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Growth and Development Growing Complex Phenomenon of A Structure or Whole Growth
Growth and Development Growing Complex Phenomenon of A Structure or Whole Growth
Pediatric Nursing
GROWTH
Increase in physical size of a structure or whole
Quantitative
2 parameters
o Weight
Most sensitive measurement for growth
Weight gain:
2x = 5 – 6 mos.
3x = 1 year
4x = 2 – 2½ years
o Height
ESTROGEN responsible for increase in height in female
TESTOSTERONE responsible for the increase in height in male
Stoppage of height coincide with the eruption of the wisdom teeth
- 1”/ mo – 1 – 6 mos
- 1.5”/ mo – 7 – 12 mos
- 50 % - 1st Year
HEIGHT COMPARISON
9 y/o male = female
12 y/o Male < Female
13 y/o Male > Female
DEVELOPMENT
Increase in the skills or capacity to function
Qualitatively
How to measure development
o By simply observing the child doing simple task
o By noting parent’s description of the child’s progress
o Measure by DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING TEST (DDST)
MMDST
o Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test
o Philippine Based exam
Main Rated Categories
o LANGUAGE ability to communicate
o PERSONAL/ SOCIAL ability to interact
o FINE MOTOR ADAPTIVE ability to use hand movements
o GROSS MOTOR SKILLS ability to use large body movements
MATURATION
Synonymous with development
Readiness/ learning is effortless
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Ability to learn and understand from experiences, to acquire and retain knowledge, to
respond to a new situation and to solve problems
Environment
o Quality of Nutrition
o Socio Economic Status
o Health
o Ordinal Position in the family
o Parent – Child Relationship
*Universal Principle: F are born < wt. than M by 1 oz.; F are born < lt. than M by 1 in.
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Developmental Task
A skill or growth responsibility arising at a particular time in the individual’s life.
The successful achievement of which will provide a foundation for the
accomplishments of the future tasks
Have or exploration
increase Divert attention from
knowledge of masturbation
2 sexes Answer the child’s question
directly
Human sexuality
Latent 7 – 12 yrs. School Period of Help the child achieve (+)
Phase aged suppression experiences so that he’ll be
No obvious ready to face the conflicts of
development, adolescents
slower
growth
Child’s
energy or
Libido is
diverted into
more
concrete type
of thinking
Genital 12 – 18 yrs Genitalia Achieve Give opportunity to relate to
Phase sexual opposite sex
maturity and
learn to
establish
satisfactory
relationship
with the
opposite sex
1. Sensorimotor
0 – 2 years old
Also called Practical Intelligence
o words and symbols are not yet available
o communication through senses
2. Pre-operational Thought
1. Pre – conceptual Thought
o 2 – 4 years old
o Concrete, literal, static thinking
o CBQ EGOCENTRIC – unable to view anothers viewpoint
o CBQ (-) REVERSIBILITY – in every action there is opposite reaction; cause
and effect
o Concept of time is only now and concept of distance is only as far as they can
see
o CBQ ANIMISM – consider inanimate object as alive
2. Intuitive Thought
o Beginning of causation
3. Concrete Operational
o 7 – 12 years old
o SYSTEMATIC REASONING as solution to problems
o Concept of (+) reversibility
o Concept of Conservation – constancy despite of transformation
o Activity recommended: Collecting and Classifying
4. Formal Operational
o 12 years old and above
o Period when cognition achieve its final form
o Can solve hypothetical problem with SCIENTIFIC REASONING
o Can deal with past, present and future
o Capable of ABSTRACT, mature thought and formal reasoning
o Activity recommended: talk time; focus on opinions and current events
o Pre-religious
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
Major marker of growth and development
Determines developmental delays
TEETH QUESTIONS
6 mos. Eruption of first temporary teeth 2 LOWER CENTRAL INCISORS
30 mos. Temporary teeth complete
20 decidous teeth
POSTERIOR MOLAR --> last to appear
Time to go to Dentist
Begins to brush teeth
3 years Tooth brushing with minimal supervision
6 years Tooth brushing alone
Temporary teeth begins to fail
1st permanent teeth 1st MOLAR
Last to appear WISDOM TOOTH
MILESTONES
Infancy
Solitary play
o Consider when choosing a play
Safety
Age appropriateness
Hygiene
Fear: Stranger Anxiety
o Begins: 6 – 7 months
o Peaks: 8 months
o Diminishes: 9 months
Neonate
Complete head lag
Largely reflex visual fixation for human face
Hands fisted with thumbs in
Cries without tears because lacrimal glands are not fully developed
1 month
Dance reflex disappears
Looks at mobile; follows midline
Alert to sound, regards face
2 months
Holds head up when in prone
Social smile, cries with tears, cooing sound
Closure of posterior fontanel (2-3 months)
Head lag when pulled to sitting position
No longer clinches fist tightly
Follows object past midline
Recognizes parents
3 months
Holds head and chest up when in prone
Holds hands open at rest
Hand regard, follows object past midline
Grasp and tonic neck reflexes are fading
Reaches for familiar people or object
Anticipates feeding
4 months
Head control complete
Turns front to back; needs space to turn
5 months
Turn both ways (roll over)
Teething rings, handles rattle well
Moro reflex disappears (5 – 6 months)
Enjoys looking around environment
6 months
Reaches out in the anticipation of being picked- up
Sits with support
Puts feet in mouth in supine position
Eruption of first temporary teeth ( Lower 2 central incisors)
Vowel sounds “ah, eh”
Uses palmar grasp; handless bottle well
Recognizes strangers
7 months
Transfer objects from hand to hand (6 – 7 months)
Likes objects that are good sized for transferring
8 months
Sits without support
Peak of stranger anxiety
Plantar reflex disappear (6-8 months)
9 months
Creeps or crawls; need space for creeping
Neat pincer grasp reflex, probes with forefinger
Finger feeds, combine 2 syllables “mama & dada”
10 months
Pulls self to stand
Understand the word no
Respond to name
Peek – a – boo, pat a cake, since they can clap
11 months
Cruising, stand with assistance
Walking while holding to his crib’s handle
One word other than mama and dada
12 months
Stands alone
Walk with assistance
Drink from cup, cooperates in dressing
Says two words other than mama and dada
