CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.Background

Medical instrument used for health services consist of various devices withdifferent
quality and evolving rapidly over time both in terms of types and working principles are in line
with technological advances.Medical instrument to patients in their use either directly or
indirectly, the ultimategoal is to save lives. Smoothness and safe operation is an absolute need
in themedical instrument.For that all the medical instrument relating to human health or the
patient needs to bemaintained reliability.The title of this paper is deliberately chosen because
the authors draw attention toscrutiny and need support from all parties who care about health
and medicalinstrument.

B.Limitation of Problems

To know and recognize the usefulness of the types of medical instrument in hospitals.

C.Problem Formulation

Based on the background and the limitation of problems, the problemsdiscussed can be
formulated as follows :

1.What types of medical devices in the hospital?

2.How its use?

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Medical instruments are specially designed medical tools or devices used inthe practice
of medicine. Medical instruments, medical tools and surgical tools aid in performing numerous
activities needed for Investigation, diagnosis, prevention,monitoring, treatment, replacement
or modification of the anatomy, or alleviation ofdisease, injury or handicap.

Surgical instruments or surgical tools for example are specialty medical toolsfor
performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a surgery oroperation, like
modifying biological tissue, or to provide access for viewing it, vizscalpel, hemostat, and other
surgical tools etc. Similarly, a very large number of othermedical instruments and devices have
been classified based on the their function anduse including anaesthesia instrument,
arthroscopy instrument, cardiovascularinstrument, cast instruments, dental instrument, dermal
instrument, ear instrument,laparoscopy equipment, nasal instrument, etc. Commonly used
surgical instrumentsinclude spinal retractors, root elevators, rake retractors, dressing forceps,
cast knives,capsulotomy scissors, towel clamps, etc.

1.Anaesthesia Instrument
 Anaesthesia is usually given to the patients for making them unconscious ornumbing a
part of their body before performing a surgery or an operation. A varietyof drugs and
anaesthesia medical instruments such as breathing tubes, laryngoscopes,connectors, oxygen
regulators, valves, artificial resuscitators, rebreathing bags, facemasks, vaporizers, harness belts
and endotracheal tubes are produced by medicaldevice companies and medical device
manufacturers. Anesthesia instruments areaided by several medical supplies viz. anaesthesia
machine, oxygen monitors,respiration monitors, etc. in delivering effective anesthesia.

2.Arthroscopy instruments

Arthroscopy instruments and arthroscopy surgical tools consist of those precision medical
tools and devices that are needed for performing orthopedicsurgeries. Common medical
instruments used in this type of surgery are graspers,scissors, probes, punches, suture passers
and knives. With the help of an arthroscope,an orthopedic surgeon can easily identify, diagnose
and treat problems relating to joints. The medical instruments used in performing arthroscopic
surgery are verysmall in size i.e. around 3 or 4 mm in diameter. A range of these tools are
produced by medical device companies and medical device manufacturers.
3.Cardiovascular instruments

Cardiovascular instruments comprise a large array of medical tools, surgicaltools and

devices that are meant for performing all types of cardiovascular and peripheral vascular
surgeries. Clamps, forceps, spatula, micro scissors, needleholders, vascular dilators, pediatric rib
retractors, sternum retractors, tissue forceps, orrib spreaders are some general types of
medical instruments used by cardiovascular orheart surgeons. High-grade stainless steel and
titanium are the two most commonmaterials used by medical device companies and medical
device manufacturers formaking cardiovascular instruments.

4.Cast instruments

Cast instruments include a whole line of precision medical tools and surgicaltools such
as cast shears, cast saws, cast spreaders, cast breakers, or cast knives thatcarry out different
functions like cutting, dissecting, stapling, grasping, holdingstitching and retracting different
parts of the body. Medical device companies andmedical device manufacturers generally use
stainless steel, titanium, plastic, iron,carbon steel, silicon, in making cast medical instruments.

