EFFECTS OF COVID -19 PANDEMIC ON THE POLICE FORCE AS

FRONTLINERS

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier State University of Zamboanga del Norte
Dipolog Campus, Dipolog City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

CRIM 6 & 7- Crminological Research

KERVIE CAMPOMANES
JUNILYN DANLAS
RICHARD LACAY
ROSEMARIE MAGSAYO
TIMOTHY VILLANOS

May 2022
 Republic of the Philippines
JOSE MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSTIY
The Premier State University in Zamboanga Del Norte
Dipolog Campus, Dipolog City

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in CRIM – 6 course for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, this undergraduate thesis entitled “Effects of Covid
– 19 Pandemic on the Police Force as Frontliners” has been examined and is
recommended for oral defense.

ATTY. RICK ANGELO C. ESCORPIZO

Adviser

This undergraduate thesis entitled “The Effect of Covid – 19 Pandemic on the

Police Force as Frontliners” prepared by Kervie Campomanes, Junilyn Danlas,
Richard Lacay, Rosemarie Magsayo and Timothy Villanos has been reviewed and
approved by the Thesis Committee:

BERNARD G. GILAGA, Ph.D.

Chairman

ESTER J. LAPUT, MAED ROSENDA B. BORRES, M.A

Member Member

ATTY. RICK ANGELO ESCORPIZO

Adviser

ii
 Approved by the panel of examination on oral defense on _______________
with the rating of ______________.

BERNARD G. GILAGA, Ph.D

Chairman
Date Signed:_________

ESTER J. LAPUT, MAED ROSENDA B. BORRES, M.A

Member Member

Date Signed:_______ Date Signed:_______

ATTY. RICK ANGELO ESCORPIZO

Adviser

Date Signed:_______

Accepted by the Dean for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

CRIMINOLOGY.

BERNARD G. GILAGA, Ph.D.

Associate Dean, College of Criminal Justice

Education

Date Signed:_______

iii
 ABSTRACT

This study aimed to assess the effects of covid – 19 pandemic on the police force

as front liners, this academic year 2021-2022. It used descriptive research utilizing

questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering data. The data were statistically treated

using frequency counting, weighted mean and chi square test. The result shows that most

of the respondents are patrolman in terms of their ranks. Regarding their duties and

responsibilities the respondents are assigned to different section such as operation,

investigation, traffic, police relation and WCPD. On the other hand, researchers found out

that the effects of covid-19 pandemic in terms of their health will depend on the long

hours of exposure in community have the higher risk of getting infected by the virus. In

addition, the study also revealed that in terms of their performance covid-19 pandemic

really brings extra burden to the police authorities as well as the wearing of PPE’s while

on duty limits the mobility of their work. Aside from that with regards to family aspect

research shows that covid-19 pandemic limits family recreation and hinders physical

interaction with the family. Lastly, there is a significant difference between the effects of

covid-19 pandemic to the police force when grouped according to their rank and duties

which implies that the effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the police force as front liners

will depend on the rank classification or status of the members of the Philippine National

Police (PNP). Further, the rank and nature of the duties and responsibilities of the

members of the PNP is somehow a determining factor on how the COVID-19 pandemic

affects the front liners.

iv
v
 DEDICATION

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have been our

source of inspiration, who give us strength when we thought of giving up and who

continually provided their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support.

To the committed, dedicated and intellectual mentor who we have acquired

knowledge, we offer you this work as a sign of gratitude. Thank you so much.

To our brothers and sisters, relatives, mentors, friends, and classmates who shared

their words of advice and encouragement to finished this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this research to the Almighty God thank you for the

guidance, strength, power of mind, protection and skills and for giving us a healthy life.

THE RESEARCHERS

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to extend grateful thanks to the following who in one

way or another, have extended their support in the fulfillment of this work.

To the parents of the researchers, for the moral and financial assistance;

To Atty. Rick Angelo C. Escorpizo for his genuine encouragement and

professional advice, in order to bring this work to a fruitful completion.

