooth pipe when full open in order to pass the
maximum discharge.
ii. When opened partially sufficient air should be admitted to present vibration and
cavitations.
iii. The whole arrangement should be simple, rigid, and economical and facilitate
easy inspection and maintenance.

 Vertical left side gate

Slide gate is a simplest type of vertical left side gate in which the movement of the gate
is of sliding type. This type of gate is known to less prone to vibration. Main reasons for
failure of high head gates are vibration, none –closure, cavitations and abrasion. Slide
gates should have a crest sloping under 45° to inhabit vibration and to reduce the down
full forces. In addition, the effects due to the gate slot should be minimized. Slide gates
are classified in to regulating gate and bulk head gate.
Bulk head gate is usually located at the upstream end of outlet conduits in order to
shutoff flow and is subject to relatively high heads .bulk head gates are kept fully
opened or fully closed.
Regulating gates are used for regulating flow water .This is operated under unbalanced
head condition and is designed to be operated at any opening.
8.2.5 Design of trash racks

Trash rack is one of the most important constituent of intake complex on a hydropower
plant. It checks the entry of floating debris like grass, leaves, trees and bushes, drift
timber as of rolling and floating boulders, at the intake of the water conductor for the
plants. In cold areas, entry of ice sheets is likewise checked. The acceptable size of
debris depends up on the type of turbine being use for power generation and the type of
various check values in the complex.
A/ General Arrangement
Girders form vertical divisions of trash rack. These divisions are known as panels. The
dimensions of panels are determined by the possible of transport and handling. Each
panel consists of the following.
 A system of rigid frame for small grills and the fixing plates for the big areas
 A system of vertical bars generally of rectangular section
 A series of horizontal pieces, the functions of which is of prime importance
These are intermediate supports for the vertical bars besides distributing the load
It gives protection to the bars against vibration. These are keeping 400mm - 500mm
apart.

B/ Design Head of Trash Rack

Design head for a trash rack depends up on the difference in water levels on the
upstream and downstream sides at the time of maximum clogging i.e. the critical head in
the trash rack structure. The extent of clogging depends up on the intensity of trash
inflow, as well as, the efficiency of racking. Some practices for adoption of design head
given below:
E.Mosonyi: ordinarily 1m to 2m, in exceptional case 4m to5m
US Army corps of engineers: a design head of 3m is enough.
Adoption of higher value of design head will make the structure uneconomical, while its
lower value might make it unsafe.
C/ Trash Rack Inclination

The trash rack usually place vertical or near vertical say (0° to 25°) from the vertical,
usually across the water flow in the power channel keeping the trash rack inclined is
always a better practice. For this project, take = 25° for easy cleaning.
D/ Permissible velocity through trash rack

Velocity should be sufficiently low to avoid high head loss and should be sufficiently high
to avoid large intake and trash rack cross section. The following are suggested limiting
entrance velocities.
1. Mosonyi’s formula to eliminate eddies and vortices
V  0.075√2
Where: G – acceleration due to gravity
2. U.S.B.R’s criterion: permissible velocity in the range of 0.6-1.5m/s
For this project, the trash rack is designed so that the approach velocity (Va) is in
between 0.6 to1.5 m/s. we take the average of this equals to 1.0 m/s.
E/ Racks
I. Bar thickness
Thickness of bars is usually from 6mm to 25mm.For Hare river hydro project take the bar
thickness 25mm.

II. Length of rack bars

The maximum length of rack bars between lateral supports of stiffeners is limited by the
vibration characteristics related to bar thickness and velocity through the bars. Table
below gives recommendation regarding the lateral unsupported length of bar in
centimeter
Table 8. 1: Unsupported length of bar in cm for velocity (m/s)
Thickness of bar in mm Velocity in m/s

0.6 1 1.5 2 3
6 50 42 32 29 24
10 75 60 47 40 35
12 100 80 63 55 45
20 150 115 100 82 65
25 175 145 125 112 88
For thickness, 25mm and velocity 1.0 m/s calculated above, the length of bars from
above table would be 145cm.
III. Spacing
Trash rack have usual inter spacing of 100 to 500 mm. The experimental
recommendation is:
≤ 0.7 ≤ 10 Where: l= length of bar
t= thickness of bar
b= spacing between two bars
≤ 0. 7 × 145, ≤ 101.5 ≥ 100 100
Check for vibration
≤ 10, ≤
10
100
≤ , 10 ≤ 25 !
10
8.2.6 Aeration in intake

An air vent provided just downstream of a control gate.
The functions are 1) to nullify vacuum effect, this creates when the penstock drain after
control gate closed and 2) intake gates operate under condition of balanced pressure on
both sides of the gate. Thus, the conduit is required to be filling with water through a by-
pass line.
Size of the air vent is calculated as follows:
= 400 .
Where =discharge of air in m3/s,
A= area of vent in m2, Area of air vent is10% of control

gate area
C=7
P=pressure difference b/n atmosphere and pressure in

penstock
USBR’S design guide: capacity of air vent 25% of conduit discharge and
allowable air velocity in air vent is between (40-90) m/s, so take 40m/s.
According to USBR, design guide. K.N. SHARMA (1999)
Capacity of air vent( ) =25% of conduit discharge
= 25%
. ⁄
Area of air vent = = = =
.
= 11.6 = 12 Therefore, the size of an air vent is
12cm.
8.3 Headrace structure

Headrace may be a power canal, a pressure tunnel or a pipe, in which in most cases
conveying water from intake structure to surge tank, fore bay or pressure shaft,
depending on the arrangement of the scheme.
8.3.1Power Canal
Power canal can be lined or unlined. The line canals usually lined with impervious
material such as concrete, masonry or clay. In the proposed project, concrete lined
canal selected since canal lining carried out to reduce seepage losses, reduce canal

surface roughness, prevent the growth of weeds, reduce damage caused by erosion,
rodents & livestock, and reduce the required volume of excavations.
 Canal Design
Canal power design involves determination of velocity of water, roughness coefficient,
slope and cross-sectional of the canal.
I Velocity
The flow velocities in the canal or other water conduits in general are determined
according to economic point of views (investments, head loss, wear & tear of the
material, danger of erosion and silting).The velocity must be high enough to prevent bed
erosion for unlined and wear by abrasion for lined canals.
Table 8. 2: Permissible flow velocities in the canal
Maximum velocity( ⁄ ) Minimum velocity, .( ⁄)

Bed material .
Sand 0.4
Sandy loam 0.6
Loam 0.6
Clayey loam 0.8 To keep any sediment from settling
Clay 2.0 out, the minimum velocity in a canal
Gravel 3.0 should not less than 0.3 ⁄
Masonry 3.5
Asphalt 4.0
Concrete 5.0
For this particular, the flow velocity takes 1.2 in concrete lined power canal.
II Roughness coefficient
The rougher the material, the more frictional loss and the greater the head drop or slope
needed for the given velocity. The roughness coefficient (n) for concrete lining ranges
from 0.010 to 0.020, take 0.015.
III Power Canal Slope

In plain areas, use slope between 5 to 20 cm/km (0.005 to 0.02%).In mountainous area,
slopes area as steep as 1 to 2m/km. The canal bed slope can also be estimated using
the Manning’s equation:

. .
= ⁄
= . ⁄
⇒ = 0.0012
 The slope found from the above equation should nearly coincide with the available
natural topography.
IV Cross-Sectional Profile
The material in which the canals construct generally dictates its cross-sectional profile.
The common cross-sections canals are semi-circular (most efficient profile but
impractical to excavate), trapezoidal section (most widely used profile for both lined and
unlined canals excavated in earth) and rectangular section (most appropriate when
excavation is undertaken in firm rock).In this project, trapezoidal section is selected.
Economical section of the trapezoidal section is:
Channel section Area Wetted Hydraulic Top Width Water Depth

A Perimeter Radius T d
P R
Trapezoidal 1.73y2 3.46y 0.5y 2.31y 0.75y
Fig 8.1Trapezoidal cross section
( )= From continuity equation and from section =( + )
( )= + 2√2
= , = 0.5
( + )
0.5 = ⇒ = 0.8282
+ 2 √2
.
= = 1.414 =( + ) ⇒ = 0.8795 & b=0.73m
.

 The parameter of power canal cross-section giving some freeboard allowance (0.15-
0.7m) is 0.8 × 1.5 .
8.4 Forebay
A forebay is a basin located at the end of power canal just before the entrance to the
penstock or pressure shaft. It is called ahead pond. It acts as a transition between
power canal and the penstock. It is formed by simply widening the power canal at the
end.
Functions of forebay: - forebay serves the following purposes.

 It can serve as a balancing reservoir.
 It can serve as a settling basin.
 It can serve to distribute evenly the water conveyed by power canal among
the penstock where two or more penstocks are provided.
8.4.1 Components of forebay.

The followings are the main components of forebay.
 Basin: used to store water and sediment (if any)

 Spillway: used to dispose excess water that might enter the forebay
 Bottom outlet: used for flushing out of the sediment stored in the basin as
well as for dewatering the forebay and power canal for maintenance
 Penstock inlet: serves in controlling flow in to the pressure conduit and in
preventing floating debris from entering the conduit.
8.4.2 Design of Forebay

Forebay is designed at length of 805m from intake
L- Length of power canal (805m).
V- Velocity of water through power canal (1.2m/s).
t- Time required by water to reach in to forebay.
805
= = = 670.833 ≈ 671 .
1.2
( )= × = 1.6923 × 671 = 1135.53 ⇒ = 1136 .
A rule of thumb is to submerge the penstock mouth by a distance below water the level
of more than 4 times the penstock diameter. This is to prevent air being drawn in to the

pipe because of a vortex, which can be formed, on the surface if the penstock is closer
to the surface.
In addition, to take care of entry of sill particles a sill of 20cm is provided.
Therefore depth of forebay (D) =4 × + 20 + ℎ
D= 4 × 0.7 + 0.2 + 1.5 = 4.5 .
To minimize cost of excavation it is better to make length large as compared to the

depth.
Assuming width (W) =10m, the length of forebay is calculated as
1136
= = = 25
× 10 × 4.5
Therefore the dimension of forebay is W=10m , D=4.5m and L=25m
Velocity of water inside forebay
1.6923
= = = 0.0376 ⁄
10 × 4.5
Time required by water to reach outlet of forebay
ℎ 25
= = = 664.89 = 665
ℎ ℎ 0.0376 ⁄
8.4.3 Design of Transition Section

The transition section connects power canal and forebay.The width of forebay has to be
greater than the width of power canal. Therefore, it has transition expansion section
Bed width of power canal (Bc) =0.8m
Bed width of forebay (W) =10m
Providing slope of 1V:2H
The length of transition can be calculated as:-
2
=
− 1
2