Pots & pans, pull toys and nursery rhymes
Toddlerhood
Parallel Play – 2 toddlers playing separately
Provide 2 similar toys for 2 toddlers
Toys
o Squeaky frogs to squeeze
o Waddling ducks to pull
o Trucks to push
o Building blocks
o Pounding peg
Fear: Separation Anxiety
o Begins: 9 months
o Peaks: 18 months
o 3 stages
Protest
Despair
Denial
o Prevent:
Do not prolong goodbye
Say goodbye firmly
Say when you’re back
15 Months
Plateau stage
CBQ WALKS ALONE – lateness in walking is a sign of mild mental retardation
Puts small pellets into small bottle
Creep upstairs
4 – 6 words
Scribbles voluntarily with pencil, holds spoon well, seat self in a chair
18 Months
Height of POSSESIVENESS – favorite word MINE
Bowel control achieved
No longer rotates a spoon
Can run and jump in place
Walks up and downstairs holding on to a person’s hand or railing, typically places
both feet on one step before advancing
Names one body part
24 months
TERRIBLE TWOS
Turns pages one at a time, removes shoes, pants, etc
Can open doors by turning door knobs, unscrew lids
50 – 200 words (2 word sentences), knows 5 body parts
Walk upstairs alone, still using feet on the same step at same time
Daytime Bladder Control
CBQ best time to bring the child to dentist: 2 – 3 years or when temporary teeth is
complete
30 months
Makes simple lines or stroke or crosses with pencil
Can jump down from chair
Knows full name, holds up finger to show age
Copy a circle
CBQ Temporary teeth complete (posterior molar: last to erupt)
CBQ 20 deciduous teeth
CBQ tooth brushing: 2 – 3 years
36 months
TRUSTING THREES
Tooth brushing with little supervision
Unbutton buttons
Draws a cross, learns how to share
Knows full name and sex
Speaks fluently, 200 – 900 words
NIGHTIME BLADDER CONTROL achieved
Rides tricycle
Preschoolers
Cooperative play – playhouse
Role playing is usual
Fears:
o Castration/ Body Mutilation
o Dark places and witches
o Thunder and lightning
o Ghost
Curious, creative, imaginative and imitative
4 years old
FURIOUS FOUR
Noisy, aggressive and stormy
Buttons button
Copy square
Catches ball, jumps, skips
Alternates feet going downstairs
CBQ LACES SHOES
Vocabulary of 1500, knows the basic color
Says song or poem from memory
5 years old
FRUSTRATING FIVES
Jumps over low obstacles
Spreads with a knife
Draws 6 part man, copy triangle
Imaginary playmates
2100 words
Identification with same sex
Attachment to opposite sex
School – Aged
Competitive Play: Tug of war
Fears
o School Phobia orienting child to his new environment
o Displacement from school
o Death
Significant Person
o Teacher
o Peer of same sex
Stoppage of height coincide with the eruption of wisdom tooth
Prone to fracture: Common Green stick
Mature vision
o 20/200 legal blindness
They’ll Cheat can’t afford to lose
6 years old
Temporary teeth begins to fall, permanent teeth begins to appear (1st: First Molar)
Tooth brushing alone
A year of continuous motion, clumsy moving
1st grade teacher becomes authority figure
o nail biting sign of strict teacher
Beginning interest with God
7 years old
Age of assimilation
Copies a diamond
Enjoys teasing and playing alone
Quieting down phase
8 years old
Expansive age
Smoother movements
Normal homosexual
Loves to collexct objects
Counts backwards
9 years old
Coordination improves
Tells time correctly
Hero worship
Stealing and lying are common
Takes care of body needs completely
Teachers find their group difficult to handle
10 years old
Age of special talents
Write legibly
Ready for competitive games
More considerate and cooperative
Joins organizations
Well mannered with adults and critical with adults
11 – 12 years old
Pre adolescent
Full of energy and constantly active
Secret languages are common
Share secrets with friends
Sense of humor is present
Social and coopoerative
Adolescence
Fear
o Acne
o Obesity
o Homosexuality
o Death
o Replacement from friends
Peer of opposite sex significant other
Experiences conflicts between his needs for sexual satisfaction and societal
expectations
Core Concern
o Change of body image
o Acceptance of the opposite sex
Nocturnal Emission: Wet dreams
o Hallmark of adolescence
CBQ distinctive odor due to stimulation of apocrine gland
Testes and scrotum increases until age 17
Sperm is viable by age 17
Breast of female and genitalia increases until age 18
Signs of sexual maturity
Characteristic traits
o Idealistic, rebellious, reformers
o Parent child conflict
o Very conscious with body image
o Peer pressure
Problems
o Vehicular accident
o Smoking
o Alcoholism
o Drug Addiction
o Pre Marital Sex
Concept of Death
6 years old death is reversible
CBQ 7 – 9 years old personification of death, permanent loss of the corporal life
Alerts!
Expulsion is @ 2nd stage of labor
Most neonatal deaths w/in the first 24 hours is due to INABILITY TO INITIATE
AIRWAY
Lung function begins only after birth
How?
Support head and remove secretion
Proper suctioning with a catheter
o Place baby’s head to side facilitates drainage
o Suction the mouth first before nose newborns are nose breathers
o Period of 5 – 10 seconds, should be gentle and quick
Prolonged suctioning can cause hypoxia, laryngospasm and
bradycardia due to vagal nerve stimulation
o Evaluate patency
Cover 1 nostril, if newborn struggles, additional suctioning needed
If not effective requires effective LARYNGOSCOPY to open airway. After deep
suctioning, and ET tube can be inserted and O2 administration by (+) Pressure Bag
and mask with 100% O2 @ 40 – 60 bpm
Alerts in O2 Administration
No Smoking O2 is combustible
Must be humidified prevent drying of mucosa
Cover the nose and mouth only
Scarring Retina results Retinopathy (O2 overdose)
Meconium Stain never administer O2 with pressure causes atelactasis
Alerts!
Circulation id initiated by LUNG EXPANSION and PULMONARY VENTILATION
Completed by cutting the cord
Assess characteristics of cry
o Normal strong, vigorous, lusty cry
o Hypoglycemia/ Increased ICP high pitched, small cry
o Never stimulate crying before all secretion are remove to prevent aspiration
Alerts!
The goal of temperature regulation is to maintain Temperature not less than 97.7 F
or 36.7 C
Breastfeeding
Best time
NSD – ASAP
CS – after 4 hours
Advantages of Breastfeeding
Economical
Promotes bonding
Disadvantages of Breastfeeding
No iron
Possibility of transfer of Hepa B, HIV, CMV (13 – 39% possibility)
Father can’t bond with the mother and baby instead, father can sing, suddle, kiss,
put baby to sleep
Alerts!