To Rosenda B. Borres, MA for her moral support and time spent for the

improvement of this work.

To the research professor Ester J. Laput, MAED for her valuable instructions,

writing assistance, encouragement, patience, and suggestions which made us to face all

the difficulties bravely in the completion of this study.

To Bernard G. Gilaga,Ph.D. the chairman, the System Dean of the College of

Criminal Justice Education (CCJE), for the support and brilliant ideas to make this study

touches its finishing line.

Above everything, to the Almighty God for the guidance, strength, wisdom, and

for the provision of all our needs both academic and financial purposes.

THE RESEARCHERS

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ABSTRACT iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURE x

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction 1

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 2

Schematic Diagram 5

Statement of the Problem 6

Hypothesis 6

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and delimitation 7

Definition of Terms 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Literature 10

Studies 15

viii
 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research method 18

Research Environment 18

Research Respondent 18

Research Instrument 19

Data Gathering Procedure 19

Statistical Treatment of Data 20

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF 21

DATA

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings 32

Conclusion 33

Recommendations 34

BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

APPENDICES

A The Questionnaire 39

B Certificate of Validation 42

C Photo Documentation 44

ix
D Certification of English Editor 45

E Curriculum Vitae 47

x
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Page No.

1 Respondent’s Profile in terms of Ranks 21

2 Respondent’s Profile in terms of Duties 22

3 Respondent’s Profile in terms of Health 23

4 Respondent’ Profile in terms of Performance 25

5 Respondent’s Profile in terms of Family 27

6 Test of Difference between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic 29

on the Police Force as front liners when grouped according

to Their Profile in terms of Ranks

7 Test of Difference between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic 30

on the Police Force as front liners when grouped according

to Their Profile in terms of Duties

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Table no. Page No.

1 Schema of the Study 5

xii
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Covid-19 is now planet-wide, but it is hitting at different speeds and intensity

depending on where you live. Covid-19 has upended societies and dramatically altered

everyday life across the globe. Our present circumstances, while unprecedented, have

been profoundly shaped by persistent societal realities such as entrenched racial and

economic inequality, the proliferation of misinformation, and anxieties about the ability

of the world’s democracies to confront major crises. The lifestyles and experiences that

law enforcement officers engage in everyday can only be understood by those who work

in law enforcement. Officers’ lives are put at risk to save others’ lives. As criminals are

arrested, society feels justice is served. This justice comes at a price, as some law

enforcers experience stress, cynicism, and job burnout.

Policing is one of the most mentally taxing occupations contending with long and

often rotating shifts, threats of violence, increased need for hyper vigilance, and a lack of

public support creating chronic stress (Harley et.al 2003). As a result, law enforcement

officers suffer from mental health problems at a rate greater than the general population

even before dealing with added pandemic challenges, stress, and uncertainty (Hartley et

al., 2011).

The lives of the police officers are stressful for several reasons. First, the officers

put their lives at risk every day. Second, the officers are involved in events such as

domestic issues, witnessing fatalities, and especially this COVID-19 pandemic. Stress is a

factor, and depending on whether the officer copes with the traumatic events in a positive
 2

or negative manner in some cases determines the overall psychological well-being and

overall health of the officer.

The Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) Guidance like social distancing, wearing

face mask, and face shield and implementing Curfew to prevent spreading of virus. The

new rule and regulations on who can work, and from where, have turned lives upside

down. These developments have added new tasks for police organizations. And they have

changed the demands on, and expectations, of policing at a time when resources are

already stretched in part due to absenteeism directly caused by COVID – 19. In addition,

police organizations must deal with operational duties while protecting themselves

against infection.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The study anchored on Republic Act No. 11469 also known as “Bayanihan to

Heal As One Act" this was issued declaring a State of Public Health Emergency

throughout the Philippines due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the

Code Alert System for COVID-19 was raised to Code Red Sublevel Two (2) in

accordance with the recommendation of the Department of Health (DOH) and the Inter-

Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Further

Presidential Proclamation No. 929, s. 2020, was issued declaring a State of Calamity

throughout the Philippines and imposed an Enhanced Community Quarantine throughout

Luzon. In view of the continuing rise of confirmed cases of COVID-19, the serious threat

to the health, safety, security, and lives of our countrymen, the long-term adverse effects

on their means of livelihood, and the severe disruption of economic activities, a state of

national emergency is hereby declared over the entire country. The study relied on
 3

the IATF-EID, It was created through Executive Order No. 168 issued by President

Benigno Aquino III in 2014. It was organized as the government's instrument to assess,

monitor, contain, control and prevent the spread of any potential epidemic in the

Philippines. Constitution provides that the State shall protect and promote the right to

health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. Furthermore, the DOH

Secretary may recommend to the President the enlistment of the Armed Forces of the

Philippines to supplement the Philippine National Police and other law enforcement

agencies for the purpose of enforcing the quarantine of specific areas or facilitating the

transport of EID patients, and for such other purposes for the effective implementation of

this Order.

The Task Force shall have the following functions: Establish a system to identify,

screen, and assist Filipinos suspected or confirmed to be infected with EID. Prevent

and/or minimize the entry of suspected or confirmed patients with EID into the country.

This should include rigid screening and identification of EID suspects, and the

institutionalization of surveillance, alert, and quarantine system in all ports of entry.

Prevent and/or minimize the local spread of EID in the country through the establishment

or reinforcement of a system in screening possible patients infected with EID, contact

tracing, identification of the mode of exposure to the virus, and implementation of

effective quarantine and proper isolation procedures. Prevent and/or minimize mortality

through effective clinical management by capacitating healthcare facilities, government

and private medical practitioners, healthcare workers, and-public safety enforcers.

Educate the public on EID and its prevention, control and management to promote

positive health behaviors, and address public fear and anxiety through the conduct of a
 4

nationwide EID awareness campaign. Adopt measures to strengthen the Emerging and

Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Program of the DOH or its equivalent in other local

health units. Notify the WHO of the EID cases in the country and its assessment of the

EID situation. Submit to the Office of the President regular status reports in the

monitoring of EID. Formulate, develop, implement, and oversee the EID Preparedness

Manual for the prevention and control of EID, and Perform such other functions and

activities as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Order, or as the President

may direct.

The schema of the study is presented in Figure 1. The first box on the upper left

side is the independent variable which the Police Force response as front liners in terms

of performance, family and economic. The second box on the upper right side is the

dependent variable which contains the effects of covid – 19 pandemic on the police force

as front liners. The last box is the intervening variable which contains the police’s profile

in terms of their ranks and duties and responsibilities.

 5

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPDENDENT VARIABLE

Effects of Covid -19

Pandemic on the Police
Force as Front Liners
POLICE FORCE In terms of:
RESPONSE
 Health
AS FRONT LINERS
 Performance
 Family

Profile of the
Respondents

 Ranks
 Duties

INTERVENING VARIABLES

Figure 1. Schema of the Study

 6

Statement of the Problem

The main reason of this study is to determine the effects of Covid – 19

pandemic on the police force as front liners in Dipolog City during the academic year

2020-2021.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the front liners in terms of:

1.1. Ranks; and

1.2. Duties?

2. What are the effects of Covid – 19 Pandemic to the police officers as front liners in

terms of:

2.1 Health;

2.2 Performance; and

2.3 Family?

3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the

police force when respondents grouped according to their profile?

Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the effects of COVID-19

pandemic to the police force when grouped according to their profile.

Significance of the Study

The primary reason why the researchers chose the topic "Effects of COVID-19

pandemic on the police force as front liners, is to know and determine the effects of
 7

COVID -19 pandemic on the police when they are conducting their task and to see the

effects of Covid-19 to the family, economic, and performance of the police officer while

doing their task. The researchers firmly believe that this study is significant and befitted

the following:

COMMUNITY. This study will spread awareness to people in how their simple

efforts in mitigating the spread of the COVID- 19 and will help in eradicating this virus.