.
Lt= ×2= × 2 = 9.2
Fig Transition section of forebay
The width of transition section of forebay at different positions (Bx) is given by
× ×
=
× −( − )∗
10 × 0.8 × 9.2 73.6
= =
9.2 × 10 − (10 − 0.8) × 92 − 9.2
X(m) 0 2 4 6 8 9.2
Bx(m) 0.8 1 1.33 2 4 10
8.5 Penstock
The penstock carries water from the headrace tunnel to the turbines within the least
possible loss of head consistent with the overall economy of the project. There may be
pressure conduit or shaft. The penstock used for the project is made of steel because of
the available high head.
Factors that must consider for choice of material for pressure tunnel are head,
topography and discharge. Various material used are steel, R.C, asbestos, cement, PVC,
etc. but the following have to also be considered when deciding to use for. These are
required pressure, design life etc. steel penstock become the most common type of
installation in hydropower development due to simplicity in fabrication, strength, and has
long life etc. hence considering the above steel penstock selected for this particular
project.
8.5.1 Number of penstocks

The number of penstocks used in any particular installation can be single or multiple.
The design should strike for maximum economic solution. For this particular project,
since the discharge is small number of penstock is one.
8.5.2 Hydraulic Design of penstock

In hydropower scheme, the cost of penstock is very high and if the number of penstock
is many, the total weight of steel required and construction cost is expensive. On the
other hand, large diameter, for a given discharge, will result small head loss and greater
available net head. As the diameter increases the velocity decreases and the capital

investment will get higher, therefore a size, which gives least cost selected. The
permissible velocity for ranges from 3 5 ⁄ .we adopts 4.0 ⁄ velocity.
1-G.S Sarkarias formula (1968)

.
= 0.62 .
.
792.217
= 0.62 × .
= 1.082
35.1217
Where H= − . = 35.1217
P=horse power transmitted=
× . × .
P=0.62 = 792.217
2- USBR
V=0.125 2 ℎ
V=0.125 (2 × 9.81 × 35.1217) = 3.2813
Allowable velocity 4m/s
Q D2
A= =  *
V 4
D =0.656m
3) P.J.BIER’S
.
D=0.176( ) = 0.75185
From above calculations the average, D=0.7m
Therefore, we take diameter of penstock = 0.7m & velocity in penstock = 4m/s.
8.5.3 Thickness of penstock

Under normal flow, the penstock subject to only internal hydrostatic pressure. However,
when the turbine valves or gates at the end closed suddenly, there is sudden pressure
rise, known as water hammer. The appropriate wall thickness for a penstock is generally
a function of penstock material selected that is steel tensile strength, the diameter of the

penstock and the operating pressure it will experience during its use i.e. the head of
water above the penstock and water hammer pressure during sudden opening and
closure of turbine.
Thus, design head =static head + water hammer
Providing a steel penstock, ultimate stress (  a =15000KN/m2), joint efficiency (η=0.95)

for weld and assuming thin cylinder thickness
=
2
ℎ =
Where P- total pressure
t- Thickness of penstock
-velocity in the penstock
C-celerity wave velocity of water
K- Bulk modulus of water (2.18*109KN/m3)
-density of water (1000KN/m3)
D- inside diameter of penstock
2.18 × 10 4
ℎ = × = 602
1000 9.81
P = (Static pressure +water hammer pressure)× 
P= (78.1217 +602 ) ×1KN/m3
= 680.1217 KN/m2
If > 20

. × .
≥ ≥ = 1.6 ⇔ = = 438 >>> 20 !
× × . .
8.6 Tail Race Channel

Tailrace channel is a conveyance system to transport water from draft tube outlet in to
the original stream. Since our length from power house to stream is short l=65m, we
provided earth (natural) channel lined with coarse stone and trapezoidal section
8.6.1 Design of tailrace channel

= 1.6923
= 1.2 ⁄
= 0.04( ℎ )
For most economical trapezoidal channel section:-
Area (A) = 1.73
Hydraulic radius(R) =
.
From continuity = = = 1.41
.
.
= = 0.903 ; ℎ( ) = 0.75 × 0.903 = 0.677
.
Considering a free board of 35cm d = 1.027m

.
= × → = = .
= 1.37
.
= = = 0.513
⁄ × ⁄ . ⁄ ×
To determine bed slope use Manning’s equation = = 1.2 = ⁄
.
Slope =0.0058 =
Therefore adopt a tailrace channel width (b) =1.37m, depth(y) =1.027m length (l) =65m.
8.7 Valves
Valves are controlling structure installed at different points where the flow is to be
regulated and controlled. For the particular system a valve is needed at the entry of the

penstock prevent the back flow of water from the turbine in times when the units are not
functional.
A butter fly valve is recommended to be provided just upstream of the turbine as its
primary use is as service or guard gate in the power penstock.
8.8 Hydraulic Losses
1. Entrance loss
∆ℎ = × Where: Kt = 0.3 for bell mouth entry.
V= 1m/s
1
∆ℎ = 0.3 × = 0.015
2 × 9.81
2. Trash rack loss

There are numerous expressions available for predicting head loss across trash rack.
One such expression (Kirschmer’s) is:
∆ℎ = ( ⁄ ) × sin Where: t = thickness of bar in mm = 25mm
b = clear spacing between bars in mm = 100mm
= Velocity of flow in front of rack in m/s =

1.5m/s
=angle of bar inclination with horizontal = 650
= trash rack loss coefficient (a function of bar

shape) =2.4(rectangular bar)
1
∆ℎ = 2.4 × ( ) × sin 65° = 0.017
2 × 9.81
3. Head loss at gate

Head loss due to gates is given as:
.
= = 0.2 × = 0.023m where = 0.2
× .
4. Transition loss

o Expansion loss from conduit to canal
. . .
= + = 0.16 × + = 0.053
× . × .
Where = velocity in conduit
= Velocity in canal
= . 16 (Expansion coeffient)
o Expansion loss from canal to forebay
. .
= = 0.16 = 0.012
× .
o Contraction loss from forebay to penstock
= = 0.03 × = 0.025
× .
Where =0.03 for round entry
V=velocity of penstock
6 Head race canal

ℎ = × = 0.0012 × 814.2 = 0.98 Where s=bed slope of canal
=length of power canal
7 Penstock loss
0.011 × 218 × 4
ℎ = = = 2.8
2 2 × 9.81 × 0.7
Where f-friction coefficient =0.011 for steel
L=length of penstock 183.3m
D=diameter of penstock 0.7m
V=velocity through penstock 4m/s
8 Head loss at shaft
ℎ = ⁄
, = 0.018(

∑ = ∑ 0.015 + 0.017 + 0.023 + 0.053 + 0.012 + 0.025 + 0.98 + 2.8 + 0.018
Total loss = 3.925 ≅ 4
8.9 Diversion Work

Before the actual construction of dam start in the river channel, the river must be
temporarily diverted. Diversion work is used to protect the flow of river water and flood
during construction of dam, tailrace and outlet works so that the construction area is dry
for safe working condition. Therefore, an earth fill as an upstream cofferdam could be
constructed with an out let diversion tunnel.
8.9.1 Diversion Requirement and Selection of Diversion Flood

An efficient diversion work provides-
o A safe working should be maintained during construction period.

o The work in progress should be protected from expected flood during
construction period.
o There should be secured economy in the construction of a dam.
o There should be economic compromise between the diversion facilities and the
amount of risk expected.
Therefore; the diversion works are designed in such a way to pass flood that will be
expected to occur during the construction of the dam by minimizing serious damages
due to potential flood to the work in progress at low cost. Usually it is not economically
feasible to plan to divert the largest flood that has ever occurred or that may occur at the
site. in case embankment dam, where considerable area of foundation and structure
exploration are exposed, or where over topping of embankment while under
construction may result in serious damage or loss of partially completed work, the
important of eliminating the risk of flooding is relatively greater.
8.9.2 Design of Diversion Tunnel and Cofferdam
 Diversion tunnel
A 10 years return period flood is taken as a design flood for designing the cofferdam
from the upstream irregular channel the rating curve river channel corresponding water
surface elevation with certain freeboard is height of coffer dam
The maximum flood flow for a return period of 10 years calculated by using log Pearson
type III
log = log +

Where -the design flood
K-frequency factor from table K=1.29154
-standard deviation of peak flow=0.268 and log =0.8783
log = 0.8783 + 1.29154 × 0.268 = 1.224
= 16.766 /
Diversion tunnel can be design for the design discharge by using the recommended
velocity of flow of water through the tunnel. The velocity depends on whether the tunnel
is lined or not. For unlined tunnel 2 to 2.5 m/s and for concrete line tunnel 4 to 5 m/s are
often recommended.
After completion of the construction work of the project, the diversion tunnel may be filled
with soil or covered. Therefore, for hare hydropower project, unlined tunnel with maximum
allowable velocity of 2.5m/s is assumed 2.5m /s .Therefore,
= ×
Where At – cross section of the tunnel
V – Permissible velocity in the tunnel (2.5m/s)

.
= = = 6.71
.
= = 6.71 and d=2.92m adopt 3m
Therefore, one diversion tunnel having 3m is provided for diversion tunnel upstream of
the dam.
 Cofferdam
A cofferdam is a temporary dam or barrier used to divert the stream or to enclose an
area during construction. The design of an adequate cofferdam involves the problem of
construction economics. The cofferdam must be designed that it is not only safe, but
also of the optimum height.
For the design of the cofferdam, the height of the coffer dam is taken as sum of the
diameter of the tunnel and some allowance for free board.
i.e = + =3 + 2.5 = 5.5

For Hare, the upstream cofferdam has 5.5m height and slope may be taken as 2H: 1V. It
is constructed partly by using tunnel rock spoil from the excavation of the diversion tunnel
and impermeable material from the overburden excavation.

9 POWER HOUSE PLANNING
9.1 General
The powerhouse is the conspicuous and vital part of hydroelectric development. The
basic objective of the powerhouse planning is to house all the equipment suitably in
structural complex, which call as the powerhouse. The basic requirement of the
powerhouse is its functional efficiency coupled with aesthetic beauty therefore,
harmonization with the surrounding is very necessary. The option of setting a power
house whether it was surface or underground power house is dictated by the relative
merits of the possibilities have to be weighed before the choice is made. In addition, the
choice largely dictates by economic and geologic considerations.
9.2 Preliminary Power Assessment and Hydraulic Design

Before any power plant contemplated, it is essential to assess the inherent power
available from the discharge of the river and the head available at the site.
9.2.1 Available Head

A/ The gross head it is the vertical distance that the water falls through the generating
power that is between normal pool level and the tailrace level.
= − = 1320.1217 − 1238 = 82.1217 Where Hg= Gross head
=Normal pool level
= Tail water level
B/ The net head it is the gross head minus the sum of all the losses arising from trash
racks, pipe friction, bends and valves. The net head is the available head to drive
turbines.
= −∑ = 82.1217 − 4 = 78.1217 Where = Net head
9.3 Determination of Plant Capacity

The total amount of hydroelectric power which can be generated depends up on the
rate of the flow the head possessed by the flowing water. The available gross head is
the fall from the reservoir level at the dam to water level in the reservoir where tailrace is
situated.
Hydraulically available power to the turbine (P) is the product of available head,
discharge and unit weight of water.
= = 9810 × 1.6923 × 78.1217 = 1.297 Where = unit weight of water

Q = the mean discharge
H= available head
9.4 Hydraulic Turbines and Electromechanical Equipments