Freezer good for 6 mos./ don’t reheat
Should be stored in a sterile plastic container
Pre – Colostrums 6 weeks
Colostrums 3
Stages of Breastmilk
COLOSTRUM
o Present 2 – 4 days
o Contents
fats
CHO
Immunoglobulin
protein
fat soluble vitamin
minerals
TRANSITIONAL MILK
o Present 4 – 14 days
o Contents
Lactose
minerals
water soluble vitamins
o Lactose Intolerance deficiency in enzyme
Lactase responsible for digestion of Lactose sour milk/ smelling
of stool
MATURE MILK
o Present 14 days and above
o Contents
Linoleic Acid responsible for the development of brain and
integrity of skin
CHO (Lactose)
Protein (lactabulmin)
COWS MILK
fats – almost similar to mature milk
Causes constipation
Content
o fats
o CHO add sugar
o CHON casein hard to digest
o Minerals (has traumatic effect to kidneys of babies)
o PHOSPHORUS ( causes inversely proportional effect of Calcium
water to prevent kidney stones
Health Teachings
1. Proper Hygiene
Hand washing, clean areola with cotton and water or NSS
Cleanse the area with CAKE COLOSTRUM
2. Position while Breastfeeding
Upright Sitting (best position)
3. Stimulate and Evaluate Feeding Reflexes
Rooting Reflexes
o Stimulate by touching the side of the cheek or side of flip then the
baby will turn to the syimulus
o Purpose: to look for food
o Disappear by 6th weeks
Sucking Reflexes
o Stimulate the middle part of the lips and the baby will suck
o Disappear by 6 months
Swallowing Reflexes
o When the food touches the posterior part of the tongue, the baby
will automatically swallow
o Never disappears
Extrusion Reflexes
o When food touches anterior part of tounge, it will extrude/ protrude
o Purpose: prevent poisoning
o Disappears @ 4 moths
4. Criteria for effective sucking
Baby’s mouth is hiked well – up @ areola
Mother experiences after pain sign of releasing oxytocin thereby
contracting uterus
The other nipple is also flowing with milk
5. To prevent from crack nipples and initiate proper production of oxytocin
Begin initially for 2 – 3 mins/ breast
the time 1 min/ breast/ day until it reaches 10 minutes/ breast/ feeding
or 20 min/ feeding
6. For proper emptying and continuous milk production per feeding
Feed the baby at the last breast that you fed him/ her
MASTITIS
o Inflammation of breast
o Causative Agent: STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
o Management
Avoid wearing lined/ wired bra
o 4 weeks – Breast Involution
GIT Obstructions
Hirshsprung Disease
Imperforate Anus
Meconium Ileus (common with Cystic Fibrosis)
Different Stools
MECONIUM/ PHYSIOLOGIC STOOL
o Blackish green
o Odorless (sterile intestine)
o Normally passed within 24 hours
o Tar like
o Sticky
TRANSITIONAL STOOL
o Present 4 – 14 days
o Green
o Loose
o Slimy that may appear like diarrhea to the untrained eyes
BREASTFED STOOL
o Golden yellow
o Occur almost nearly after feeding
o With sour milk smell
o Mushy
o Soft
BOTTLEFED STOOL
o Pale yellow
o Hard due to casein
o Formed
o Typically offensive odor
o Seldom passed 2 – 3 days
INDICATION OF STOOL CHANGES
Light Stool With jaundice
Bright Green Under phototherapy
Mucus –mixed Milk Allergy
Clay Colored Bile Duct Obstruction
Black GIT Hemorrhage
Blood – Flecked Anal Fissure
Curant Jelly Intussuception
Fatty, bulky, foul Suspect malabsorption
smelling/ Steatorrhea syndrome/ Cystic Fibrosis/
Celiac Disease
Ribbon – like Hirshsprung disease
Apgar Scoring
Virginia Apgar
Special Consideration
1st 1 minute determines general coneral condition of the baby
Next 5 Minute determines the capability of the baby to adjust extrauterinely (most
important)
Next 15 minutes optional depndent on the 5 minutes apgar score
Components
A ppearance Color upon birth is slightly cyanotic
After first cry baby will be pink
P ulse Rate Take apical pulse at the lower left nipple
G rimace Determines reflex irritability using tangential foot slap and catheter
insertion
A ctivity To determine the degree of muscle tone
R espiration
APGAR SCORING
Score
Criteria 0 1 2
Heart Rate Absent < 100 > 100
Respiratory Effort Absent Slow RR/ Weak Good strong cry
Muscle Tone Flaccid Extremities Some reflexes Well Flexed
Reflex Irritability
Catheter No Response Grimace Cough or sneeze
Tangential FS No Response Grimace Cry
Color Blue / Pale Acrocyanosis Pink
High score means healthy baby
Interpretation
0-3
Severely depressed
Needs CPR
Admission at NICU
4-6
Moderate depression
Additional suctioning
7 – 10
Good and healthy
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPCR cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation
5 minutes of 02 deprivation will cause irreversible brain damage
Priority: Airway, Breathing, Circulation
AIRWAY
Clear the airway
Shake the baby
If no response, call help
Immediately do 1 minute CPR before calling for help
Flat on bed, put a board if the bed is soft
Head tilt – chin lift maneuver
No head tilt for suspect of cervical damage
Overextension may cause occlusion
BREATHING
Ventilating the lungs
Check breathlessness
If breathless give 2 breaths
CIRCULATION
By cardiac compression
Check if pulseless
Use brachial pulse children
No breath + No pulse CPR
Infant 1 finger breadth below nipple line, 2 finger
1 year old heal of the palm
CPR RATIO
Adult 2:15
Infant 1:5
Score
Criteria 0 1 2
Chest movement Synchronized Long on inspiration See-saw
Intercoastal retraction No retraction Just visible Marked
Xiphoid Retraction No retraction Just visible Marked
Nares dilatation No dilatation Minimal Marked
Expiratory Grunt None Heard by stet only Heard by ear
PRETERM BABIES
babies delivered after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks
sign of preterm – less 36 weeks according to Ballatrd and Dubowitz
plus frog legs or lax position
Important Consideration
If the client is a newborn, cover areas that is not being examined (prevent
hypothermia)
If the client is an infant, he first vital sign to take is the RR because of fear of
stranger will change the normal respiration. Begin from at least intrusive to the
most intrusive procedure.
