welcome back to so you really want to

learn latin

and today we are going to be playing

around with our old friend

the ppp and learning some fancy tricks

now we've seen how the perfect passive

the

future perfect passive and the plu

perfect passive

are all formed using the ppp the past

participle passive

and to that ppp we've added either the

present tense of sum

or the future tense of sum or the

imperfect tense of sum

so what's actually happening there is

when we say

amartus est we know now that that means

he has been loved

but strictly speaking what it means

is he is having been loved

because the ppp a martus

literally means having been loved

so martial says he is having been loved

a martyr's errit he will be

having been loved and amateurs

erat he was having been loved

now we don't translate it like that of

course but that is what it means

and you need to cling on to that for

what we're going to do next

one thing you can do now that you

realize that the tense is formed of

these two words

which you know have their own meaning

but which put together

combined to to make for example the

perfect passive tense

or the future perfect whichever one

you're using

is instead of saying amateur zest

you can say est amateurs

latin loves plain rhyme with word order

to create emphasis

and i think i've told you before

emphasis is created in latin where a

word is

in a position different to what you

would expect

so verbs normally come at the end of

their clauses

but if you bring the verb to the front

of the

clause it puts huge emphasis on it

similarly subjects come before objects

but again if you reverse that you are

creating emphasis

so you'll start seeing sentences now

such as
i don't know something like mila chase

sunt

super arti instead of

military super artisant okay

it's just creating a little different

kind of flavor to the sentence

the other thing that you can do now that

we've got this concept

is you can start leaving out the part of

the verb to be

now just think about what happens in

english we often say

something like um we might say something

like

the soldiers were overcome

and forced to flee

okay now did you see what happened there

instead of saying the soldiers were

overcome

and were forced to flee we

left out the were so the soldiers were

overcome and

forced to flee we know exactly what that

means

and actually it sounds much less

cumbersome than the soldiers were

overcome

and were forced to flee exactly the same

happens in latin

so you could have milotase

super artisant

coach okay perfectly normal sentence

but you can make it just a little bit

more stylish

by leaving out the verb to be

and in latin you leave it out on the

first

verb not the second so that would have

been military

super arti

you would have had twice but you you

know

you only use it once and it's much much

more stylish that way

now if you want to be even fancier than

that

you can you can leave out the word et

as well now we'll do this when we get

into book three and we

really start motoring with past

participles

but just imagine what this might have

meant

meal it isn't

now if you remember that super arty

literally means having been overcome

you should be able to work out that that

means military

super arti the soldiers having been

overcome

were forced to flee okay

so it's quite neat and uh

in the passages of latin that we're

going to come across

from now on this sort of thing will

start happening

okay so um you're you're gonna be

looking

for perfect passives

and future perfect passives and blue

perfect passives

where the tense of the verb to be

in one or more of the clauses

in a long sentence will be left out

and when you leave out the verb to be

the expression to use is the verb to be

is

understood okay it's not just left out

you didn't just forget it

you understood it in other words you

kind of took it that your reader would

know what you

meant and you didn't need to say it

and that's exactly what we do in english

when we say the soldiers were

overcome and forced to flee we

don't need to say and were forced to

flee

okay right now

we obviously need to kind of practice

this to see it in action

uh it'll make much more sense when you

see it happening so

uh we are in book two we are

on page 45 and we've got an exercise 5.7

um the little jolly story of

manliest talk archers and if you've

been watching the roman history videos

you will know that there was a little

misunderstanding between father and son

when the father was the consul and the

supreme commander of the roman army

and his son was a brave if rather headed

young chap

um who disobeyed his father to prove how

brave he was

brave he may have been but he was also

disobedient and i'm afraid

he paid the penalty for that okay so

this little passage

uh tells us about that story so we'll

just have a little go at it now

so we've got manliest talk artists

council erat publio

decl okay pretty straightforward

subject at the beginning manly as talk

artists uh manly talk artists

console erat was consul com

poblio de kyo with publistechias

okay they were the two consuls out

[Music]