The hydraulic motor of waterpower development, which converts water energy in to
mechanical energy, the shaft power developed is used in running electricity generators
directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine, thus producing electrical power.
Turbines fall in to two categories.
o Reaction turbine
o Impulse turbine
o Reaction turbines: In this type of turbine, the water enters the turbine in a
circumferential direction in to the scroll case and moves in to the runner through a
series of guide vanes, called wicket gates. The available energy partly converted to
kinetic energy and substantial magnitude remains in the form of pressure energy.
Some examples of reaction turbines are Francis, Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, etc.
o Impulse turbine: All the available potential energy converts in to kinetic energy with
the help of contracting nozzles. The water after impinging on the curved vanes or
bucket is discharged freely to downstream channel. Example for this type of turbine
is pelton wheel.
9.4.1 Turbine Characteristics
I Specific speed
The specific speed, Ns, of a turbine is the most important characteristic, & is part of
paramount importance in design. It is defined as the speed at which geometrically
similar runner would rotate if it were so proportioned that it would develop 1 KW when
operating under a head of 1 meter, and is given by
N P
Ns=
H 5/ 4
Where: NS = specific speed
N = rotational speed (rpm)
P = power developed (kW)
H = effective head (m)
 Low specific speed turbine 11-43rpm

 Medium specific speed turbine 57-450rpm

 High specific speed turbine 230-860
The specific of turbines can be calculated with the help of number of Empirical
Formulas as shown below:
o R.W Abett`s formula
= = = 192.4
√ √ .
o P.C Nag & K. madras formula
= = 185.5
√
o Moody formula
= + 83.6 = 161.6
.
o U.S.B.R formula (for Francis turbines)
= = 174.2
√
o W.L. Vourduin`s formula
= . = 190.9
Where = critical head = 0.9 = 70.3
Therefore taking the average of above values NS =181.5
Table 9.1The turbine selection guidance based on specific speed
Runner type Specific speed (rpm)

Slow Medium Fast
Pelton 4-15 16-30 31-70
Francis 60-150 151-250 251-400
Kaplan 300-450 451-700 701-1100
The specific speed range shows the turbine is medium Francis turbine. (Taking NS =
185 rpm)

II Turbine synchronous speed

Since turbines and generators are fixed, the rated speed of the turbine is the same as
synchronous speed of the generator. The speed N for synchronous running is given by:
×
= = = 750
Where f = frequency (50-60HZ)
= number of generator poles
 Divisible by 4 for head up to 200m and

 Divisible by two for head above 200m we chose eight, a
multiple of 4 as number of poles. Hence, speed of
turbine Speed is 750 rpm.
III Number of units installed

Normally, it is most cost effective to have a minimum no of units at a given installation.
However, multiple units may be necessary to make the most efficient use of water
where flow variation is great. Factors such as space limitations by geological
characteristic of existing structure may dictate larger or smaller units. The difficulty of
transporting large runners sometimes makes it necessary to limit their size.
×
=
√
. × . ⁄
=( ) =( ) = 3.16
.
Number of unit= = = 0.4 ≅ 1
.
 Check the actual specific speed:
√ = 750 × √1240 = 114

=
⁄ 78. ⁄
Therefore N= 750rpm and NS=114
9.4.2 Selection of Turbines

The selection of the best turbine for any particular hydro sites depends on the head
available, the power required to develop and the specific speed of the turbine.

The various considerations in the selection of type of units are
I Head maximum net head acting on turbines are an important consideration in the
selection of type of turbine for a power plant.
o For heads < 60m (propeller)

o For heads 26-450 Francis and
o For heads > 250m Pelton turbines are selected
II Specific speed it is defined as the speed at which a geometrically similar runner would
rotate if it were so proportional that it would develop 1 KW when operating under
a head of 1m.
o Low specific speed turbine (11-43) Pelton.

o Medium specific speed turbine (57 -450) Francis
o High specific speed turbine ( 230-860) Kaplan
III Efficiency The turbine efficiency varies with power output and head. Francis and
propeller turbines have high fall of efficiency in comparison to Pelton and Kaplan.
IV Load the turbine selection influence by the variability of load. The type of turbines
dictates minimum load up to which turbines continuously operated without any
cavitations and vibration.
V Cavitations It is an important consideration in the selection of turbine for the given
head and specific speed. It is an account of cavitations limit that high-speed turbine are
not used for high heads, but low speed turbines can work under high heads. In general
cavitations coefficient for Francis turbines is much less than that for Kaplan turbines .
VI Overall cost it includes initial cost and running cost. As much as possible it should be
adopted minimum overall cost turbine unit.
 Based on the above parameters, operating head of 78.1217m, Generating power of
1.294MW, and the speed synchronous of 750rpm, makes Francis turbine most suitable
for this project.
9.4.3 Runner Discharge Diameter
A/ Determination of Peripheral Coefficient

The runner discharge diameter can be found with the help of the peripheral coefficient, 
and the following empirical formulas are used for finding .
o Krueger’s formula (for Franc is turbine)
= 0.0197 × + 0.09 = 0.55

o P.c. Nag and K.Madhvan's formula (for franc's turbine)
⁄
= 0.036 = 0.57
o D. Zans Betts's formula
= 0.68 + = 0.73  = = 0.613
The table below shows various values of , , and efficiency (  ) for the three main
types of turbines.
Type of runner Ns H (m) Efficiency (%)

Impulse 8-17 85-90
0.43 – 0.48 17 >250 90
17-30 90-82
Francis 40-130 90-94
0.6 – 0.9 130-350 25-450 94
350-452 94-93
Propeller 1.4-2.0 380-600 <60 94
600-902 94-85
 Based on the above parameters, operation head of 78.1217m, Generating coefficient

0.613 and efficiency of 94%, generating power of 1.22Mw and the specific speed of
114 makes Francis turbine suitable for Hare hydro scheme.
B/ Determination of Discharge Diameter

The determination of discharge diameter using
o E. Mosonyi’s formula is as follows

.
= ( ) = 4.4 × ( ) = 0.577 Where D3 = discharge diameter in m
Q = discharge = 1.6923
a = constant =4.4 for Francis turbine
o According to Guthrie Brown’s formula

90 1.6923 × 90
=( ) = = 0.588
750

o According to Desiervo and Deleva (1976), the following equation for Francis
turbine runner is used.
78.1217
= (26.2 + 0.211 )√ = (26.2 + 0.211 × 121) √ = 0.592
750
Therefore by taking the average of the above values as the outer diameter
. . .
= = 0.586 ≅ 0.6
Entrance diameter
√
= 84.6 = 0.62
Where = Diameter of the entering edge of runner blade at the distributor

center line
=Exit Discharge Diameter
9.5 Turbine Scroll Case

A scroll case is the conduit directing the water from the intake or penstock (for this case
from penstock) to the runner in reaction turbine installations.
Dimension of spiral case
According to F.de Sierico and F.de Leva (1976) (water power July 1975)
Water velocity at spiral case inlet section

.
= 884 = 110 ⁄
. .
= (1.2 − ) = 0.62 = (0.89 + ) = 1.04
. .
= (1.1 + ) = 0.95 = (0.79 + ) = 0.9
.
= (1.32 + ) = 1.09
= (0.1 + 0.00065 ) = 0.11
.
= (1.5 + ) = 1.2
= (0.88 + 0.00049 ) = 0.56
.
= (0.98 + ) = 0.95 = (0.6 + 0.00015 ) = 0.37
.
= (1 + ) = 1.3

Fig 9.1 Spiral Case Level
9.6 Draft Tube

The draft tube is a conduit discharging water in the runner to the tail race, and has two
purpose
o To recover as much as possible of the velocity energy of the water leaving the
runner, thus increasing the dynamic draft head.
o To utilize the vertical distance between the turbine exit and the tail water level,
called static draft head.
The dimension of the draft tube is calculated according to F.de.siervo & F. de. Leva
(1976) formula used for design of draft tube.
 Water velocity at draft tube inlet section,
= 8.74 + = 10.92

.
1) = (1.54 + )=2 6) = = 3.66
. .
2) = (0.83 + ) = 1.24m 7) = (1.5 + 0.00019 ) = 0.93

3) = (1.37 − 0.00056 ) = 0.78 8) = (0.51 − 0.0007 )=
0.58
. .
4) = 0.58 + = 0.47 9) = (1.1 + ) = 0.94
. .
5) = (1.6 − ) = 0.96 10) = (2.63 + ) = 1.76
Fig 9.2 Draft Tube Level
9.7 Turbine Alignment

The turbine generator layout can be either a horizontal shaft lay out or vertical shaft
layout. In a horizontal shaft layout, the turbine and the generator are at the same
elevation connected by a horizontal shaft .On the other hand in vertical layout the
generator is on the top of the turbine, both connected by a vertical shaft .For Hare
hydropower project the vertical arrangement is preferred for the following reason:
o It is more compact and needs less floor area for power house
o The design of hydraulic passages is simpler in vertical arrangement.
o Above heads of 25m, a vertical arrangement gives cheaper solutions.

9.8 Cavitations and Turbine Setting

Capitation is formation of voids with in a body of moving liquid (or around a body moving
in a liquid) when the local pressure is lower than vapor pressure.
Cavitations results in pitting, vibration and reduction in efficiency. In addition, it is
undesirable. Runners most seriously affected by cavitations are of the reaction types. It
can be avoided by suitably designing, installing and operating the turbine in such a way
that the pressure within the unit is above the vapor pressure of the water. Some metals
are also used which are more resistant to cavitations damage than others are.
Thomas’s cavitations coefficient,  determines the turbine setting that offers a good
insight to discover the possibility of cavitations occurrence. For no cavitations to occur,
suitable designing in setting and operating of the turbine is carried out in such a way
that the pressure within the units are above the vapor pressure of water.
= =atmospheric pressure
= vapor pressure
H= effective head
 =Thomas’s factor (sigma)
=Turbine centerline from the TWL
− = =barometric pressure (which is usually taken to be about 10m)
. = − ---------------Thomas’s formula
 Determination of sigma (  )
I). E. Mosonyi’s formula
( ) = 0.0432( ) = 0.056
II). F.H. Roger & R.E.B Sharp’s formula

(ref.: Trans ASME No.1935, vol.57 No.8)
a) = ≥ 180
.
b) = = 0.043 < 180
III U.S.B.R. formula

.
= = 0.047
50000

IV C.V. Davis & K.E Sorensen’s formula

.
= 0.006 + 0.038( ) = 0.054
Taking the average of the above values = 0.05

= − = 10 − 0.05 × 78.1217 = 6.1
Therefore, the centerline of the runner is set at 6.1m above the tail water level (TWL).
9.9 Turbine Governor

The main function of a governor is to maintain a constant speed when load on the
turbine fluctuates, which is the basic condition to be fulfilled in the running of turbines.
This is accomplished by controlling the rate of flow of liquid loading to the runner in
proportion to the load. The governor should be so designed or to keep both speed rise
of runner and pressure rise in pipe within limits.
Functions of water turbine governor
- It controls the speed of turbine set and matches it to the hydroelectric system for
synchronizing.
- It controls the speed and frequency of turbine unit or units to control to maintain
a designed frequency and voltage.
- It sets the amount of load a turbine unit has to carry.
- It helps in starting and shutting down the turbine limit by opening and closing of
wicket gate of reaction turbine.
9.10 Electrical and Mechanical Equipment

There is obviously a great deal of mechanical and electrical equipments in a
hydropower stations. The major of these can be listed as below:-
 Electrical equipments
- Generator
- Exciter and voltage
- Regulator Transformer
- Control room equipment including switch
 Mechanical equipments
- Shaft, bearings, coup lings, etc for the generator
- The oil circuits and pumps
- Compressors and pumps
- Cranes and other lifting equipments

Besides the above, auxiliary equipments for the powerhouse lighting, water supply and
drainage needed.
9.10.1 Generator
The generator is an electrical machine coupled to the turbine shaft. The mechanical
energy produced by the turbine is changed in to electrical energy by the generator. The
sizes of the generator vary depending on their rating & on their shaft arrangements
(either vertical or horizontal).
J.H walker has given elaborate curves and relations to determine the dimensions of the
generators. The relations will be as follows.
 If the is the gap diameter in meter.
32.5
= ( + ) = 2.38 ≅ 2.5 ( )
62
Where =8=number of poles
K=7(take7, range 5-9)
 Diameter of the generator frame in meter

.
= + 1.55 = 2.1
 The generator pit diameter
= +2 =2+2=4
 Total height of generator
= + 2.3 = 4.33 ≅ 4.5( )
Where = 6.5 prime varies from 5.5 to 12.57
9.11 Power House Planning
9.11.1 Types of power house planning

Types of powerhouse may be classified as surface powerhouse and underground
powerhouse based on location.