If the client is a toddler and preschooler, le them handle the instruments like
stethoscope or play syringe. If the client has security blanket (like stuffed toy)
give it to them to lessen anxiety
If the client is a school age and adolescent, explain the procedure and respect
their modesty
Components
Temperature
o Temperature of the newborn is taken rectally
o Rectal temperature taking is done only once to rule out imperforated anus
o Insert thermometer 1 inch inside the anus
Common in Girls
o Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Causes
o Familial tendency
o Exposure to rubella/ German measles – 1st month
o Failure of the Heart Structure to progress
1. Pulmonary Stenosis
Narrowing of valve of pulmonary artery
Signs and symptoms
o Typical systolic ejection murmur
o S2 sound is widely split
o ECG reveals right ventricular hypertrophy
o Only 50% of the blood goes to the lungs
Management
o Balloon Stenotomy
2. Aortic Stenosis
Narrowing of valve of aorta
Signs and symptoms
o Typical systolic ejection murmur
o Murmur
o ECG reveals right ventricular hypertrophy
o Only 50% of the blood goes to the body
o Angina like symptoms may be present when active
Management
o Balloon stenotomy
4. Coarctation of Aorta
Narrowing of ach of aorta
Outstanding signs
o Absent femoral pulse
o BP is higher on the upper extremities and on the lower
extremities
o Epistaxis
o Lesser blood goes to the lower extremities
Management
o Take BP on 4 extremities
o Close hear surgery
3. Truncus Arteriosus
Situation in which pulmonary artery and aorta is arising in one common
trunk or a single vessel with ventricular septal defect
Signs and symptoms
o Cyanosis after 1st cry
o Polycythemia because of increase production of RBC, a
compensatory mechanism to the oxygen supply to the body, the
blood become viscous
o Polycythemia will lead to:
Thrombuis
Embolus
Stroke (CVA)
Management
o Restructuring the heart
1. Tricuspid Atresia
Failure of the tricuspid valve to open
Signs and symptoms
o Open foramen ovale
o Cyanosis
o Polycythemia because of increase production of RBC, a
compensatory mechanism to the oxygen supply to the body, the
blood become viscous
o Polycythemia will lead to:
Thrombuis
Embolus
Stroke (CVA)
Management
o Fontan Proledum
2. Tetralogy of Fallot
4 Anomalies Present (PVOR)
o Pulmonary Stenosis
o Ventricular Septal Defect
o Overriding of Aorta
o Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Signs and symptoms
o High degree of Cyanosis outstanding Sign
o Polycythemia because of increase production of RBC, a
compensatory mechanism to the oxygen supply to the body, the
blood become viscous
o Polycythemia will lead to:
Thrombuis
Embolus
Stroke (CVA)
o Severe dyspnea relieved by squatting position because it will
prevent venous return and facilitate maximum lung expansion
Knee chest position in infants
o There is growth retardation
Management
o Bed rest
RESPIRATION
Normal Values = 30 – 60 bpm irregular
Either abdominal or diaphragmatic breathing with short period of apnea without
cyanosis
Normal apnea in newborn is 15 seconds or less
Age Rate
Newborn 40 – 90
1 year old 20 – 40
2 – 3 years old 20 – 30
5 years old 20 – 25
10 years old 18 – 22
15 and above 12 – 20
3. BRONCHIOLITIS
Inflammation of the bronchioles characterized by production of tenacious
mucus
FLU – LIKE SYMPTOMS – outstanding sign
RR
Causative Agent: Respiratory Syncitial Virus
Drug: Antiviral – Ribavirin
4. EPIGLOTITIS
Inflammation of the epiglotitis
Sudden onset
The child always assume the tripod position
Less than 18 months cannot cough – must be placed on mist tent or “Croup
tie” – make sure that the edges are tucked in
o Provide washable plastic toys or materials
o Avoid toys that crate friction
o Avoid toys that are hairy or furry
Blood Pressure
Newborn – 80 – 46 mmHg
After 10 days – 100/ 50 mmHg
BP taking begins by 3 years old
SKIN
If cyanotic after the first cry suspect Transposition of the Great Arteries
Burn Trauma
Injury to body tissues caused by excessive heat
Characteristic
1st Degree Involves only the superficial epidermis characterized by erethema,
Partial Thickness dryness and pain
Ex: Sunburn – heals by regeneration in 1 – 10 weeks
2nd Degree Involves the entire epidermis, and portion of the dermis,
Partial Thickness characterized by erythema, blistered and moist from exudates
which is extremely painful
Ex: Scalds
3rd Degree Involves skin layers, epidermis and dermis, may involve adipose
Full Thickness tissue, fascia, muscle and bone. It appears to be leathery, white or
black, not sensitive to pain since nerve ending had been
destroyed
Ex: Lava Burn
Management:
First Aid
o Put out the flames by rolling the child on a blanket
o Immerse the burned part on cold water
o Removed burned clothing (sterile material)
o Cover burned part with sterile dressing
Maintainance of patent airway
o Suction PRN
o O2 administration with humidity
o Endotracheal Intubation
o Tracheostomy
Prevention of shock and flued and electrolyte imbalances
o Colloids to expand blood volume
o Isotonic saline to replace electrolyte
Atopic Dermatitis
Skin disease characterized by papulo-vesicular eruthematous lesions with weeping
and crusting
Usually caused by food allergen
o Milk
o Eggs
o Citrus Juice
o Tomatoes
o Wheat
Signs and symptoms
o Extremely pruritus – outstanding sign
o Linear excoriation
o Crusty
o Lichenification dry and shinny, scaly white skin
Management
o Avoid allergens
o Prosobes/ Isomil – hypoallergenic milk
o Prevent infection by proper handwashing, cut the fingernails
o Hydrate with a burrows solution
o Topical steroid – 1% hydrocortisone cream
Impetigo
Skin disease caused by Group A Beta Hemolytic Sreptococcuscharacterized by
papulovesicular lesions surrounded by localized erythema becoming purulent and
ooze forming honey colored crust
Before the development, the baby should always been exposed to Pediculosis Capitis
(kuto)
Management
o Proper handwashing
o Treated with antibiotic
Complication: AGN
Acne
Self limiting inflammatory disease involving sebaceous gland, common in adolescents
Comadones – composed o sebum that is mainly causing white heads
Sebum – composed of lipids
Management
o Proper handwashing wild mild soap (sulfur soap) and water, leave for 5 – 10
minutes or use tretenoin or Retin A – anti acne
Anemia/ Pallor
Caused by
o Early cutting of the cord
o Bleeding disorders/ blood dyscarias
Hemophilia
Sex – linked (X) Recessive disorders
The mother is the carrier
The son is affected
The father transmits to daughter
Deficiency in clotting factor
o Hemophilia A factor 8 classic hemophilia
o Hemophilia B Factor 9 Christmas disease
o Hemophilia C Factor 11
OMPHALAGIA earliest sign
o >300 cc loss of blood during cutting of the cord