5.Curette

This is a surgical instrument that resembles a shape of a spoon that is used toclean a
diseased surface. Mostly curettes are used for treating gum diseases andremoving tartar
deposits on the tooth root surface. The other functions of curette areremoving diseased tissue
and treating abnormal bleeding in the human body.Stainless steel and flexible plastic are two
materials that are usually used for making curette.

6.Dental instruments

Dental instruments consist of medical tools and surgical tools which are particularly used
for assessing, diagnosing, and treating oral diseases. Theseinstruments are used by oral health
care professionals and their supporting staff for providing dental care. The different dental
instruments are often classified asexamination instruments, retractors, local anesthesia
instruments, restorativeinstruments, burnishers, pluggers, periodontal scalers, prosthodontic
instruments,extraction or surgical instruments, orthodontic instruments and
endodonticinstruments. Dental Instruments like bone chisel, bone curette, elevator,
syringe,tweezers, extracting forceps, etc.

7.Dermal Instrument

A collection of different types of medical tools, surgical tools, devices, andequipment that
are necessary for diagnosis and treatment of maladies relating to skincan be termed as dermal
instruments. Dermalrollers,punches,curettes,fillers,forceps, retractors, scissors, needle holder,
extractor, hook, or excavators are some ofthe medical instruments used by dermatologists
while performing skin surgery.

8.Ear instruments

Ear instruments consist of those devices, equipments and surgical tools thatare designed
for treating and correcting any type of ear related disorder. The mostcommon ear instruments
are otoscope, ear syringe, picks, micro scissors, cup forceps,alligator forceps, specula, bruening
head, buck curettes, applicator, suction tubes oralloy tuning forks.

9.Forceps

Forceps are a handheld, hinged medical instrument used for grasping andholding
objects and parts of the anatomy during a medical examination or treatment.Forceps become
useful in cases when fingers are too large to grasp objects, or whenseveral objects need to be
held at one time while the hands are used to conduct aseparate task. Forceps employ the
principle of the lever to grasp and apply pressure.A number of forceps are used by medics for
performing numerous medical procedures. Some common types of forceps include anesthesia
forceps, arteryforceps, biopsy forceps, cilia forceps, eye forceps, obstetrical forceps,
tenaculumforceps and many more.

10.Opthalmic Instrumen

These medical instruments comprise specialized instruments and surgicaltools

specifically used by ophthalmologists and optometrists for assessing a patient'seyes for
anomalies and also for conducting ophthalmic surgery to treat them.Ophthalmic instruments
produced by medical device companies and medical devicemanufacturers are of many types
such as capsulotomy scissors, eye scissors, eyeshield, eyelid retractor. Further, the delivery of
ophthalmic medical care is aided bydiagnostic equipment such as lensometer, binocular
indirects, pupil gauges,ophthalmoscope, etc.

11.Surgical Instrument

Surgical Instruments and surgical tools are devices or medical tools such asretractors,
knife, forceps, scalpel, scissors, brush, elevators etc, which are used while performing a surgery
or an operation. Surgical instruments are medical tools performa variety of functions such as
cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding and retracting body. Some frequently used surgical
instruments include graspers, clamps, bladeretractor, occluders, positioners, tyndallers,
carriers, appliers, periosteal elevators, etc.

12.Urological Instrument

These refer to a whole family of medical tools, surgical tools and devices areused as
surgical instruments for specific surgeries related to kidney, ureters, bladder, prostate, penis,
pelvic lymph nodes etc. Some common instruments used byurologists include urethral sounds,
urethral forceps, cautery instrument, urethralretractors, Miltex Stratte needle holder, Miltex
Wertheim pedicle clamp, are somewell-known medical device companies and medical device
manufacturers.

CHAPTER III

FINAL

A.Knot

Medical instrument is an instrument, apparatus, machine, implantcontaining drug, which is

used to prevent, diagnose, cure and alleviate illness, carefor the sick and restoring health in
humans and to establish or improve the structureand function of the body.
B.Advice

Should students have to better understand and describe the definition, purpose and
function of the medical instrument. With the knowledge that students areexpected to
distribute and apply them in daily life and practice environment.

REFERENCE

http://www..themedica.com/medical- instrument/