 Surface power house

The best choice when sufficient area is available to accommodate the
powerhouse within economical and convenient excavation. In this type of
powerhouse, the surface power stations, the units and all other equipments are
located in the powerhouse and the powerhouse is situated on the ground
surface.
 Underground power house:

In this type of powerhouse the powerhouse carven, tunnels and shafts for water
conduits system, access tunnels and ventilation shafts are located inside the
mountain. It is the best choice when the space is limitation. If there is a gorge
and valley around the selected site, underground powerhouse is selected
9. 11.2 Selection of Site for Powerhouse Planning

The site selection for the powerhouse is based on the following criteria:
 To provide maximum available head

 To minimize cost of construction and excavation
 To get easy access to the power plant
 As per above consideration and the scale of the project area, the type of the
powerhouse selected for Hare hydro scheme is surface powerhouse.
9.11.3 Power House Dimensions

The dimension of the generating units determines the dimensions of the plant. The
powerhouse dimensions are governed by
- Arrangement of shaft
- Overhead erection crane and its minimum requirement
- The dimensions of individual units
- Dimension of erection bay
- The number of units
 The three essential constituents of powerhouse are
o Unit bays housing the main turbine and generator.
o Control bays housing the main control and their equipments.
o Service and erection bays provided for handling erection and maintains of
main machines.

A/Unit Spacing
i. E.Mosony’s Formu
= (5.5 − ) = 3.98 ≅ 4
100
ii. J.J.Donald’s Formula
= (3.5 6) = 4.75 × 0.6 = 2.85
iii. N.Venkata Rows Formula
= (3.8 5) = 2.64
Therefore, take the largest value with some allowable clearance of 2.25m. The unit
spacing is 6.25.
B/Length
The length of the machine hall depends on the number of units and the size of the
machine. The preliminary dimensions between center to center of one unit is L = 6.25m
Hence, the total length: LT = 1 unit + 1 unit for erection bay + 1unit for control room
= 3 units
LT = 3 × 6.25 = 18.75 ≅ 19
C/Width
The width of the machine hall is determined by the size and clearance spacing between
the wall needed as a gantry way.
i. According to U.S.B.R, the width of the power house can be calculated as;
131
.4
W =F+C+2+1.85D Where: F = D (1+ ) =7.77m
NS
.
C = D (1.32+ ) =2.35m
Therefore W = 7.77+ 2.35+2+1.85 × 0.62 = 13.3m
ii. Other formula
Width = center to centre spacing
= 4.25m
Adopt the maximum W=13.3m

D/ Height
The height of the machine hall is fixed by the headroom requirement. The hall must
have a height, which will enable the crane to lift the rotor of the generator or the runner
of the turbine clear of the floor without any abstraction. To this clearance, space is to be
added the depth of crane girder, and the headroom for the operating cabin.
H= Height of generator + Clearance 4m )+Allowance for the movement of crane (2m)

+allowance for crane girder (4.5m)
Where H (Generator) = 4.5m
H=6.25+4+2+4.5 = 15m
Therefore, the size of the powerhouse will be, L= 19 m, W= 13.3 & H=15m
Fig 9.3 Powerhouse plan

10. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
10.1 General
EIA is the process of predicting the consequence and ways of human development by
planning appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce the adverse effect of any project.
It also identifies the potential problems and outlines the ways to improve the project
suitability for the proposed site.
The development of any water resource project is to improve the quality human life and
the conservation of the natural environment, which is indicator of the level of one
countries’ development.
The strategy for small hydropower development relies on clean recycling and use of
renewable resources with the minimum cost to protect the existing impact.
Hydropower projects producing an electric energy may have an irreversible

environmental change over a wide geographic area. This has a potential for significant
impacts. Even though its aim is to bring about positive change, it may also lead to
conflict that requires an assessment of the existing problem. Therefore, there should be
a balance between environment protection and the sustainable development required
considering the health and productive life in harmony with nature.
Generally, EIA predicts problem, find the ways to avoid them or reduce it and enhance
the positive effects of the project by providing a unique opportunity to demonstrate ways
in which the environment may be improved on apart of development process.
10.2 Physical impact

The implementation of hydropower project affect some of environmental conditions such
as water quality, ground water, microclimate dam breach and transport of nutrient etc.
impact on this condition are termed as positive impacts
Land escapes impact

Due to the increment of civilization, most rural countries loss a considerable amount of
land, which has a long-term historical importance to the public? Most of the time
aesthetical aspect of the environment has a remarkable significance to the peoples.
Most the component of hydroelectric plant such as penstock, tunnel, powerhouse, dam
spill way, intake, tailrace, transmission, and distribution lines have a capacity to alter the
visual impact of the site by introducing, construction forms, colures, lines, and textures
etc. the design location and appearance of any one future will determine the level of
public acceptance for the entire schemes.

Water quality
The quality of natural water varies considerably and this contribute to the diversity of
species in to habitat found in fresh water when human activity modify the chemical
environment to the extent that strays out to the side the natural range for the river
damage to a fresh water community is most likely to occur.
Ground water
The change and the variation of the water level by the reservoir operation will change
the ground water in the surrounding area. The change in flow on dam stream
watercourse may also lead to ground water changes. The change in ground water may
influence the supply of drinking water.
Increase risk of erosion

Every hydraulic structure projects will eradicate the natural vegetation and top soil
particularly on the steeper slopes increasing the potential for erosion. The
implementation of the proposed hydropower project plant will require construction of
access roads to the dam site and powerhouse. Roads are important contributor to soil
erosion, primarily because they concentrate and distribute runoff as channel flow rather
than a uniform over land or subsurface flow.
10.3 Impact on hydrology

Hydropower projects have a little impact on the total available water. But some
detrimental effects on the distribution of water in terms of space and time. In turn, this
will have a significant effect on aquatic resource, recession agriculture, wild life
movements and other human activities downstream of the scheme.
During power generation, the river is diverted to somewhere required. As a result, the
amount of water in the river will decrease. The water required for irrigating the
surrounding farmland specially banana that requires too much water would be affected.
As the water joins Lake Abaya, the lives in the river such as hippopotamus and
crocodile are affected.
10.4 Impacts on biological environment
i) Terrestrial ecology
Hare hydropower cause loss of natural vegetation available in those sites due to
construction of the dam, access roads, powerhouse, access tunnels etc. In addition,
operation of quarries for selected materials, construction equipment and disposal of
wastes generated from tunneling and dam foundation will affect certain areas of natural
vegetation.

The area to be taken for strong water, which will be cleared before reservoir filling will be
an important loss of wild life habitat.
ii) Impact on aquatic ecology

The activities at the dam and powerhouse site will disturb and probably displace the
populations of large aquatic animals particularly crocodiles and fish in these localities.
iii) Human Environment

The socio-economic environmental impacts associated with the displacement and
involuntary resettlement of people and the loss of agricultural land. There may be
displacement of people along the transmission line alignment, which results in loss of
properties such as land and vegetation. Mitigation is possible through resettlement gain
measures, all of which must be developed through community consultation and
participation. The other impact is during the construction phase associated with a large
migrant labor force. This will lead to an increase of pressure on the infrastructures such
as water supply, sanitation, transport etc and a huge amount of ecosystem exploitation
and biodiversity may occur in the area.
10.5 Impact on socio-economic environment
During the construction of dam, lots of activities such as undesirable noises, air
pollution due to the vehicle and machineries and some others should be properly
considered and adequately responded by the design and construction engineers. In
addition, it affects the flora and fauna, causes soil and water pollution and health
problem.
10.6 Potential positive impacts

 Generation of electric power
 Flood control
 Infrastructure development and mitigation benefits
 Employment opportunities

10.7 Mitigation measures

Table 10- 1 : Negative Environmental Impacts and Remedial Measures
S.NO. Impact Remedial Measures

1 Soil erosion o For any road construction, side drains longitudes
drains, culverts and appropriate angle of wet and fill
should be incorporated to combat soil erosion.
o Erodible surface should be cut only during dry
weather and replanted as soon as possible.
o Vertical and horizontal alignment of new roads
2 Landscape should follow the natural relief as much as possible
o After completion of the construction work, the
borrow or the quarry areas should be stored as
closely as possible to the natural contour taking
consideration also the drainage point of view.
3 Water quality o Design ways and means to minimize erosion and
sediments, chemical pollution from construction
activities, pollution from human and domestic waste
from the camps and offices from entering in to the
river channel.
4 Terrestrial o minimize the off take of woody biomass for building

ecology and fuel by work force prohibit the people from un
sustainable exploiting the local natural resources
base
o construction site should under goes restoration
ration after project
5 Aquatic o Care full environmental management to avoid
ecology polluting water courses.
6 Health and o Applying preventive measures to reduce malaria
sanitary issues and transmission of communicable diseases
between the workers and the local population..
o Establishment of potable water and sanitary facility
for the project workers and local population.