the maternal clotting factor is present in the new born that is why there is a delayed
diagnosis of hemophilia
in toddlers sudden bruising
HEMARTHROSIS major sign repeated bleeding, bleeding of the synovial
membrane
Diagnostic exam: PTT
Nursing Diagnosis: High Risk for Injury
Goal: Prevention of injury
Health Teaching
o Avoid contact sports
o Determine the case before doing any invasive procedure
In immunization change the needle into a smaller one
o In case of fracture/ injury
Immobilize and elevate
o Cold compress
o Gentle pressure
o Blood transfusion of cryoprecipitate
Leukemia
Group of malignant disease characterized by rapid proliferation of immature RBC
Ratio is 500 RBC : 1 WBC
The client is immunocompromised
Classification of Leukemia
o Lympho – affects the lymphatic system
o Myelo – affects the bone marrow
o Acute/ Blastic – affects the immature cells
o Chronic/ cystic – affects the mature cells
cytocine
arabinase
steroids
irradiation
c. Maintainance
i. To continue remission
ii. Drugs
oral methotrexate
oral 6-mecaptopurine
cytarabine
d. Reinduction
i. Give anti-gout agent To
ii. To treat leukemic cells after relapse occurse
iii. Treat hyperurecemic neuropathy
Alopurinol or zylo[rene
5. Nursing Management
a. Assess for common side effects of chemotherapy – nausea and vomiting
b. Assess for stomatitis ulceration and abcess of oral mucosa
i. Oral care
ii. Alcohol free mouthwash
iii. Cotton piedgets
c. Diet – give food acoording to child’s preference
d. Alopecia – temporary side effect of chemotherapy
HEMOLYTIC DISORDERS
Rh Incompatibility
Rh = monkey foreign body
Mother (-) – no antigen; no protein factor
Fetus (+), Father (+) – has antigen and protein factor
4th baby is severely affected
Erythroblastocis Fetalis
o hemolysis/ destruction of RBC leading to ↓ O2 carrying capacity leading to
IUGR with pathologic jaundice w/in 24 hours
ALERT! Baby is small and yellowish
Management
o RHOGAM
Vaccine given to Rh(-) mothers within the first 24 hours or within 72 hours
Given once
If pregnancy was aborted and the mother udergo D & C, RHOGAM must
be given w/in 24 hours, if not given within 24 hours, mother will produce
antibody
Action: destroys RBC preventing antibody formation
Diagnostic Test Coomb’s Test
ABO Incompatibility
Mother – Type O; Fetus – Type A most common
Mother – Type O; Fetus – Type B most severe
Hydrops Fetalis
Hyperbilirubenemia
More than 12mg of indirect bilirubin among full terms
Normal Indirect Bilirubin Level: 0 – 3 mg/dl
Assessment of Jaundice
blanching of forehead, nose and sternum
yellow skin, sclera
light stool
dark urine
Management
Phototherapy/ Photooxygenation
o Nursing Responsibilities
Cover the eyes – prevents retinal damage
HEAD
¼ of its legth
Structures
o sutures
o fontanels
anterior/ bregma – 3 x 4 – 12 – 18 mos
posterior/ lambda - 1 x 1 – 2 – 3 mos
Noticeable structures of the Head
o Craniotabes
Localized softening of the cranial bone common to first bone chiold due
to early lightening
If present in older children; sign of rickets or Vit. D deficiency
o Seborrheic dermatitis/ Cradle Cap
Scaling, greasing, appearing salmon – colored patches
Usually seen at the scalp, behind ears and umbilicus
Usually caused by improper hygiene
Management
Application of baby oil the night before shampooing the child
o Caput Succedaneum
Edema of the scalp due to prolonged pressure at birth
Present at birth
Crosses the suture line
Disappears 2 – 3 days
Disappears without treatment
o Cephalhematoma
Collection of blood due to rupture of capillaries of poriosteal capillaries
Present after 24 hours
Does not cross the suture line
Disappears after 4 – 6 weeks
Disappears without treatment
o Hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of CSF
Types
Communicating/ extraventricula hydrocephalus
No-communication/ intraventricular hydrocephalus/ obstructive
hydrocephalus – caused by tumor
Signs and symproms
SENSES
Sense of Sight
Sclera
o Normal – light blue
o Later Color – dirty white
Pupils
o Normal – round and adult size
o Coloboma – key hole pupils part of the iris is missing
o Congenital N Cataract – whiteness/ opacity of the lens
Cornea
o Normal – round and adult size
o Congenital Glaucoma – larger than normal
RETINOBLASTOMA
malignant tumor of the eye
signs and symptoms
o cat’s eye reflex (whitish glow of pupil)
o red, painful eye usually accompanied by glaucoma
Management
o Surgery innucleation - removal of the eyeball
o Irradiation
o Therapy
SENSE OF SMELL
Normal nasal membrane - pinkish
Check for sense of smell
Check for nasal flaring
Epistaxis
Nose bleeding
Management
o Position, upright, sitting, head trilted, slightly forward
o Gentle pressure
o Cold compress
o Epinephrine – last resort
SENSE OF HEARING
Normal should be aligned with the outer canthus of the eye
Low Set Ears is a sign of
o Kidney malformation
Renal agenesis
Absence of kidney
o Chromosomal Abnormalities
Due to advance maternal age - >35y/o
Types
o Nondisjunction (uneven divison)
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
Most common type
Extra chromosome 21
47xx + 21/ 47xy + 21
can be related to advance paternal age
signs and symptoms
o broad nose
o protruding tongue
o low- set ears
o puppy’s neck
o hypotonia prone to URTI
o simian crease single traverse line in palm
o mental retardation – ranging from educable to
institutionalization
Trisomy 18
Has 3 numbers of 18 chromosomes
Severely cognitively impaire SGA
Low set ears, small jaw, CHD, index finger crosses over the
other fingers, rounded soles of feet
Trisomy 13
Patau’s syndrome
Extra chromosome 13
Severely cognitively impaired
Signs and symptoms
o Microcephaly
o Micropthalmia
o Cleft-lip and palate
o Low-set ears
o VSD
o Do not survive
Turners
Gonadal Dysgenesia
One functional x chromosome
Short in stature
Neck appear to be webbed and short
COA and kidney problems
Only 1 streak (nonfunctional) gonads
Secondary sex characteristic does not develop except for pubic
hair
Lack ovarian function – sterility
Cognitively challenged but mostly normal intelligence
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Males with a XXY chromosome pattern
@ puberty child has poorly developed secondary characteristics
and small testes that produces ineffective sperm
boys tend to develop Gynecomastia
o Deletion Abnormalities
Cri – du – chat Syndrome
Result of a short arm on chromosome 5
Cat’s cry
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the middle ear
Common to children due to wider and shorter Eustachian tube
Predisposing factors
o Bottle propping
o Cleft lip/ palate
Signs and symptoms
o During otoscopic exam, reveals bulging tympanic membrane
o Observe for passage of purulent, foul – smeeling odor discharge
Management
o Positioning – sidelying on the affected side
o Supportive care
Medical management
