welcome back to so you really want to

learn latin

and today we move on to one of my

favorite

little things in the latin language and

that is

relative clauses now first things first

what on earth is a relative clause well

when we say something like the girl

who was walking to school

or the haystack which we saw

in the fields what we're doing

is we are using a little clause

to tell us something more about

a noun that we've just mentioned so

the girl who was walking to school

was happy okay now we have a main

sentence there the girl was happy

but we want to know which girl we're

talking about

and so we say the girl who was walking

to school

that tells us a little bit more about

the girl

so that we can be sure that we're

talking about the right girl

or the haystack which we saw in the

fields

caught far right so the main sentence is

the haystack
caught fire but which haystack

the one which we saw in the fields now

the noun which we are giving a little

bit more information about

in that relative clause is called the

antecedent okay so

the girl who was walking to school

the girl is the antecedent

the haysack which we saw in the fields

the haysack is the antecedent

okay now

an antecedent can itself be the subject

or the object

of its own clause or indeed it can be in

any of the other cases genitive dative

or ablative

it can be singular it can be plural

so it won't surprise you to know

that when we learn the word for who or

which

in latin it's going to have lots of

cases and it's going to have two numbers

okay so the relative

pronoun in english who

or which or whom if you're being

correct and a little bit old-fashioned

in latin is

okay and it goes like this

[Music]
now i'm saying quebec or quees because

actually in the deity of an ablative

plural

the form for the relative pronoun can

either be quivers

looking a little bit kind of third

detention or it can be

quees looking a little bit first or

second declension

so we learn it as quick as greece quebec

acquisition greece

okay now it's really important that we

understand

this concept of an antecedent because

we're now going to move on

and look at a really important rule

about relative clauses in latin which is

that the relative pronoun in latin

takes its gender and its

number from the

antecedent but it takes

its case from the grammatical position

of that pronoun within the relative

clause okay now

that sounds like a hell of a lot to take

in so let's just break it down

and we'll run through five examples

using five cases just to show you what i

mean

okay so for example if we say the woman

who is walking

and then we can go and say something

like is happy

okay the woman who is walking

in that sentence the relative pronoun

is who the relative clause

is who is walking

and the antecedent in other words

the noun to which that relative clause

is referring is the woman

okay now the woman is feminine

and singular so if we were translating

that into latin

our relative pronoun would be feminine

and singular

okay and then

irrespective of what case the woman

is in her sentence

we want to know what is the grammatical

position of that relative pronoun

in the relative clause which

if you remember is who is

walking now in that little relative

clause

who is walking she is walking the

relative pronoun

is the subject of the verb

is walking you could take out who

and put in she and that'll prove what i

mean

who is walking she is walking okay

so the relative pronoun in that sentence

would have been

kwai feminine

and singular because the antecedent is

feminine and singular

and nominative because it is the subject

of the relative

clause so we end up with femina

comma and then the sentence will carry

on

we want to know what what is the woman

doing

okay second example the woman

whom we love

is happy or whatever now

the woman okay she's feminine and she's

singular

so the relative pronoun

is going to be feminine and singular

but this time just look at that relative

clause

the woman whom we love

now in the relative clause the

subject of the verb love was we whom

we love who

did we love or whom did we love

well we love the woman so that word

whom is in the accusative case

it is the object of the verb

love so when we put that one into latin

it's feminine and it's singular but it

must be accusative

so we get to

amamus and then it will go on to say

whatever

it wants to say about woman you know

she's happy lighter est or

whatever okay so there's a nominative

and accusative but

we can go on so let's look at this one

the woman

whose daughter we love

okay and then we'll go on and say she's

happy or whatever

so the woman

whose daughter now

that relative pronoun in english has

become

whose and that means of

whom okay so

the woman whose daughter

the relative pronoun is still referring

to the antecedent

the woman so femina and that is

feminine and singular so we're picking a

feminine

singular relative pronoun but this time

we've put it in the

genitive because it's of

whom or in english we say

whose so

feminine genitive singular cuis

so we get femina curious

of whom we love the daughter

and then the sentence will carry on and

we'll say something like lighter est

okay you're following this okay choo

choo

let's have a date if same antecedent

set up we're gonna have the woman to