11. COST EVALUATION AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
11.1 General
Economic analysis of hydropower project concern measuring the benefit from the
development and the cost expended. In the context of hydropower planning, benefits
are the service produced by the development and costs are the goods used in
constructing and maintaining the development. An economic analysis is necessary to
determine whether the project is worth building or to determine the economic size of the
development or the components of the development.
11.2 Bill of Quantities and Cost estimation

The economic analysis of the project studies is dependent on orderly and accurate cost
estimation. The type of study, whether a reconnaissance study, a feasibility study or a
final design study, will tend to dictate the precision with which cost estimates have been
made.
The total cost of the project is been estimated as follows depending on the bill of
quantities and their corresponding unit rates. This tabular description of cost should be
analyzed from each structure parametrically.
Table11.1 Bill of Quantities of Hare Hydropower Project

Table 11.1 Bill of Quantities of Hare Hydropower Project
S.no Item description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

1 Main dam structure
i. Reservoir clearing 30000
3
ii. Top excavation for placement M 4812 7 33684
iii. Foundation excavation M3 66375 10 663750
iv. Earth work for fill and transport M3 301640 13 3921320
v. Volume of concrete for u/s face M3 3280 150 492000

vi. Reinforcement Kg 3547 8 28376
2 Spillway
i. Top excavation M3 7358 8 58864
ii. Chute spillway section m 292 2280 665760
3 Intake structure
i. Trash rack Kg 270 8 2160
ii. Air vent M3 18 88 1584
iii. Volume of concrete M3 284 150 42600
iv. Valves 3 2260 6780
v. Reinforcement Kg 11187 8 89496
vi. Foundation masonry work M3 32 200 6400
vii. Other hydraulic steel work 20000
4 Conveyance structure
i. Power canal excavation M3 2777 8 22216
ii. Concrete for canal lining M3 438 250 109500
iii. Fore bay excavation M3 1125 8 9000
iv. Concrete for fore bay M3 69 250 17250
v. Penstock m 193 1700 328100
5 Diversion structures
Excavation for coffer dam M3 2700 8 21600
Diversion tunnel work m 370 470 173900
6 Power house
i. Excavation M3 980 250 245000

ii. concrete lining M3 30 1800 54000

iii. Masonry work M3 500 800 400000
iv. Form work M2 200 400 80000
v. Cranes 410000
vi. Turbine 1 1290000
vii. Generators 1 1170000
viii. Transformers 1050000
ix. Electrical and mechanical equipments 308000
x. Power house installation 600000
7 Tail race
i. Earth excavation M3 98 8 784
ii. volume of coarse stones M3 90 250 22500
TOTAL 12374624
11.3 Annual cost and cost recovery factor

This is the sum of the money invested in a project (including its interest during
construction) before its completion. Sine both benefits and costs comes about different
times, it is necessary to evaluate the benefit and costs in equivalent monetary terms.
The equivalent annual cost calculated from the total cost of the projects will be
 i(1  i) n 
CRF=P  n  Where i= annual interest rate =10% (assumed)
 (1  i)  1
n= estimated life of the project = 20 years
 0.1(1  0.1) 20 
CRF=   = 0.1175
 (1  0.1)  1
20
Annual recovery cost= ×
= 0.1175 × 12374624
= 1454018.32
Operation and maintenance cost = 2% of the total project cost
= 0.02*1454018.32

= 29080.3664
Providing contingency of 5%, the total annual cost becomes:
= 1.05 *29080.3664
=30534.3847
11.4 Benefit of the project

From the installed capacity, total power expected to generate 1.22MW. Currently
EELPA sales a 1KWhr of electric energy by 0.388 Birr. So, the energy produced by the
project is given by:
E= 1220 × 365 × 24 × 0.4
= 4274880 Birr
11.5 Benefit cost ratio

Finding benefit cost ratio checks the economic efficiency of the project. The result is
checked with the requirement to fill that whether the project is feasible or not.
Therefore, benefit to cost ratio will be,
= = 2.824
. . .
Since B/c ratio is greater than one the project is economically feasible.

12.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
12.1 Conclusion
The design of Hare Hydropower Project based on the utilization of Hare River flow.
 The implementation of Hare Hydropower Project has an ultimate benefit to

increase the demand of power supply in the country.
 After doing detail economic analysis for the project we come up with the value of
1.94 benefit cost ratio, therefore we deduce that it is economically visible.
 The project area is mostly metamorphic rock of the Precambrian rock, makes it
satisfactory dam site as it has high bearing capacity but many basalts of
comparatively young geological age are somehow permeable hence detail
studies of the permeability and the measures should be taken on the rock has to
be carried out before implementation of the project
 For full utilization, the river flow 75%excedence for annual flow has been taken.
 The dam section is constructed by easily available material of rock fill from
nearby of the site. The upstream face of the dam is filled with impervious
member of concrete.
 The chute spillway is provided at the side of the dam body on rock surface. It is
lined for protection of failure or seepage due to cracks or fissures. The scouring
effect is avoided by providing energy dissipater at downstream.
 A cofferdam is constructed at the upstream of the dam to divert the river flow for
the purpose of dam construction.
 The water diverted at the upstream is passing through a 370m length of unlined
tunnel.
 Water disposal from powerhouse is done by constructing tailrace of coarse stone
channel, which is safe for drawing it to the downstream of the river.
12.2 Recommendations
 In this project, since there is no any sediment data, we make rough estimation.
But, since it has great effect on the design of the hall hydraulic structures, directly
or indirectly, there should be detail and accurate sediment data.
 Since the reservoir created by the implementation of the project may facilitate the
spread of the diseases in the area, appropriate heath care services and creation
of awareness for controlling the diseases has to be established with the
implementation of the project. And also appropriate protection measures should
be taken for other impacts of the project as much as possible

 The estimated cost is obtained by rough analysis, which need further detail
quantity surveying
 To have efficient use of water and to keep the structure in good condition, the
owner of the project should have to manage it appropriately
 Afforastation should be seriously done for protection of erosion to protect
sedimentation of the reservoir easily.
 Facilitation of fish husbandry and recreational centers should be carried out
 Some parts of the lands near the site are rain fed lands due to its topography, but
from this structure, it is easy to irrigate that land, if the government or any other
concerned sectors think about it

REFERENCES:
1. Chow, V.T (1988), Applied Hydrology.Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.
2. Garg, S.K (1979), Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures.Khanan
publishers, New Delhi.
3. Sharma, K.N (1999), Water Power Engineering. Vikas Publishers.House
PVT.LTD, NewDelhi.
4. Subramanya,K(1984), Engineering Hydrology.Mc Graw-Hill
Publishers.Company Ltd, New Delhi.
5. Adam Harvey (1993),Micro-Hydro Design Manual, Sontramgton row, London
4CIBHH,UK.
6. P.Novak, A.I.B.Moffat, C.Nelluri & R.Nayayan ;( 1996), Hydraulic Structures
(4 ) E& FN Spon, London.
7. M.M Pandeker and K.N.Sharma; 1979 Water Power Engineering, Vikas Publish
house P VT New Delhi.
8. Rozgar Baban; 1995, Design of Diversion Weirs, J ohnwiley and sons,
Newyork
9. Abbet R.W(1963), Engineering Cotracts and Specifications, Johnwilley and
Sons, Newyork
10. John Giasson ,Riki Therivel, Andrew Chadwick(1994),Introduction to
Environmental Impact Assessement .UCL Press, L ondon.

Annex1.Summary of Mean Monthly Discharge
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1980 0.652 0.573 0.549 2.02 3.096 1.66 1.533 1.527 1.611 1.305 0.984 0.752
1981 0.62 0.627 1.106 1.99 2.006 1.171 1.857 2.017 2.602 2.124 1.347 0.926
1982 0.803 0.751 0.715 1.338 2.226* 1.209* 1.463* 2.035 2.157 3.333 2.04 1.551
1983 1.042 0.937 0.8 2.044 3.938 2.765 2.777 3.429 3.417 3.885 3.002 2.333
1984 0.272 0.166 0.169 0.235 2.399 3.254 1.051 1.666 2.725 2.084 1.19 0.746
1985 0.431 0.348 0.493 1.048* 1.936* 2.103 3.081 2.246 1.805 1.755 0.994 0.557
1986 0.409 0.642 0.917 1.855 3.691 5.582 2.587 2.233 5.874 2.902 1.526 3.227
1987 1.194 0.97 1.702 4.097 4.774 3.028 1.843 2.482 1.959 2.745 1.833 1.262
1988 1.189 1.258 0.963 2.074 3.103 2.461 4.607 4.261 3.695 3.937 1.761 1.185
1989 1.013 1.635 1.459 2.778 3.181 2.134 3.004 2.405 3.407 3.688 1.333 1.988
1990 1.229 1.882 2.042 2.199 1.323 0.871 0.912 1.817 1.017 0.944 0.557 0.34
1991 0.428 0.234 0.54 0.494 2.066 1.284 1.733 0.95 1.657 0.865 0.529 0.371
1992 0.273 0.288 0.207 0.992 1.033 1.517 1.378 1.408 2.341 4.103 2.142 1.128
1993 2.229 3.228 1.282 2.009 4.37 2.585 0.507 0.097 5.053 4.504 3.216 2.479
1994 0.366 0.309 0.338 0.599 2.442 1.801 2.358 3.327 1.779 1.733 1.545 1.023
1995 0.81 0.777 0.946 2.009 2.071 1.922 1.957 2.199 1.835* 1.843* 1.454 0.975
1996 0.705 0.614 0.873 1.894 5.601 3.688 2.435 2.945 2.986 1.948 1.357 1.135
1997 1.025 0.843 0.832 1.603 1.878 1.636 3.22 2.641 1.679 4.197 2.854 1.476
1998 1.48 0.847 0.776 0.632 1.066 0.878 1.272 1.421 1.187 2.299 1.309 0.752
1999 0.541 0.443 0.533 0.641 0.729 0.781 1.073 1.428 1.361 2.55 1.203 0.811
2000 0.599 0.506 0.413 0.918 2.147 1.245 1.772 2.284 1.933 2.632 1.86 1.034
2001 0.689 0.641 0.797 1.122 1.213 1.131 0.874 1.293 1.049 1.494 1.394 1.11
2002 1.051 0.995 1.089 1.331 1.294 1.194 1.242 1.439 1.246 1.278 1.17 1.192
*Missing value obtained by linear regression as a function of run-off depth

Annex 2.Summary of Monthly Maximum Discharge (cumecs)
1980 0.787 0.685 0.685 5.134 4.319 2.472 2.126 2.371 2.371 1.662 1.32 0.893
1981 0.685 1.042 2.574 3.325 4.815 1.574 3.782 3.214 3.899 2.996 2.174 1.042
1982 0.893 1.445 1.889 2.996 3.536* 2.191* 2.828* 2.835 3.551 4.752 4.137 2.322
1983 1.119 1.042 1.08 21.152 5.994 6.337 4.38 6.756 5.069 5.927 4.878 3.214
1984 0.382 0.25 0.279 0.462 14.869 13.379 1.886 3.719 5.542 4.047 1.886 1.412
1985 0.552 0.506 1.327 2.494* 7.349* 2.576 22.367 4.757 5.14 2.974 2.452 0.707
1986 0.421 1.021 3.408 4.047 9.78 10.691 3.719 4.946 18.156 5.14 2.214 14.112
1987 1.639 1.398 7.945 7.768 8.48 5.889 2.481 5.317 2.755 5.479 2.964 1.578
1988 2.213 2.413 1.109 3.614 6.813 3.912 10.414 9.298 10.039 5.236 2.548 1.398
1989 1.701 4.838 5.806 4.292 6.221 2.617 5.398 3.394 6.643 13.727 2.481 4.68
1990 3.178 4.759 3.837 4.369 2.686 1.517 1.28 3.467 1.578 1.578 0.889 0.889
1991 1.826 0.784 0.998 0.682 5.156 2.964 3.25 2.018 2.617 1.165 0.836 0.442
1992 0.311 0.442 0.442 4.838 2.617 3.25 2.617 2.018 3.322 7.856 5.642 2.617
1993 5.806 6.985 2.279 5.317 12.534 5.889 0.784 0.23 8.211 6.643 4.063 2.686
1994 0.39 0.346 0.669 1.935 4.898 5.2 3.761 5.139 3.87 2.743 2.37 1.169
1995 0.906 1.42 1.65 3.035 5.139 3.135 2.936 3.548 3.124* 3.140* 1.852 1.135
1996 0.814 0.726 1.893 7.015 11.481 5.824 3.391 4.839 3.87 2.236 1.572 1.169
1997 1.068 0.969 1.77 3.761 3.495 2.28 4.202 4.545 2.192 9.564 6.277 2.062
1998 1.852 1.239 1.383 0.726 1.935 1.458 1.852 2.192 1.935 3.339 3.548 0.969
1999 0.614 0.46 1.002 1.458 1.101 1.347 1.496 1.77 1.73 4.09 1.69 0.937
2000 0.669 0.561 0.46 3.979 8.215 2.648 2.507 3.87 2.936 4.146 2.936 1.275
2001 0.731 0.688 1.897 1.997 1.782 1.67 1.024 2.037 1.284 4.833 2.058 1.179
2002 1.15 1.051 1.495 1.8 1.616 1.347 2.142 1.581 1.379 1.478 1.363 1.937