o Massive dosage of antibiotics
o Mucolytics
o Ear drops
< 3 y/o – down and back
>3 y/o – up and back
o Surgery
Myringectomy – slight incision of tympanic membrane to prevent
hearing loss
Side effect – bacterial meningitis
Management
o Artificial tear
o Self limiting
o Refer to PT for rehabilitation
TEF/ TEA
No connection between esophagus and stomach
There is a blind pouch
Hydramnios – earliest sign intrauterine
Signs and symptoms
o Coughing
o Chocking
o Cyanosis
o Continuous drooling
Management
o Emergency surgery
Epstein Pearls
White glistening cyst
Usually seen on palate, gum
Related to hypercalcemia
Natal Tooth
Tooth at the moment of birth
Related to hypervitaminosis
Management
o Manual extraction if rootless
Neonatal Tooth
Appearance of tooth within 28 days of life
Oral Thrush
White cheese-like, curd like patches
Usually seen in mouth and on toingue
Causative agent C. Albicans – fungi
Management
o Do not remove – can cause wound
o Wash with cold, bottled water
o Medical – Mycostatin/ Nystatin
Kawasaki Disease
Discovered in Korea
Strawberry tongue
Common in asian countries
Criteria for diagnosis
o Fever lasting for more than 5 days
o Bilateral conjunctivitis
o Changes in lips and oral cavity
Dry red fissure lips
Strawberry tongue
Diffuse erythema of mucos membrane
o Changes in the peripheral extremities
Erythema on the palms and soles
Erythema on the hands and feet
Membranous desquamation from fingertips
o Polymorphous rash (primarily at trunk)
o Acute non purulent sweeling of the cervical lymph nodes to > 1.5 cm in
diameter
Drug of Choice : ASPIRIN
Cleft Lip
Failure of the median maxillary nasal process to fuse
Common to boys
Surgery – cheiloplasty
o Done w/in 1 – 3 months
o To save sucking reflex
Signs and symptoms
o Evident at birth
o Milk from nostrils spills
o Cold is common
o Frequent URTI and otitis media
Post cheilo – sidelying
Nutrition – use rubber tip syringe
Cleft Palate
Failure of the palate to fuse
Common to girls
Surgery – Uranoplasty
o Done w/in 4 – 6 months
o To save speech
Signs and symptoms
o Evident at birth
o Milk from nostrils spills
o Cold is common
o Frequent URTI and otitis media
Post cheilo – prone
Nutrition – use paper cup/ plastic cup/ soup spoon
General management
Maintainance of patent airway
Proper nutrition
o NPO 4 hours post op
o Clear liquid
Popsicle except red and brown in color
Flavore gelatin
No ice cream
Observe for bleeding
o Frequent swallowing
Protect suture lines specially LOGAN BAR
o Clean using hydrogen peroxide, bubbles traps microorganism, more bubbles
more microorganism trapped
o Prevent crying by attending to needs
Therapeutic Management
Emotional support
Proper Nutrition
Cleft lip nipple (long tip, made by silicon)
Prevent Colic
o Burp frequently
o One at the middle of the feeding
o Another at the end of the feeding
o Upright sitting position
o Pat at the back – lower to upper
o Prone position
o Right – sidelying position – facilitates gastric emptying
Educate parents
Apply elbow restraints so the baby can easily adjust post –op
NECK
Check for symmetry
o Hypothyroidism
o Thyroid dysgenesis (absence of thyroid)
o Baby receive maternal thyroxine
Earliest Signs and Symptoms
o Change in sucking
o Change in crying
o Excessive sleeping (16-20 hours/ day)
o Constipation
o Edema – moon faced baby
o Mental retardation – late sign
Diagnostic Test
o Radioimmunoassay Test
o Protein bounbd iodine
Treatment
o Synthroid / sodium levothyroxine for life
CHEST
Witch Milk
Transparent
Liquid coming out from newborns breast related to hormonal changes
ABDOMEN
Abdominal Assessment
Inspection
Ausculation
Percussion
Palpation
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Protrusion of stomach contents through a defect in diaphragm due to failure of
pleuroperitoneal canal to close
Signs and Symptoms
o Sunken abdomen
o Signs of RDS
o Right to left Shunting
Treatment – diaphragmatic repair w/in 24 hours
Omphalocele
Protrusion of stomach content between the the junction of abdominal wall and
umbilicus
If small – surgery
If large – suspend surgery
Apply wet dressing
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Functions
o Assist in maintaining fluid and electrolytes and acid and base balance
o Processes and absorbs nutrients to maintain and support growth and
development
o Excrete wasted products from the digestive process
Supplementary Feeding
Begin 4 – 6 months
As early as 4 months
Usually at 6 months
Principles
o Solid food are often according to the following sequence
Cereals rich in iron
Fruits
Vegetables
Meat
o Begin with small quantities
o Finger food are offered @ 6 months
o Soft table food is offered @ 1 year
o Diluted citrus/ fruit juices @ 6 months
o Offer new food one at a time with an interval of 4 – 7 days or 1 week
o Never offer half cooked egg may lead to gastroenteritis/ salmoneliosis
NGT aspiration
Gastric lavage
Pyloric stenosis
Vomiting
Forceful expulsion of stomach content
Signs and symptoms
o Nausea
o Abdominal crumping
o Flushing of face
o Watery eyes
Assessment
o Frequency
o Forces
Projectile – increase ICP/ Pyloric stenosis
Non – projectile
Alerts
o Vomiting is an initial symptom of GI Obstruction
o Vomitus of upper GI can be blood tinged but bot bile streaked
o Vomitus of lower GI is bilous
o Projectile vomiting is ewither a sign of increased ICP or GI Obstruction
o Abdominal distention is the major symptom of lower GIT obstruction
Management
o Banana
o Rice cereal
o Apple sauce
o Toast
Diarrhea
Exaggerated excretion of intestinal contents
Acute diarrhea is associated with the following
o Gastroenteritis/ salmonelliasis
o Antibiotic use – penicillin, tetracycline
o Dietary indigestion
Chronic non specific diarrhea
o Food intolerance
o CHO/ CHON malabsorption
o Excessive fluid intake
Assessment
o Frequemcy
o Consistency (best criteria)
o Appearance of green colored stool
Complications
o Mild dehydration – 5% weight loss
o Moderate dehydration – 10% weight loss
o Severe dehydration – 15% weight loss
Signs of dehydration
o Tachycardia – earliest sign
o Tachypnea
o Hypontension
o Increase temp
o Sunken fontanel
o Sunken eyeball
o Poor skin turgor
o Absence of tears
o Scanty urine
o Oliguria – severe dehy=dration
o Weight loss
o Prolonged capillary refill time
Management
o NPO
o IV infusion
o KCl – given by doctors
Assess child for ability to void before giving KCl – may lead to
hyperkalemnia
Normal K Value – 3.5 – 5.5
o Order Na Bicarbonate, administer slowly to prevent cardiac overload
Gastroesophageal Reflux
presence of stomach content on esophagus
Assessment
o chronic vomiting
o failure to thrive syndrome – organic
o esophageal bleeding manifested by melena and hematemesis
Complications
o esophagitis
o aspiration pneumonia
o esophageal cancer
