WINDOWS

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Window Types:
A. Casement (normally called hinged windows, open out)

B. Sliding
C. Pivot (horizontal / vertical)
D. Double hung (counter balanced)
E. Fixed glass
F. Angled (bay window)
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A. Wooden Casement Windows:
 Casement windows are installed on exterior
walls.
 Windows open outwards to prevent rain water
coming inside.
 Inwards opening windows obstruct activity
inside the room, and also obstruct curtains.
 Casement windows have two parts:
• Fixed frame.
• Hinged / casement (moving) shutters.

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 CASEMENT / HINGED WINDOW

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 CASEMENT / HINGED WINDOW

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 While erecting walls, openings for windows are
provided about ½” larger on all sides than the
window.
 Hold fasts are screwed on the external side of
the window frame.
 Depending on the window size, 4 or more
chases are made in the walls at the
corresponding positions to accommodate the
metallic hold fasts.
 Window frame with hold fasts is positioned in
the wall opening flush with the margin of
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 HOLD FAST

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 internal wall plaster, and chases are filled with
cement mortar prior to plastering.
 After internal and external plaster of the wall,
and its curing, the window shutters are fixed to
the frame with hinges.
 Hinged shutters have a frame consisting of two
stiles (sides), top and bottom rails.
 As per design requirements the shutter may
have only one glass pane, or may have multiple
smaller glass panes divided by “astragals / sash
bars / glazing bars”.
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• The advantages of smaller panes / panels are as
follows:
o Multiple panes / panels reduce the quantity
of glass used.
o Makes it easy to replace a broken glass.
o Small panes / panels may be used for
aesthetic purposes.
o The panel sizes may, or may not be of equal
sizes.
o “Astragals, sash bars, glazing bars” also act as
bracing for long or medium sized sash /
casements for strength.
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 To cover the joint / gap between wooden frame
and the interior wall, an “architrave” is fixed
over it.
 Architrave is a wooden strip bout 1.5” to 2”
wide, 0.5” to 0.75” thick, flat on the wall side
and molded as per design on the facing side.
Corner joints are mitered.
 Normally on the exterior side no architrave is
used because it warps due to the weathering
effect. External plaster or window sill is tucked
under the window frame.
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WINDOW FRAME:
 Window frame is 2” thick for soft wood and 1¾”
thick for hard wood.
 For casement / hinged windows a rebate of 1½”x
3/8” is made for glass shutters towards the
exterior.
 A rebate of 1¼”x 3/8” is made for netting shutters
towards the interior.
 Minimum width of 2¼” is provided between glass
and netting shutters to accommodate mild steel
grill frame ¾” wide.
 Minimum overall width of window frame will
therefore be 5”.
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GLASS SHUTTERS:
 Glass hinged shutters are fixed towards the
exterior of the window frame.
 The sash shutter stiles & rails are normally 1½” x 3”
 The rebate for glass sheet will be facing towards
out side to stop rain water intrusion.
 Glass is vey good for weathering, and will require
low maintenance.
 Casement window allows 100% opening for
ventilation.
 To avoid rattling and breaking away in high winds,
width of hinged glass shutters should be restricted
to 22” width.
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FLY NET SHUTTERS:
 Fly net hinged shutters are fixed towards the
inside of the window frame.
 Most of the time these shutters are kept shut,
therefore these do not offer much obstruction
to the movement or curtains in the room.
 Fly net shutters if located towards exterior will
accumulate lots of dust, while indoors it will
remain clean for longer period of time.
 Fly net being light weight, the stiles and rails of
sash shutters are usually 3”x 1¼”.
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BUTT HINGES:
 Door & window hinges are made of mild steel, G.I.
steel, stainless steel, brass, aluminum etc.
 In normal circumstances BUTT hinges are used
for windows.
 Hinges are fixed to door window frames with
screws. The holes for screws are counter sunk in
the hinge flanges or wings, which are 1¼” wide.
 Hinge sizes vary depending on usage:
o Cabinets 1”
o Windows 2” to 4”
o Doors 3” to 5”
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WINDOW
DETAILS

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PARLIAMENT HINGE: (EXTENSION HINGE)
 Where wall thickness is more than 6”, recessed
casement window sash cannot open beyond
90⁰ of the window frame.
 If it is required to open sash beyond this
restriction, then a parliament / extension hinge
is needed.
 Parliament / extension hinge permits the sash
to open almost 180⁰ to the window frame. Sash
neatly sits next / parallel to the wall.
 Parliament hinge permits glass cleaning from
both sides while standing inside.
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PARLIAMENT /
EXTENSION
HINGE

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 PIANO HINGE:
 Piano hinge is used for cabinets,
almirahs and wardrobe doors.