Annex 3.Summary of Monthly Minimum Discharge(cumecs
1980 0.588 0.526 0.466 0.496 2.174 1.198 1.198 1.158 1.279 1.08 0.857 0.652
1981 0.557 0.526 0.526 1.32 1.445 1.042 1.042 1.445 1.707 1.488 1.042 0.857
1982 0.718 0.652 0.62 0.787 1.395* 0.917* 1.037* 1.488 1.488 1.707 1.445 1.158
1983 0.967 0.822 0.718 0.718 2.223 1.889 1.843 2.174 2.272 2.472 2.03 1.752
1984 0.222 0.113 0.151 0.151 0.131 1.167 0.823 1.021 1.093 1.021 0.886 0.506
1985 0.345 0.279 0.345 0.665* 1.122* 1.686 1.686 1.021 1.021 0.886 0.652 0.462
1986 0.382 0.382 0.707 0.707 1.327 1.886 2.101 0.823 1.5 1.886 1.167 1.093
1987 0.998 0.889 0.889 2.481 2.082 1.953 1.578 1.398 1.578 1.889 1.398 1.109
1988 0.998 0.998 0.836 0.836 1.953 1.701 2.213 1.889 1.889 2.686 1.398 0.998
1989 0.889 0.836 0.889 2.082 1.889 1.701 1.953 1.889 2.213 1.578 0.889 0.998
1990 0.682 0.632 0.998 0.998 0.682 0.733 0.682 1.165 0.733 0.583 0.353 0.192
1991 0.155 0.155 0.192 0.353 0.998 0.583 0.442 0.682 1.109 0.682 0.397 0.27
1992 0.23 0.23 0.12 0.27 0.583 0.583 0.682 0.889 1.109 2.279 1.053 0.784
1993 0.682 1.517 0.889 0.784 2.148 0.682 0.23 0 0 3.394 2.755 2.279
1994 0.324 0.263 0.283 0.283 1.101 1.383 1.611 2.062 1.347 1.383 1.169 0.906
1995 0.726 0.697 0.784 0.814 1.169 1.496 1.42 1.811 1.259* 1.263* 1.169 0.814
1996 0.641 0.561 0.535 1.034 2.887 2.601 1.977 2.062 2.28 1.572 1.169 1.068
1997 0.969 0.754 0.726 0.844 1.002 1.347 1.852 1.852 1.347 2.105 1.496 1.239
1998 1.239 0.697 0.561 0.587 0.587 0.726 0.875 1.034 0.906 1.611 0.969 0.561
1999 0.485 0.413 0.436 0.485 0.587 0.561 0.561 0.697 0.969 1.69 0.937 0.726
2000 0.561 0.46 0.368 0.413 0.969 0.844 1.239 1.383 1.534 1.811 1.239 0.814
2001 0.657 0.617 0.607 0.895 0.945 0.87 0.811 1.038 0.945 1.121 1.193 1.051
2002 1.011 0.971 0.984 1.051 1.193 1.15 1.15 1.3 1.15 1.193 1.079 1.024

Annex.4 Summary of Run-off Depth (mm)
1980 8.233 6.778 6.933 24.702 39.119 20.299 19.362 19.289 19.696 16.49 12.036 9.505
1981 7.833 7.16 13.977 24.331 25.347 14.312 23.459 25.483 31.818 26.833 16.468 11.694
1982 10.149 8.57 9.038 16.354 18.3** 17.32** 22.11** 25.714 26.376 42.106 24.945 19.593
1983 13.171 10.691 10.105 24.989 49.754 33.802 35.089 43.323 41.777 49.083 36.7 29.479
1984 3.435 1.962 2.14 2.872 30.315 39.779 13.275 21.044 33.312 26.331 14.548 9.427
1985 5.443 3.968 6.227 5.44** 5.34** 25.706 38.931 28.381 22.072 22.172 12.156 7.031
1986 5.173 7.328 11.585 22.677 46.629 68.252 32.679 28.214 71.812 36.669 18.657 40.768
1987 15.091 11.071 21.501 50.097 60.321 37.021 23.279 31.355 23.948 34.686 22.416 15.938
1988 15.026 14.873 12.165 25.353 39.197 30.094 58.206 53.833 45.174 49.741 21.529 14.97
1989 12.797 18.656 18.438 33.962 40.187 26.094 37.953 30.38 41.657 46.597 16.301 25.115
1990 15.528 21.472 25.797 26.892 16.71 10.651 11.52 22.951 12.434 11.932 6.812 4.298
1991 5.409 2.669 6.825 6.039 26.107 15.701 21.892 12.002 20.262 10.935 6.473 4.688
1992 3.443 3.399 2.617 12.134 13.051 18.545 17.41 17.782 28.622 51.842 26.193 14.251
1993 28.156 36.838 16.194 24.562 55.205 31.603 6.403 1.229 61.784 56.9 39.324 31.319
1994 4.628 3.523 4.266 7.318 30.847 22.018 29.794 42.03 21.755 21.9 18.884 12.922
1995 10.232 8.862 11.951 24.566 26.168 23.498 24.722 27.784 23.12** 22.08** 17.772 12.319
1996 8.904 7.253 11.034 23.161 70.768 45.087 30.77 37.208 36.51 22.08 16.593 14.343
1997 12.949 9.62 10.517 19.602 23.726 20.002 40.684 33.366 20.526 22.08 34.896 18.653
1998 18.695 9.665 9.803 7.722 13.468 10.729 16.075 17.948 14.51 22.08 16.002 9.503
1999 6.838 5.059 6.732 7.842 9.209 9.55 13.561 18.039 16.641 22.08 14.71 10.247
2000 7.573 5.986 5.212 11.22 27.125 15.225 22.384 28.854 23.632 22.08 22.736 13.061
2001 8.699 7.314 10.065 13.72 15.326 13.825 11.042 16.332 12.823 22.08 17.044 14.028
2002 13.284 11.349 13.759 16.277 16.345 14.597 15.688 18.175 15.235 22.08 14.305 15.063
** Missing value obtained by normal ratio method

Annex 5 Computation of FDC
Flow in descending Frequency Rank % of exceedence

5.874 1 1 0.37593985
5.601 1 2 0.751879699
5.582 1 3 1.127819549
5.053 1 4 1.503759398
4.774 1 5 1.879699248
4.607 1 6 2.255639098
4.504 1 7 2.631578947
4.37 1 8 3.007518797
4.261 1 9 3.383458647
4.197 1 10 3.759398496
4.103 1 11 4.135338346
4.097 1 12 4.511278195
3.938 1 13 4.887218045
3.937 1 14 5.263157895
3.885 1 15 5.639097744
3.695 1 16 6.015037594
3.691 1 17 6.390977444
3.688 2 18 6.766917293
3.429 1 19 7.142857143
3.417 1 20 7.518796992
3.407 1 21 7.894736842
3.333 1 22 8.270676692
3.327 1 23 8.646616541
3.254 1 24 9.022556391
3.228 1 25 9.398496241
3.227 1 26 9.77443609
3.22 1 27 10.15037594
3.216 1 28 10.52631579
3.181 1 29 10.90225564
3.103 1 30 11.27819549
3.096 1 31 11.65413534
3.081 1 32 12.03007519
3.028 1 33 12.40601504
3.004 1 34 12.78195489
3.002 1 35 13.15789474
2.986 1 36 13.53383459
2.945 1 37 13.90977444
2.902 1 38 14.28571429
2.854 1 39 14.66165414
2.778 1 40 15.03759398
2.777 1 41 15.41353383
2.765 1 42 15.78947368
2.745 1 43 16.16541353
2.725 1 44 16.54135338
2.641 1 45 16.91729323

2.632 1 46 17.29323308
2.602 1 47 17.66917293
2.587 1 48 18.04511278
2.585 1 49 18.42105263
2.55 1 50 18.79699248
2.482 1 51 19.17293233
2.479 1 52 19.54887218
2.461 1 53 19.92481203
2.442 1 54 20.30075188
2.435 1 55 20.67669173
2.405 1 56 21.05263158
2.399 1 57 21.42857143
2.358 1 58 21.80451128
2.341 1 59 22.18045113
2.333 1 60 22.55639098
2.299 1 61 22.93233083
2.284 1 62 23.30827068
2.246 1 63 23.68421053
2.233 1 64 24.06015038
2.229 1 65 24.43609023
2.226 1 66 24.81203008
2.199 2 67 25.18796992
2.157 1 68 25.56390977
2.147 1 69 25.93984962
2.142 1 70 26.31578947
2.134 1 71 26.69172932
2.124 1 72 27.06766917
2.103 1 73 27.44360902
2.084 1 74 27.81954887
2.074 1 75 28.19548872
2.071 1 76 28.57142857
2.066 1 77 28.94736842
2.044 1 78 29.32330827
2.042 1 79 29.69924812
2.04 1 80 30.07518797
2.035 1 81 30.45112782
2.02 1 82 30.82706767
2.017 1 83 31.20300752
2.009 2 84 31.57894737
2.006 1 85 31.95488722
1.99 1 86 32.33082707
1.988 1 87 32.70676692
1.959 1 88 33.08270677
1.957 1 89 33.45864662
1.948 1 90 33.83458647
1.936 1 91 34.21052632
1.933 1 92 34.58646617