Diagnostic Procedure
o barium esophogram
o esophageal manometry – reveals lower esophageal pressure
o intraesophageal pH content – reveals pH of distal esophagus
Medications
o anticholinergics
bathanechol/ urecholine
↑ esophageal tone and peristaltic activity
Methachlopromide (Reglan)
↓ esophageal pressure by relaxing pyloric and duodenal
segments
↑ peristalsis without stimulating secretions
H2 Blocker/ histamine Receptor Antagonist
↓ gastric acidity and pepsin secretion
Maalox/ Cimetidine (Tagamet)/ Ranitidine (Zantac)
Neutralizes gastric acid between feedings
Surgery: Nissen Fundoplication
Diet
o Thickened feeding with rice cereal prevents vomiting
o Feed slowly
o Burp often every 1 oz
o Positioning
< 9 mos – infant sit/ infant supine
> 9 mos – prone with head on mattres slightly elevated on a 30° angle
Obstructive Disorders
Pyloric Stenosis
hypertrophy of the muscle of pylorus causing narrowing and obstruction
Assessment
o Projectile vomiting
o Failure to gain weight
o Metabolic alkalosis
o Peristaltic wave visible from left to right across epigastrum
o Palpation of olived shaped mass
Diagnostic Procedure
o ABG
Intussusception
Telescoping or invagination of one portion of the bowel into the other
Peritonitis – danger of intussusception
Emergency for URT – epiglotitis
Emergency for GIT – peritonitis
Signs and symptoms
o Acute paroxysmal abdominal pain
o Currant jelly stool caused by inflammation and bleeding
o Sausage shaped mass
Non congenital
Caused by fast eating and positioning
Management
o Hydrostatic reduction with barium enema
o Surgery – Anastomosis
Phenylketonuria/ PKU
Deficiency of the liver in Phenyalanine Hydroxylase Transferase (PHT)
PHT is a liver enzyme that coverts protein into amino acid
9 Essential Amino Acids
o Tyrosine / phenylalanine
o Histidine
o Isoleucine
o Leucine
o Lysine
o Methionine/ cysteine
o Threonine
o Tryptophan
o Valine
Tyrosine or Phenylalanine – responsible for the melanin production
Signs and Symptoms
o Fair complexion
o Blond hair
o Blue eyes
o Infantile eczema
o Mousy/ musty odor urine
o Seizure – due to Phenyl Pyruvic Acid goes to brain
o Mental retardation
Guthrie Test
o Specimen – Blood
o Preparation – Increase Fluid Intake
Management
o Diet
Poisoning
Common accident in toddlers – poisoning
Common accident in infants – falls
Principles
o Determine the substance taken and assess LOC
o Unless poisoning was corrosive, caustic (strong alkali, such as lye) or
hydrocarbon, vomiting is the most effective way to remove the poison from
the body
Strong acid poisoning – give weak acid to neutralize strong acid
o Syrup of ipecac – oral antiemetic to cause vomiting after drug overdose or
poisoning
15 ml – adolescent, school age and preschool
10 ml – infant
o Universal Antidote
Activated charcoal
Milk of magnesia
Burned toast
Charcoal absorbs toxic substance
o Never administer the charcoal before ipecac because giving charcoal first will
absorb the effect of ipecac
Lead Poisoning
Pencil, paint, crayon Lead
↓
Destruction of RBC Functioning
↓
hyupochromic Microcytic Anemia
↓
Destroys Kidney Function
↓
Accumulation of ammonia
↓
Leading to Encephalitis (Late stage)
↓
Severe mental retardation
Assessment
o Beginning symptoms of lethargy
o Impulsiveness and learning difficulty
o As lead ↑, severe encephalopathy with seizure and permanent mental
retardation
Diagnostic procedure
o Blood smear
o Abdominal x-ray
o Lone bone
Management
o Chelation – binds with the lead and excreted via kidneys
o Ca EDTA/ BAL/ Dimercapro
Nephrotoxic
ANOGENITAL
Female
Pseudomenstruation
o Slight vaginal bleeding related to hormonal changes
Rape/ Child Abuse
o If the client came with a laceration and bleeding at the perineum
o Report rape within 48 hours
o Preschool are proneto rape because of their innocence
o CBQ Report rape cases to barangay chairman first or bantay bata
Male
Cryptochirdism
o Undecended testes or empty scrotum or ectopic testes
Common in preterm babies
Testes is palpable at lower quadrant
Surgery: Orchioprexy
RENAL DISORDERS
BACK
Check for flatness and symmetry of the back
With Sac
Types
o Meningocele – protrusion of CSF and Meninges
o Myelomeningocele – CSF, Meninges and Spinal cord
o Ecephacele
cranial meningocele - CSF and meninges
Myelomeningocele - brain, CSF , meninges
Common Complication
o Infection
o Rupture of Sac
Treatment
o Surgery to prevent infection: post op – prone position
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine, common in school age because of heavy bags
Uneven hemline
Tell the child to bend forward, one hip higher than athe other and one shoulder is
most prominent
Types
o Structural
o Postural
Management
o Conserbvative
Exercise
Avoid obesity
o Preventive
Milwaukee Braces worn 23 hours a day
o Corrective: Surgery
EXTREMITIES
Count the number of digits
Digits
Syndactyl – webbing of the digits (foot – ginger –like foot)
Polydactyl – extra digits
Olidactyl – lacks digits
Talipes
Club foot
4 types
o Equinos – plantar rotation/ horse foot (most common)
o Calcenuous – dorsiflexion/ the heel is held lower than the foot/ the anterior
portion of the foot is flexed towards the anterior leg
o Varus – foot turns in
o Valgus – foot turns out
Assessment
o Make a habit of straightening the legs and flying it to the midline position
Management
o Corrective shoes : Dennis Brown Shoes
o Spica Cast
For immobilization
Maintain bone alignment
Prevent muscle spasm
If there is a blood mark on the cast – mark a pen to determine
whether there is a hemorrhage
Neurobvascular check
Circulation
Motion
Sensation
CRUTCHES
Wait is on the palm not the axilla
Exercise – squeeze ball
Swing Through
Advance both crutches
Lift both feet/ swing forward/ land feet in front of crutches
Swing To
Advance both crutches
Lift both feet/ swing forward/ land feet next to crutches
Advance both crutches
Lift both feet/ swing forward/ land feet next to crutches
To Sit Down
Grasp the crutches at the hand pieces for control
Bend forward slightly while assuming a sitting position
Place the affected leg forward to prevent weight bearing and flexion
To Stand Up
Move forward to the edge of the chair with the strog leg slightly under the seat
Place both crutches in the hand on the side of the affected extremity
Push down on the hand piece while raising the body to a standing position
To Go Downstairs
Walk forward as far as possible to the step
Advance the crutches to the lower step. The weaker leg is advanced first and then
the stronger leg. In this way, the stronger extremity shares the work of raising and
lowering the patient’s body weight with the arms
To Go Upstairs
Advance the stronger leg first up to the next step
Then advance the crutches and the weaker extremity ( strong legs goes up first and
comes down last.)