whom

we gave a present

okay now to whom

referring back to that antecedent of the

woman

that's who we gave the present to so we

still have our sentence our basic

sentence

the woman and it goes on i haven't even

bothered to tell you but it's probably

going to be something like the woman is

happy

okay fame in a lighter est

but let's learn more about the woman it

is the woman

to whom we gave a present

now that relative pronoun to whom

it's referring to the woman who's

feminine and singular so it's going to

be feminine and singular but which

case to

dative case so we're going for

cui it's a rather hard

um pronoun that it looks like kui and

people often go quick i called creme

cram good

cause well it's actually a diphthong

it's

cui is pronounced kui

um okay so date of singing

and then we gave a present

okay so we get femina cui

deunum denimos

lighter est all whatever the sentence

carries on to say

about the woman and finally let's show

we can do it with an ablative

and surprise surprise our antecedent is

going to be the same old

thing the woman by

whom he was killed

is happy okay so feminine the woman

by whom now the relative pronoun

whom referring back to the antecedent

of the woman so feminine and singular

but this time it's going in the ablative

and it's actually going in the adjective

after the preposition r

or ab okay

feminine singular ablative

referring back to the antecedent femina

okay so femina

ah interfectusest

and then lighter s or whatever we want

to say about that woman

okay so do you see what's happening

there a

relative clause in english tells us a

little bit more about

a noun that has just been mentioned

that noun which has just been mentioned

is called

the antecedent the antecedent

can be any case it wants to be

okay it could be the subject of a

sentence it could be the object of a

sentence

it could be in any old case but the

point is it is a noun that we've just

mentioned

and then you get the relative clause

telling us something more about

it okay

and the rule in latin which you must not

forget

is that the relative pronoun

refers back to the antecedent and it

takes its

gender and its number from the

antecedent

but it takes its case from its

grammatical position within its own

little

relative clause and so

it is perfectly possible and indeed

incredibly common

for the relative pronoun to be

in an entirely different case to the

antecedent

that it's talking about but it will

always always always be in the same

gender and the same number

now the best way to prove that we've

really got that nailed

is of course to do some practice we'll

start off with some

english intellection okay we'll just do

three or four of those

and then we'll look at some latin into

english okay so here we go with the

english and latin and we're just going

to do the kind of front end of these

sentences

so we're going to say the boy who is

walking
is happy okay main sentence

the boy is happy lightest

but we want to know a little bit more

about the boy and we know that it is the

boy

who is walking okay

so the relative pronoun who

it's going to be a quick word it's going

to take its

gender and its number from the

antecedent

in this case the boy so it's going to be

masculine and singular

and in the relative clause who is

walking

that word who is the subject of

is walking so we get

qui ambulat

is happy the boy is happy

okay we'll do another one the girl who

is walking

is happy okay subject

puella what is she what she's happy

lighter

est but we've got a little relative

clause ad describing what's going on

and it says who is walking and it's

describing that girl

takes its gender and its number from the

antecedent
so it's going to be feminine and

singular

and again in that relative clause who is

walking

just like the first one it is the

subject of

is walking so we get puella

qui ambolat

lighter est now i've said that the

antecedent

can be in any case so far everything

we've done

we've had the antecedent actually as the

subject of the main sentence

but just imagine if you had a sentence

such as

the name of the war

which we were waging

was the third samnite war

okay so the name of the wall

okay no men the name belly

of the wall okay so there you've got a

noun in the genitive singular the name

of the war

no men belly

which we were waging

now the relative pronoun which

is referring back to a noun we have just

mentioned
which in this case was the wall

the wall is a neuter singular

noun okay

it happens to be put into the genitive

in this sentence

but that's irrelevant the point is it's

muta

and it's singular so the name of the war

which we were waging

okay now the relative clause which we

were waging it's got a

verb were waging the subject of that

verb is

we and the object

of that verb is which

which we were waging in other words we

were waging

it so in this example

the relative pronoun is going to be

neutral and singular

because the antecedent is neuter and

singular

but it's going to be in the accusative

case because it

is the object of the verb

in the relative clause so we get

no men belly quad

gary barmus which we were waging

and then it'll go and say it was the

third time i ball

okay and then you might have a sentence

like

um i was walking

with a sailor whose mother

was sad okay