romani garyvent the romans were waging

war

with the latins notice there quite a

sort of

you know cool little trick where the

subject

normally we look at our verb first we

saw gareband

and we would then expect to go to the

beginning of the sentence to try and

find a nominative

plural well if you've done that you'd

have gone to the beginning of the

sentence and you wouldn't have found a

nominative plural you'd have found

bellum

which was our object but at that point

you mustn't just assume ah well then the

subject must have been they

because you've always got to keep

scanning down the sentence just

checking whether or not there was a

nominative and

there was right in front of the verb

okay romani garyvent so the romans were

waging a war

with the latins

[Music]

okay we've got another of these little

things where there's direct speech

inside inverted commas we now know how

to

handle that we kind of slice off the

bits that

are inside the inverted commas deal with

them separately

and then the stuff that's outside we

also

do separately so we've got olim manlius

military swakawit once upon a time

remember it subject

he she italian in the nominative

singular and we've got manlius

so once upon a time manlius

called mila chase his soldiers

you can say his soldiers rather than the

soldiers it sounds better

and now we're going to hear what he said

to them inquid he said

okay and then what did he say let's get

this bit inside the

uh inverted commas come hostibus

[Music]

yo go to the verb known copio

i do not want

that's going to be followed typically

it's going to be followed by an

infinitive

i do not want to do something and we've

got pugnare so i do not want to fight

come hostibus with the enemy

when we go said equest latinos

romani

okay first verb first claw marvit

he she it or a noun in the nominative

singular

back to the beginning we go and we find

eques

latinos a latin

knight or horseman eques is a horseman

so but a latin horseman

mang na wokey with a loud voice

with a big voice come on it

shouted now watched he shouted okay

we've got this little word

in quit just to you know one introduces

direct

speech in latin using inquit you know it

can mean he said or he shouted or

whatever the appropriate term would be

so what did he shout romani

pognare nong the romans do not want

to fight romani latinos timing

the romans fear the latins philia soutem

toratati wherever

genitives the son of

manliest talk artists audi which there's

our verb

heard whereby the words

that's neutral plural accused of neutral

plural

ayus of him so

the son of man lewis talk archers heard

his words

gladius editor cape it

in hostas cook correct first verb first

cape it

he she it or none in the nominative

singular took

he took back to the beginning to find

the subject there is not one but there

is gladium

so therefore therefore

he took his sword and ran

cockrit into the enemy equates latinos

now this is one of these things i've

been telling you about

so let's just see what happens here

equest latinos

that's our subject nominative singular

the latin horsemen

are romano foreign

by the brave roman

okay adjective after preposition r

will neuratus no
what we were really expecting was

woolner artist

est okay so was wounded but we've only

got wilner after us

and then on it goes walner artist

interfectus est so literally

wounded and was killed

so in english we would say was wounded

and killed

in latin they seem to say wounded

and was killed so they they do it

slightly differently to us but it's

exactly the same

principle the verb to be instead of

being used

twice when you don't really need it to

be because the subject is the same

you use it once and the second time

or the other time the verb to be is

understood

okay now the story goes on i'm not going

to

spoil the story for you by carrying on

with this um

but i just wanted to show you an example

of this

understanding of the verb to be being

used in action

okay so there's a good example of how

the verb to be has been understood

the best practice that i can suggest for

you

is translating from english into latin

and i really like you to have a crack at

exercise 5.8

really really good practice taking a

passage of english

and putting it into latin uh

if you've got the answer book for uh for

this

you'll find a translation for you so you

can check your work against that

uh really worth having a bash of going

from

english international particularly when

you're doing a passage of english

rather than just simple sentences it

really kind of focuses the brain

if you can get the whole tone of a

passage of english and put it into

latin which of course has different

structures

really good practice um can't recommend

it highly enough

um don't forget your revision

uh i said it would be a good idea to

keep on top of the revision

um you now know six