THE POLICE OFFICER. The police officer are the main respondent and

beneficiary of this study. The study revolves around the effects and risk factors gain by

the Covid-19 pandemic. They would also be aware about the facts and danger they

encounter as they face this pandemic.

THE FAMILY. This study would help the family members have information and

the facts as to what danger and possible risk they may encounter. In the fact that this

would help them to be aware of this kind of situation or they may avoid the possible

outcome.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The findings of this study would prove other

researcher insight that would serve as a guide in their own research work.

Scope and delimitation

This research mainly focuses on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the police

force as front liners in Zamboanga del Norte Police Provincial Office Dipolog City Police

Station located at Sta. Isabel, Dipolog City.

Definition of Terms
 8

Covid-19- Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a

newly discovered corona virus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will

experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment (WHO).

Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) - is committed to

ensuring the integrity and security of the information and systems it maintains. 

Family – in this study it refers to the relatives of the police officers.

Front liners - in this study it refers to the police officers who enforced the

COVID-19 pandemic protocols.

Health – it refers to the physical, mental, and social well-being of the police

officers as to the COVID-19 pandemic affect their way of living.

Highway Patrol Group (HPG) -  is either a police unit created primarily for the

purpose of overseeing and enforcing traffic safety compliance on roads and highways, or

a detail within an existing local or regional police agency that is primarily concerned with

such duties. They are also referred to in many countries as traffic police, although in

other.

IATF (Inter-Agency Task Force) - is a task force organized by the executive of

the Philippine government to respond to affairs concerning emerging infectious

diseases in the Philippines.

Pandemic- A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or

continents. It affects more people and takes more lives than an epidemic. The World

Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic when it became clear

that the illness was severe and that it was spreading quickly over a wide area (WebMD).
 9

Performance – in this study it refers to the effects of covid-19 pandemic to the

performance of the police officers in performing their duties.

Police Community Relations Group (PCRG) - refers to the ongoing and

changing relationship between the police and the communities they serve. This includes

issues of cooperation, race relations, fear of police, violence, and corruption.

Police Force - an organized body of officers representing the civil authority of

government responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and

preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities.

Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG) - This group provides security to

government vital installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private

individuals authorized to be given protection.

WHO (World Health Organization) - is a specialized agency of the United

Nations responsible for international public health. It provides technical assistance to

countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on

global health issues through the World Health Survey.

10
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a survey of related literature and studies. The review of

conceptual and research literature includes the discussion. The information gathered was

considered to lend insights and support to the findings of the study relevant to the

problem statement of the research.

Related Literature

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in

December 2019. Globally, more than 8 million people had been diagnosed with the virus

and over 439,000 had died as of the 18th of June 2020 (Hopkins 2020). As the novel virus

keeps spreading, healthcare professionals across the globe are faced with an

unprecedented situation of having to make difficult decisions and work under extreme

pressures. Many health systems were caught unaware by the COVID-19 pandemic

leading to panic and confusion in efforts to fight against the infection. This confusion led

to controversial decisions about who should be treated or tested with the available scarce

resources. In a country like Italy, indices such as age were used in deciding who should

get treatment and who should not (Han et al., 2020).

The ongoing COVID-191 pandemic has infected millions and killed several

hundred thousand people worldwide. The pandemic has, however, not only created

unforeseen and in many ways unprecedented challenges for the public health sector but

also for law enforcement agencies. Police officers and staff are often directly or indirectly

involved in the pandemic response and have thus a higher risk of getting infected. In
 12

addition, many governments have taken emergency measures to protect their population

and slow the spread of the virus. Such actions, including lockdowns, travel bans, and

social distancing rules are often controlled and enforced by the police, creating additional

service demand for law enforcement agencies. This comes on top of existing duties as the

police are expected to maintain order and continue neighborhood policing operations, all

while under a greater strain on resources (Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the world into a situation of uncertainty. Many