i was walking with a sailor whose mother

was sad

the main sentence i was walking with a

sailor whose mother

was sad so i was walking with a sailor

kum naota am

i was walking with a sailor

come

and then what do we know about that

sailor well we know

her mother was sad i was walking with

the sailor whose

mother was sad

the relative pronoun in english is whose

in latin it's going to be a queequai

quad word

it's going to refer back to the

antecedent

which was the sailor i was walking with

sailor whose mother was had

the sailor is masculine and singular

and then what case will it be in

this relative pronoun when you look at

the relative clause

whose mother was sad

okay the mother was sad

whose mother was

sad so that word whose

is actually genitive because it is

of whom the mother

was sad so the relative clause is going

to be

curious so that's genitive of whom

it's genitive and masculine and singular

mata meister

erat

[Music]

i was walking okay

that's you know it's hard when you're

going

into latin but as i've always said put

it into latin first

check you know the rules and then when

you see it coming the other way

it should be much easier so let's have a

little look at some going the other way

okay nice simple one dominus quieste

in juarto eratus est

okay so you've got the main sentence

dominus

eratost the master is angry

but we know something a little bit more

about the master because we've got a

relative clause

tucked inside they're often tucked

inside commas to make them kind of

a little bit obvious and we have cui

est inhorto who

is in the garden and that word cui

it's masculine and it's singular because

it's referring back to the antecedent

dominus and it's

nominative because it is the subject of

the verb in its own little relative

clause

qui este in jorto who is in the garden

okay okay and again you'll see

that gender of the relative pronoun

changing

when you get a sentence such as puella

qui

the girl commas little relative clause

telling us more about the girl

kwai este in aggril who

is in the field now that word kwai

referring back to the antecedent puella

it's feminine it's singular because the

girl is feminine and singular

but it's nominative because it is the

subject of the verb

in the relative clause quai este in

aggro who is in the field

and then the main sentence puella

the girl is singing so the girl who is

in the field

is singing but then look what happens

when

the grammatical relationship inside the

relative clause sort of flips around a

bit so you might have

dominus

dominus the master relative clause

now creme is accusative

masculine singular it's masculine and

singular because it's referring back to

dominus

okay the master but it's accusative

because in this relative clause quem

amamus

it is in fact the object of the verb in

the relative clause

amamus amamus means we love

whom we love and then it goes on

misera est is miserable or unhappy

so the master is unhappy but it is the

master whom

we love is unhappy

and then a slightly more kind of

complicated one

dominus curious sarawas

fessos est iratus semper

est okay dominus there's your subject

the master

we've got this relative clause comed off

and

beginning with a relative pronoun

curious

sarah was fessos asked

whose slave

is tired okay so in that relative clause

you've got a

serious fessos est the slave is

tired so there's your main little bit

the

servant is tired sarah was festus est

but curious sarawas faso says

of whom the slave is tired

so we didn't in english often say of

whom

we say whose so the master

whose slave is tired

and then it carries on your artist

semper est is always

angry okay so

they're a little bit tricky one

great thing of course about learning

relative clauses in latin

is it teaches you quite a lot more about

your own language

so for example the word whom when you

hear people saying i think you mean whom

rather than who to an extent

they're being fussy possibly even

pompous

but what's important is they're being

accurate

because the english word whom

is an accusative case

and if you say

the girl whom i saw yesterday

is called michelle

you're saying whom because in the

relative clause

whom i saw yesterday

actually she was the object of the

relative clause

i saw michelle michelle

whom i saw yesterday the girl whom

i saw yesterday is called michelle

okay so the word whom is an important

kind of word to get your head around in

english

it's used when it is the object in a

relative clause

but it's also used after prepositions so

by whom and with whom

and in whom and to whom okay

so um you know don't sneer at people who

say whom

it's just that they understand the

language and probably have learned a bit

of latin at some stage

okay now we're going to do another

session on relative clauses next time

because

this is complicated stuff it's really

important because they are

massively common in latin you

see relative clauses all over the place

and in fact the more you think about it

now that we focus on them a bit you'll

notice they're incredibly common in

english as well

you know they tell us more about a noun

and so we use them the whole time okay

hope that made sense let me know if you

have any problems

and i'll see you back on this channel

very soon for another session

on relative clauses