1.922 1 93 34.96240602
1.894 1 94 35.33834586
1.882 1 95 35.71428571
1.878 1 96 36.09022556
1.86 1 97 36.46616541
1.857 1 98 36.84210526
1.855 1 99 37.21804511
1.843 2 100 37.59398496
1.835 1 101 37.96992481
1.833 1 102 38.34586466
1.817 1 103 38.72180451
1.805 1 104 39.09774436
1.801 1 105 39.47368421
1.779 1 106 39.84962406
1.772 1 107 40.22556391
1.761 1 108 40.60150376
1.755 1 109 40.97744361
1.733 2 110 41.35338346
1.702 1 111 41.72932331
1.679 1 112 42.10526316
1.666 1 113 42.48120301
1.66 1 114 42.85714286
1.657 1 115 43.23308271
1.636 1 116 43.60902256
1.635 1 117 43.98496241
1.611 1 118 44.36090226
1.603 1 119 44.73684211
1.551 1 120 45.11278195
1.545 1 121 45.4887218
1.533 1 122 45.86466165
1.527 1 123 46.2406015
1.526 1 124 46.61654135
1.517 1 125 46.9924812
1.494 1 126 47.36842105
1.48 1 127 47.7443609
1.476 1 128 48.12030075
1.463 1 129 48.4962406
1.459 1 130 48.87218045
1.454 1 131 49.2481203
1.439 1 132 49.62406015
1.428 1 133 50
1.421 1 134 50.37593985
1.408 1 135 50.7518797
1.394 1 136 51.12781955
1.378 1 137 51.5037594
1.361 1 138 51.87969925
1.357 1 139 52.2556391
1.347 1 140 52.63157895

1.338 1 141 53.0075188

1.333 1 142 53.38345865
1.331 1 143 53.7593985
1.323 1 144 54.13533835
1.309 1 145 54.5112782
1.305 1 146 54.88721805
1.294 1 147 55.26315789
1.293 1 148 55.63909774
1.284 1 149 56.01503759
1.282 1 150 56.39097744
1.278 1 151 56.76691729
1.272 1 152 57.14285714
1.262 1 153 57.51879699
1.258 1 154 57.89473684
1.246 1 155 58.27067669
1.245 1 156 58.64661654
1.242 1 157 59.02255639
1.229 1 158 59.39849624
1.213 1 159 59.77443609
1.209 1 160 60.15037594
1.203 1 161 60.52631579
1.194 2 162 60.90225564
1.192 1 163 61.27819549
1.19 1 164 61.65413534
1.189 1 165 62.03007519
1.187 1 166 62.40601504
1.185 1 167 62.78195489
1.171 1 168 63.15789474
1.17 1 169 63.53383459
1.135 1 170 63.90977444
1.131 1 171 64.28571429
1.128 1 172 64.66165414
1.122 1 173 65.03759398
1.11 1 174 65.41353383
1.106 1 175 65.78947368
1.089 1 176 66.16541353
1.073 1 177 66.54135338
1.066 1 178 66.91729323
1.051 2 179 67.29323308
1.049 1 180 67.66917293
1.048 1 181 68.04511278
1.042 1 182 68.42105263
1.034 1 183 68.79699248
1.033 1 184 69.17293233
1.025 1 185 69.54887218
1.023 1 186 69.92481203
1.017 1 187 70.30075188
1.013 1 188 70.67669173

0.995 1 189 71.05263158

0.994 1 190 71.42857143
0.992 1 191 71.80451128
0.984 1 192 72.18045113
0.975 1 193 72.55639098
0.97 1 194 72.93233083
0.963 1 195 73.30827068
0.95 1 196 73.68421053
0.946 1 197 74.06015038
0.944 1 198 74.43609023
0.937 1 199 74.81203008
0.926 1 200 75.18796992
0.918 1 201 75.56390977
0.917 1 202 75.93984962
0.912 1 203 76.31578947
0.878 1 204 76.69172932
0.874 1 205 77.06766917
0.873 1 206 77.44360902
0.871 1 207 77.81954887
0.865 1 208 78.19548872
0.847 1 209 78.57142857
0.843 1 210 78.94736842
0.832 1 211 79.32330827
0.811 1 212 79.69924812
0.81 1 213 80.07518797
0.803 1 214 80.45112782
0.8 1 215 80.82706767
0.797 1 216 81.20300752
0.781 1 217 81.57894737
0.777 1 218 81.95488722
0.776 1 219 82.33082707
0.752 2 220 82.70676692
0.751 1 221 83.08270677
0.746 1 222 83.45864662
0.729 1 223 83.83458647
0.715 1 224 84.21052632
0.705 1 225 84.58646617
0.689 1 226 84.96240602
0.652 1 227 85.33834586
0.642 1 228 85.71428571
0.641 2 229 86.09022556
0.632 1 230 86.46616541
0.627 1 231 86.84210526
0.62 1 232 87.21804511
0.614 1 233 87.59398496
0.599 2 234 87.96992481
0.573 1 235 88.34586466
0.557 2 236 88.72180451

0.549 1 237 89.09774436

0.541 1 238 89.47368421
0.54 1 239 89.84962406
0.533 1 240 90.22556391
0.529 1 241 90.60150376
0.507 1 242 90.97744361
0.506 1 243 91.35338346
0.494 1 244 91.72932331
0.493 1 245 92.10526316
0.443 1 246 92.48120301
0.431 1 247 92.85714286
0.428 1 248 93.23308271
0.413 1 249 93.60902256
0.409 1 250 93.98496241
0.371 1 251 94.36090226
0.366 1 252 94.73684211
0.348 1 253 95.11278195
0.34 1 254 95.4887218
0.338 1 255 95.86466165
0.309 1 256 96.2406015
0.288 1 257 96.61654135
0.273 1 258 96.9924812
0.272 1 259 97.36842105
0.235 1 260 97.7443609
0.234 1 261 98.12030075
0.207 1 262 98.4962406
0.169 1 263 98.87218045
0.166 1 264 99.2481203
0.097 1 265 99.62406015

Annex.6 Selection of frequency analysis method that is best suited for our site
Qpeak Qp in dec. rank b1 b2 b3 βo β1 β2 β3

5.134 22.367 1 0.9725 0.9725 0.9725 9.06013 6.0961 4.7472 3.9322
4.815 21.152 2 0.8778 0.836 0.7942
4.752 18.156 3 0.7176 0.6493 0.5844
21.152 14.869 4 0.5583 0.4786 0.4068
14.869 13.727 5 0.4883 0.3953 0.3162
22.367 12.534 6 0.4211 0.3208 0.2406
18.156 11.481 7 0.363 0.2593 0.1815
8.48 10.414 8 0.3087 0.2058 0.1338
10.414 9.564 9 0.2646 0.1638 0.0983
13.727 8.48 10 0.2179 0.1245 0.0685
4.759 8.215 11 0.1948 0.102 0.051
5.156 7.856 12 0.1708 0.0813 0.0366 L1 L2 L3 L4
7.856 5.2 13 0.1028 0.044 0.0176 9.06013 3.1321 0.96651 0.321
12.534 5.156 14 0.0917 0.0349 0.0122
5.2 5.139 15 0.0812 0.0271 0.0081
5.139 5.134 16 0.071 0.0203 0.0051
11.481 4.833 17 0.0573 0.0136 0.0027
9.564 4.815 18 0.0476 0.0091 0.0014
3.548 4.759 19 0.0376 0.0054 0.0005
4.09 4.752 20 0.0282 0.0027 0.0001
8.215 4.09 21 0.0162 0.0008 0
4.833 3.548 22 0.007 0 0
2.142 2.142 23 0 0 0 Z Z3 Z4
Total 208.38 6.0961 4.7472 3.9322 0.34571 0.3086 0.10266
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 Column6 Column7 Column8

assumed Z3 Z4 GEV Z4 G&L.Plll Z4 L.Norm
0.1 0.1265 0.1255 0.1306
0.2 0.1626 0.1359 0.154
0.3 0.2148 0.1568 0.1935
0.4 0.2827 0.1929 0.2495
0.5 0.3658 0.2493 0.3226
0.6 0.4638 0.3314 0.4133
0.7 0.5762 0.4435 0.5226
0.8 0.7029 0.5894 0.6526
0.9 0.8443 0.7729 0.8077
1 1.0008 1.0062 0.9981

Annex.7 Goodness of fit test
Year
Qpeak=X Qp in descending Rank,i
q=(i3/8)/(N+.25) G=P^(i1)*(1-P) W=(1-q)/G Qcomputed
1980 5.134 22.367 1 0.02688172 0.01 97.311828 38.132
1981 4.815 21.152 2 0.069892473 0.0099 93.950255 28.701
1982 4.752 18.156 3 0.112903226 0.009801 90.510843 18.87
1983 21.152 14.869 4 0.155913978 0.00970299 86.992362 93.95
1984 14.869 13.727 5 0.198924731 0.00960596 83.393566 83.39
1985 22.367 12.534 6 0.241935484 0.0095099 79.713191 97.312
1986 18.156 11.481 7 0.284946237 0.00941480 75.949956 90.51
1987 8.48 10.414 8 0.327956989 0.00932065 72.102563 64.15
1988 10.414 9.564 9 0.370967742 0.00922744 68.169696 72.1
1989 13.727 8.48 10 0.413978495 0.00913517 64.150020 83.394
1990 4.759 8.215 11 0.456989247 0.00904382 60.042184 23.83
1991 5.156 7.856 12 0.5 0.00895338 55.844815 47.176
1992 7.856 5.2 13 0.543010753 0.00886384 51.556526 55.844
1993 12.534 5.156 14 0.586021505 0.00877521 47.175906 79.713
1994 5.2 5.139 15 0.629032258 0.00868745 42.7015286 51.556
1995 5.139 5.134 16 0.672043011 0.00860058 38.131946 42.702
1996 11.481 4.833 17 0.715053763 0.00851457 33.465692 75.95
1997 9.564 4.815 18 0.758064516 0.00842943 28.701279 68.17
1998 3.548 4.759 19 0.801075269 0.00834513 23.837202 8.63
1999 4.09 4.752 20 0.844086022 0.00826168 18.871931 13.804
2000 8.215 4.09 21 0.887096774 0.00817906 13.803920 60.04
2001 4.833 3.548 22 0.930107527 0.00809727 8.631600 33.466
2002 2.142 2.142 23 0.97311828 0.00801630 3.3533800 3.354

Annex.8 Design Flood Estimation Using Log Pearson typeIII
Qpeak
Qpeak in descending order Z=Log(Qpeak)
(Z-Zmean)^2 (Z-Zmean)^3
5.134 22.367 1.349607738 0.222096127 0.10466741
4.815 21.152 1.325351438 0.199821926 0.08932329
4.752 18.156 1.259020174 0.144919695 0.055168492
21.152 14.869 1.172281761 0.086403535 0.025397868
14.869 13.727 1.137575634 0.06720468 0.017422051
22.367 12.534 1.09808969 0.048291254 0.010612134
18.156 11.481 1.059979717 0.032994084 0.005993136
8.48 10.414 1.017617573 0.019399084 0.002701916
10.414 9.564 0.980639567 0.010465819 0.00107068
13.727 8.48 0.928395852 0.002505891 0.000125442
4.759 8.215 0.914607568 0.001315556 4.7716E-05
5.156 7.856 0.895201475 0.000284411 4.79645E-06
7.856 5.2 0.716003344 0.026352209 -0.00427785
12.534 5.156 0.712312909 0.027563992 -0.004576286
5.2 5.139 0.710878618 0.028042303 -0.004695918
5.139 5.134 0.710455864 0.028184069 -0.004731573
11.481 4.833 0.684216795 0.037682646 -0.007314962
9.564 4.815 0.682596291 0.038314417 -0.00749969
3.548 4.759 0.677515705 0.040329184 -0.008098958
4.09 4.752 0.676876432 0.040586352 -0.008176549
8.215 4.09 0.611723308 0.07108285 -0.01895166
4.833 3.548 0.549983611 0.107815935 -0.035401725
2.142 2.142 0.330819466 0.299775427 -0.164132296
Total 208.383 20.20175053 1.581431446 0.044677464
Mean 9.060130435 0.87833698