 It is available in strip lengths of

6’ & 7’ for tall doors.

 The flanges / wings are ¾” and

1” wide.

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 FIXED LOUVERED SHUTTERS

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 OPERABLE LOUVERED SHUTTERS

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 MOVEABLE LOUVERED SHUTTERS

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 WOODEN VENETIAN BLINDS

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B. Wooden Sliding Windows:
 Sliding window frame has no rebates.
 Glass shutters have separate sliding tracks
and are not positioned in the same plane.
 For sliding purposes aluminum sliding rail
is provided at the bottom, whereas a
guiding track is provided above.
 Only 50% of the opening will be available
for ventilation. Therefore only one netting
shutter is required.
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SLIDING
WINDOW

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 For efficient sliding, wide shutter base is
required. Larger window width is possible in
sliding windows.
 Larger glass area is possible in this window. It is
therefore good for more light and views.
 For a building located near farm land it is
important that no gaps are left in between the
sliding window sashes to stop insects intrusion.
 Each sash weight is supported by two sets of
sliding rollers on the bottom rail. Guide rollers
are provided in top channel.
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 SASH SLIDING HARDWARE

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 WINDOWS COMPARISON
CASEMENT SLIDING
• Complete opening. • Light from 100% area but
ventilation from only 50%
• Easy to clean from both • Difficult to clean from out
sides. side.
• No gap left between • Gaps between frame and
frame and sash. sash give insects problem.
• More protection against • Less protection against
rain. rain.
• Grill is placed in • Grill is placed inner most.
between the glass and
netting shutters.
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 WINDOWS COMPARISON
CASEMENT SLIDING
• Width of sash is • Can have wider sash
limited to ≤ 22” and window.
• Wind pressure in high • Does not rattle in high
rise building rattles winds.
sash, possible breaking
away.
• Less glass area, more • More glass area, less
wood area in elevation. wood area in elevation.
• Uses more wood. • Less wood is used.
• Problems in operating • No problems with
curtains. curtains.

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WINDOW
SILL
HEIGHTS

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WINDOW
SILL
DETAILS

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WINDOWS SIZING:
Windows serve the need of light, ventilation,
views and connection of indoors with out doors.
Proper sizing of windows in relationship to a
room is therefore important. Many building codes
specify this requirement and is as follows:
1. “One square meter of window area to be
provided for every 30 to 40 cubic meter of the
room volume”.
Example: Room volume 12’x16’x10’ =
4mx5mx3m = 60m³÷30 = 2m² = 20 sq. ft. =
5’x4’

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2. “Provide windows @ 10 to 15 % of the room
floor area”.
Example: Room area 12’x16’ ≈ 200 sq. ft. x 10% =
20 sq. ft. = 5’x4’

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:
In a class room, incidence of natural lighting
should be such that it falls from the left side of
the students to illuminate the writing area. This
can be achieved by appropriately positioning the
furniture layout in relationship to windows.

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WINDOW
SYMBOLS:

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C. PIVOT WINDOWS:
There are two types of pivot windows:
1. Horizontal pivoted windows.
2. Vertical pivoted windows.
These type of windows are used where:
a) Wall area is not large enough for a sliding
window, or
b) Casement window sashes when opened may
project out too far into a circulation space, and
cause obstruction.
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VERTICAL
PIVOT
WINDOWS

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 VERTICAL
PIVOT
WINDOW

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 Vertical pivots of windows may not be in the
center of the frame to allow for more projection in
one direction and less in the other.

Horizontal pivots of windows are generally

centered to balance the sash in open position.
These type of windows have the advantage that
when placed at out of reach location, do not
obstruct in to the circulation space. These type of
windows are mostly used in school corridors.

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HORIZONTAL PIVOT WINDOWS

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 HORIZONTAL
PIVOT
WINDOW
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TOP HUNG These type of windows have
WINDOWS: upper half top hung and lower
half has fixed glass. Both glass
panes are frosty for privacy.
These windows are mostly used
for bath rooms and store
rooms, and occupy small wall
area. Whereas this window
blocks the view but provides
diffused daylight and
ventilation.

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D. DOUBLE HUNG
WINDOWS:
(COUNTER BALANCED)
This window has two
vertically placed sashes.
Upper sash is fixed,
whereas lower sash slides
up and down. It is counter
balanced by weights on
strings and pulleys which
travel inside hollow cavities
in the side casements.
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 F. BAY WINDOWS

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 G. DORMER WINDOW

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 DORMER WINDOW FRAMING

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