tenses active and passive

for all the main conjugations and

the irregular verb to be okay

so do make sure that if someone asked

you to give the

imperfect of money or the future

perfect of audio or the

future passive of

rego you'd be able to do those

okay it's worth just what i used to do

the beginning of a new term

with my pupils that come back having

forgotten everything over the holidays

i would just say right first lesson

we're going to write it all out

and uh you know set the clock and say

off we go

write out all six active tenses of ammo

and all six passive tenses of ammo and

then move on and do the same with mone

and rego and audie and capio

so you know not a silly idea to check

you can do that

we've also got uh other things that we

need to

make sure we haven't forgotten our

present infinitives

active and passive so remember for ammo

it's amare

in the active that means to love but if

you want to say

to be loved you need to go amari change

your e to an eye

monere becomes moneri

regera becomes reggie

oh dear becomes audio re

capper becomes kapi

okay so your infinitives active and

passive make sure you haven't forgotten

those

nuns you've got five declensions of

nouns

first second third fourth fifth uh make

sure you haven't forgotten

how mainser goes how annus

there's a second attention how rakes and

opus

and kiwis and kubile go vertical engine

lines

then make sure you haven't forgotten

gradus and

our little neutral friend genu

i mean blimey who would want to forget

that

uh and finally our fifth detention race

race trace from

ira

okay so make sure you've got your none

sorted we've got our pronouns personal

pronouns
eggo tu nos and

woos

[Music]

sure you've got those nailed we've got a

demonstrative pronoun

is no that one blimey

quite recently learnt it i wonder if

you've managed to revise it

you say you say use a e a e a e a o a r

a o

plural

okay don't forget that little fella

what else have we done we've done

numerals we can count from one to twenty

uh

trades quite a queen quiz except him

octonaurum deccan

um queen dickinson

september day weekend

and we've got ordinals first to tenth

prima secundus turtius quarters queen to

sexto septimus octals known as decomas

make sure you've got those nailed we've

got adjectives

bonus now bonus you know you shouldn't

really have any trouble with bonus

because as you know it's masculine goes

like anus it's feminine goes like mensa

and it's neutral

is like bellum but just make sure you

haven't forgotten how it goes

and of course vocabulary now vocabulary

is something you've just got to keep on

top of you know the more you

translate in and out of latin the better

you get a vocabulary

but just remember in this book we always

give about

20 or so words every chapter

so you know you've you've been learning

lots of vocabulary as you go along

do make sure that you've learned that

with all the information that you were

given in the book

so just looking for example of

vocabulary 5 which we want you

to learn this during this chapter

you've got the latin for a ship for

example now

now is now is feminine

a ship you've got to know all of that

stuff don't just learn narus means a

ship

because you as you know you're going to

need the genitive singular of narwis

it's a third declension noun but you

wouldn't know that really

until someone gave you the genitive

singular
and only when you know the genitive

singular do you know it's stem and

therefore how it goes

now is now is now m now this snowy

nowhere

okay and you need to know it's feminine

because if an adjective is agreeing with

it it needs to agree with it

in gender okay uh

what else have we got here we've got

we've got the lesson for a foot soldier

pedes

so pedes peditis

masculine foot soldier that's going to

be going paradise paddy's pedittem

peditis petty pedite peditase

not to be confused with pace pedis

masculine of foot which will be going

paste paste per dem

pe disability per

okay so the learning of vocabulary

involves learning everything given in

these lists

with verbs you know that that involves

learning the principal parts

and if you don't learn the principal

parts you will not be able to form the

tenses correctly

nor will you be able to recognize them

correctly
okay so you must learn the principle

parts sorry to be

a bit strict about this but it really

really is important you

just can't kind of shortcut this system

you have to learn it properly it's it's

almost as easy to learn it properly as

to

kind of half learn it so why don't you

learn it properly and then you'll always

feel confident

both translating from latin and

translating into latin

and it's jolly good for the brain okay

enough from me on that

i will see you back here on this channel

in due course

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and i will see you very soon