Annex.9 Elevation-Area-Capacity relation
S.No Elevation(m) Area(Km2) Storage(Mm3)

1 1268.8 0 0
2 1270 0.00053 0.0000964
3 1280 0.046 0.2024
4 1290 0.0823 0.8977
5 1300 0.1292 1.963
6 1310 0.1868 3.344
7 1320 0.2549 4.736
8 1330 0.3288 7.111
9 1340 0.412 11.3783
10 1350 0.5434 16.1704
11 1360 0.693 22.4229
12 1370 0.8618 30.304
13 1380 1.049 40.062
14 1390 1.238 58.062
15 1400 1.4421 82.727
16 1410 1.648 108.728
17 1420 1.8677 137.035
18 1430 2.089 167.628
19 1440 2.322 200.893
20 1450 2.5612 234.2035
21 1460 2.8126 244.75
Annex.10 Reservoir Capacity Determination using mass curve analysis
Month Inflow Inflow Vol Cum.Inflow Demand Dem. volum Cum dem. vol. Difference
Jan 0.428 1.12416768 1.12416768 0.9293 2.440862208 2.440862208 -1.31669453
Feb 0.234 0.61461504 1.73878272 0.9293 2.440862208 4.881724416 -3.1429417
Mar 0.54 1.4183424 3.15712512 0.9293 2.440862208 7.322586624 -4.1654615
Apr 0.494 1.29752064 4.45464576 0.9293 2.440862208 9.763448832 -5.30880307
May 2.066 5.42647296 9.88111872 0.9293 2.440862208 12.20431104 -2.32319232
Jun 1.284 3.37250304 13.25362176 0.9293 2.440862208 14.64517325 -1.39155149
Jul 1.733 4.55182848 17.80545024 0.9293 2.440862208 17.08603546 0.719414784
Aug 0.95 2.495232 20.30068224 0.9293 2.440862208 19.52689766 0.773784576
Sep 1.657 4.35220992 24.65289216 0.9293 2.440862208 21.96775987 2.685132288
Oct 0.865 2.2719744 26.92486656 0.9293 2.440862208 24.40862208 2.51624448
Nov 0.529 1.38945024 28.3143168 0.9293 2.440862208 26.84948429 1.464832512
Dec 0.371 0.97445376 29.28877056 0.9293 2.440862208 29.2903465 -0.00157594

Annex 11 Computation of PET
Mo Number Temp. Relative Sun Wind Rainfall PET PET Net PET
nth of days (CO) humidity shine velocity (mm) (mm/day)
(%) (Hr/day) (km/hr)
(mm) (mm)
Jan 31 23.98 65.82 8.04 1.42 1.48 5.2 161.2 159.72
Feb 28 24.42 60.04 9.02 1.93 1.65 5.95 166.6 164.95
Mar 31 26.5 58.2 8.6 2.34 0.98 6.5 201.5 200.52
Apr 30 24.6 71.4 7.34 2.12 7.16 5.75 172.5 165.34
Ma 31 23.52 74.2 8.6 1.94 4.8 5.67 175.77 170.97

y
Jun 30 23.4 65 6.8 2.2 1.65 5.15 154.5 152.85
Jul 31 22.9 68.4 4.92 2.1 1.85 4.62 143.22 141.37
Aug 31 23.38 66.5 5.18 2.15 1.24 4.91 152.21 150.97
Sep 30 25.28 64.4 7.4 2.4 1.83 7.32 219.6 217.77
Oct 31 23.5 76.5 6.65 1.45 7.82 5.1 158.1 150.28
Nov 30 22.7 71.6 7.8 0.8 6.4 4.96 148.8 142.4
Dec 31 22.88 64.8 7.9 1.1 2.6 4.84 150.04 147.44

Annex.12 Determination of Evaporation using Penman method
Month A ew Ha N n/N ea Ta δTa^4 Hn Ea2 PET
Jan 1.33 22.4 13.5 11.8 0.682 14.75 297 15.635 5.91 3.25 5.196
Feb 1.36 22.9 13.5 11.9 0.757 13.803 297.4 15.728 6.6 4.15 5.948
Mar 1.52 26 14.3 12.1 0.71 15.148 299.5 16.173 6.9 5.15 6.491
Apr 1.37 23.2 15 12.3 0.598 16.586 297.6 15.766 6.68 3.16 5.754
May 1.30 21.8 15.1 12.4 0.693 16.172 296.5 15.539 6.84 2.54 5.665
Jun 1.29 21.6 14.6 12.5 0.545 14.063 296.4 15.513 5.77 3.53 5.153
Jul 1.26 21 14.3 12.4 0.397 14.343 295.9 15.409 5.22 3.05 4.617
Aug 1.29 21.6 14.7 12.3 0.42 14.37 296.4 15.511 5.5 3.35 4.91
Sep 1.42 21.6 14.9 12.6 0.588 13.916 298.3 15.911 6.23 10.5 7.317
Oct 1.30 21.8 14.5 12 0.555 16.65 296.5 15.534 6.2 2.18 5.099
Nov 1.25 20.7 13.7 11.9 0.658 14.82 295.7 15.367 6 2.31 4.96
Dec 1.26 20.9 13.1 11.7 0.673 13.569 295.9 15.405 5.6 3.06 4.842

Annex 13 Flood Routing
t/tp Q/Qp T(hr) DELTA T Inflow (I1+I2)/2 OUT STO. S1/∆t- Q2/2+S2/∆t H
t FLOW Q1/2
0 0 0 2 0 0.095 0.346 0 0 0 0.34588 0

0.1 0.015 1.2 2 2 0.597 1.6 0.017111 2428.7 0.32876 1.92901 0.00749
0.2 0.075 2.4 2 4 2.604 4.025 0.214739 13115. 1.71428 5.73965 0.04045
0.3 0.16 3.6 2 6 5.447 7.454 1.041555 37581.8 4.69891 12.1529 0.11589
0.4 0.28 4.8 2 8 9.461 11.97 3.030328 76591.7 9.12258 21.0923 0.23619
0.5 0.43 6 2 10 14.48 17.32 6.564638 128232 14.5277 31.8494 0.39543
0.6 0.6 7.2 2 12 20.17 23.01 11.60906 187523 20.2403 43.2485 0.57827
0.7 0.77 8.4 2 14 25.85 28.03 17.64321 247879 25.6061 53.6318 0.76439
0.8 0.9 9.6 2 16 30.2 31.37 23.62154 301112 30.0103 61.381 0.92854
0.9 0.97 10.8 2 18 32.54 33.04 28.33463 339939 33.0464 66.0896 1.04828
1 1 12 2 20 33.55 33.21 31.29155 363195 34.798 68.0085 1.11999
1.1 0.98 13.2 2 22 32.88 31.87 32.51545 372605 35.493 67.3655 1.14901
1.2 0.92 14.4 2 24 30.87 29.53 32.10409 369456 35.2613 64.7923 1.1393
1.3 0.84 15.6 2 26 28.19 26.69 30.47009 356811 34.322 61.0098 1.10031
1.4 0.75 16.8 2 28 25.18 23.68 28.10428 338094 32.9053 56.5826 1.04259
1.5 0.66 18 2 30 22.17 20.5 25.39256 315980 31.1899 51.6894 0.97439
1.6 0.56 19.2 2 32 18.83 16.49 22.47211 291263 29.2171 45.7026 0.89817
1.8 0.42 21.6 2 34 14.14 12.47 19.01785 260593 26.6846 39.1561 0.8036
2 0.32 24 2 36 10.8 9.461 15.40644 226459 23.7495 33.2105 0.69834
2.2 0.24 26.4 2 38 8.123 7.12 12.29598 194849 20.9143 28.0338 0.60086
2.4 0.18 28.8 2 40 6.116 5.28 9.737758 166787 18.2959 23.5757 0.51432
2.6 0.13 31.2 2 42 4.444 3.908 7.662614 142159 15.913 19.8213 0.43838
2.8 0.098 33.6 2 44 3.373 2.988 6.020166 121040 13.801 16.7894 0.37325
3 0.075 36 2 46 2.604 1.951 4.773838 103697 12.0155 13.967 0.31977
3.5 0.036 42 2 48 1.299 0.998 3.686842 87288.8 10.28 11.2782 0.26917
4 0.018 48 2 50 0.697 0.547 2.7267 71386.1 8.55139 9.09796 0.22013
4.5 0.009 54 2 52 0.396 0.312 2.010678 58266.3 7.0872 7.39962 0.17968
5 0.004 60 2 54 0.229 0.114 1.497992 47884.5 5.90163 6.01603 0.14766


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DESIGN OF MINI HYDROPOWER PROJECT

ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE, BSc

HYDRAULIC & WR ENGINEERING

ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

MELKAMU ALEBACHEW (MSc)

ADANECH YARED (BSc)

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 II

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS REPORT ENTITLED DESIGN OF MINI

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE, BSc

HYDRAULIC & WR ENGINEERING

ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

MELKAMU ALEBACHEW (MSc)…………………..

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 III

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 I

Finally, the conclusion and recommendation are included.

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 II

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 III

5.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 36

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 IV

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 V

12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 114

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 VI

Fig 3.2 Goodness of fit test

Fig 3.3 Flow duration curve

Fig 4.1 Mass curve

Fig 5.1 Inflow hydrograph

Fig 5.2Inflow- Outflow Hydrograph

Fig 8.1Trapezoidal channel cross section

Fig 9.1Spiral Case Level

Fig 9.2 Draft Tube Level

Fig 9.3 Powerhouse plan

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 VII

Annex 2. Summary of Monthly Maximum Discharge

Annex.4 Summary of Run-off Depth

Annex 5 Computation of FDC

Annex.7 Goodness of fit test

Annex.8 Design Flood Estimation Using Log Pearson typeIII

Annex.9 Elevation-Area-Capacity relation

Annex.10 Reservoir Capacity Determination using mass curve analysis

Annex.11 Determination of Evaporation using Penman method

EIA-Environmental Impact Assessment

FDC-Flow Duration Curve

FRL-Full Reservoir Level

HPP- Hydropower Project

MWL- Maximum Water Level

NPL-Normal Pull Level

TRL-Tail Race Level

USBR- United States Bureau Of Reclamation

USSCS-United States Soil Conservation Service

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 VIII

1.1 General background of the project

1.2 Description of project Area

1.2.1 Geographical Location

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 1

Figure 1 Project area

1.2.3. Geological Condition

1.2.4. Climatic condition

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPT. JUNE, 2010 2

1.3. Objective and Designing approach

Present per household demand =215 + 211=52W