A memory device for the patient is “UP WITH THE GOOD, DOWN WITH THE BAD”
WALKER
A walker provides more support than cane andf crutches
The patient is taught to ambulate with a walker as follows
o Patient must hold the walker on the hand grips for stability
o Lift the walker, placing it in front of you while leaning your body slightly
forward
o Walk into the walker, supporting your body weight on your hands while
advancing the weaker leg, permitting partial weight bearing or non weight
bearing leg as prescribed
o Balance yourself on your feet
o Lift the walker and place it in front of you again and continue the pattern of
walking.
CANE
Used to help patient walk with greater balance and support and to relieve the
pressure on the weight bearing joints by redistributing the weight.
Quad Cane (four – footed cane) is hold on the hand of affected extremity.
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE
Exercise Description Purpose Action
Passive carried out by the To retain as much Stabiolize the
therapist or the nurse joint range of motion proximal joinyt, and
without assistance as possible support the distal
from the patient To maintain part. Move the joint
circulation smoothly, slowly and
gently through its full
rang of motion
Avoid producing
pain.
Active Assistance Carried out by the To encourage Support the distal
patient with the normal muscle part and encourage
assistance of the function the patient to take
therapist or the nurse the joint actively
through its ROM.
Give no more
assistance than is
necessary to
accomplish the
action. Short periods
of activity should be
followed by adequate
rest periods.
Active Accomplished by the To increase muscle When possible,
patient without strength active exercise
assistance, activities should be performed
include turning from against gravity. The
side to side and from joint is moved
back to abdomen through full ROM
and moving up and without assistance.
down in bed (make sure that the
patient does not
substitute another
joint movement for
the one intended)
Resistive An ective exercise To provide The patient moves
carried out by the resistance to the joint through its
patient working increase muscle ROM while the
against the power therapist resist
resistance produced slightly at first and
by either manual or the progressively
mechanical means increasing
resistance.
Sandbagws and
weights can be used
and are applied at
the distal point of the
joint involved. The
movement should be
performed smoothly.
Isometric/ Muscle Alternately To maintain strength Contract or tighten
Setting contracting and when a joint is the muscle as much
relaxing a muscle immobilized as possible without
while keeping the moving the joint.
part in fixed position; Hold for several
performed by the seconds, and then
patient let go and relax.
Breath deeply.
TRACTION
Use to reduce dislocation
Principles of Traction
The client should be in dorsal or supine position
For every traction, there is always a counter traction
Line of pull should be in line with deformity
For traction to be effective it must be continuous
Weight must be freely hanging
Types of Traction
Straight traction – weight of the body serves as counter pull
Skin traction – applied directly to the skin
o Bryant’s Traction
use to immobilize for < 2 years old at a 90 ° angle with buttocks off the
bed
o Buck’s extension
For > 2 years old
Halo traction – immobilize the spine
Skeletal traction
o Nursing responsibilities
Assess for circulatory and neurology impairment
It can lead to HPN
Be careful to carry out nursing functions by not moving the weights
AUTOIMMUNE SYSTEM
Types of Immunity
o Passive Natural
Developed via exposure to a disease
o Active Natural
Transplacental transfer, IgA from breastmilk
o Passive Artificial
Vaccination
o Active Artificial
Anti Rabies Serum
NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
Reflexes
Blink reflex
Rapid eye closure when strong light is shown to protect the eyes; never disappears
Palmar Grasp Reflex
When a solid object is placed on the palm then the baby will grasp the object
To cling to the mother for safety
Disappears at 3 months
Step – in/ Walk – in Place Reflex/ Dance Reflex
Neonate placed on a vertical position with their feet touching on hard surface will
take a few quick alternating steps
Placing reflex almost the same with the dance reflex except that is when you are
touching the anterior surface of newborns leg
Plantar Grasp Reflex
When an object touches the sole of the newborn’s foot at the base of his toes, the
toes grasp in the same manner as the fingers do
Disappears @ 8 – 9 months in preparation for walking
Tonic Neck Reflex/ Fencing/ Boxing reflex
When the newborn lies on its bact, their heads usually turns to one side, the arm and
the leg on the side to which the head turns extend to the opposite arm and legs
contract
Moro Reflex/ Startle Reflex
With a loud voice or by a jarring the base of the crib, the baby will assume a c
position
Test for neurologic integrity
Magnet Reflex
When there is pressure at the sole of the foot, the baby pushes back against the
pressure
Crossed extension Reflex
While supine and the sole of the foot is stimulated by a sharp object, it causes the
foot to raise and the other foot to extend
Test for spinal nerve integrity
Trunk Incurvation Reflex/ Galant Reflex
While in prone position and the parabvertebral area is stimulated, it causes flexion of
the trunk and swing his pelvis towards the touch
Landau reflex
While the infant is placed on a vertical position with the hand underneath supporting
the trunk the baby exhibit some muscle tone
Present at 3 months
Test for muscle tone
Parachute Reflex
When the infant is placed on a vertical suspension with the change in equilibrium, it
causes the extension of the hands and legs
Present at 6 – 9 months
Babinski Reflex
When the sole of the foot is stimulated by inverted j, it causes fanning of the toes
Disappears by 2 months but may persist till 2 years old