organizations are treading on unknown territory and have no blueprint for how to manage

the crisis and its consequences. Police are having to respond to and assist in a public

health crisis enforcing new laws and bylaws that are regularly changing as governments

take information from epidemiologists and virologists on how to manage this global

pandemic. As the government relies on the justice system to ensure community safety and

to protect the community not only from common threats to public or individual safety

such as domestic violence, gangs, guns, or drugs but also from COVID-19, they afford

them with additional powers. How the police carry out those powers and policies during

the pandemic becomes of utmost importance as these drastic measures can impact police

legitimacy. Whether or not the police can successfully respond to this crisis does not only

depend on lawmakers or the government but also on public trust and confidence, and the

public is seeing the police as a legitimate power holder. Research consistently shows that

whether the public trusts the police and views it as legitimate has important consequences

of whether or not people obey the law (Bottoms, 2012)

 13

To successfully understand and manage the plethora of challenges that emergency

situations such as COVID-19 create, first responders such as the police need to learn from

other agencies and from past experiences with similar scenarios. A key mechanism for

this is the review and academic analysis of disaster management practice and policies.

The literature on law enforcement and disaster management, and specifically research

focusing on public health emergencies, however, is often not practical enough and little is

known about how COVID-19 may impact policing in the short- and long-term (Int J

Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020). Consequently, in these very uncertain times, the police must

understand their impacts, the construct of police legitimacy, the tenets of procedural

justice, and put a substantial amount of effort into avoiding to create an us versus them

mentality amid this pandemic (Reicher and Stott, 2020).

During a pandemic, law enforcement agencies and officers play a crucial role to

provide necessary public services and maintain order. Although each public health

emergency is unique with its own challenges, in all incidents, law enforcement responses

must be coordinated with public health, medical, and other essential service authorities

(Richards et al. 2006).

In past outbreaks and pandemics, such as the H1N1 Flu in 1918, Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002, and the H1N1 Flu in 2009, law enforcement

agencies were responsible for working with government and public health officials to

contain spread, serve the local community, and maintain public order (Muckenfuss,

2020).

The H1N1 Flu pandemic in 1918 was the worst pandemic of the twentieth century

in the United States, resulting in the deaths of 675,000 in the United States and
 14

approximately 50 million people worldwide (Luna, Brito, & Sanberg 2007). During this

pandemic, law enforcement agencies around the U.S. banned large public meetings, and

shut down schools, churches, and theaters (Plaue & Colarossi 2020). Furthermore, police

officers were responsible for patrolling “quarantine zones” and hot spots to reduce the

spread of the flu (Muckenfuss, 2020). Beyond their role in the enforcement of response

measures, officers are also over-exposed to the pandemic and the risk of infection relative

to many other professions (CDC, 2020). Accordingly, personal protective equipment

(PPE) has become essential for law enforcement officers to decrease these health risks

(Sanberg, Brito, Luna, & McFadden 2010). For example, during the SARS outbreak in

Canada, the Toronto Police Service’s (TPS) Occupational Health and Safety Unit was

responsible for providing PPE and vital information to agency personnel and protecting

the force from infection (Sanberg et al. 2010).

Given the person-to-person spread of COVID-19 through respiratory droplets, law

enforcement officers are at a heightened risk of exposure due to their close contact with

members of the public (CDC, 2020). The centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC, 2020) guidelines suggest: 1) social distancing (maintaining a distance of six-feet

from other individuals to avoid exposure), 2) maintaining proper hand hygiene (washing

hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds), and 3) avoiding touching one’s face

with unwashed hands. Law enforcement officers, though, cannot carry out many of their

duties without being in close personal contact with other people and may not have

immediate access to all necessary sanitization supplies in the field (Barr 2020).

Furthermore, officers working in or around correctional facilities are especially at risk of

contracting and spreading the virus due to the close quarters (Maruschak, Sabol, Potter,
 15

Reid, & Cramer 2009). By early April 2020, over two thousand law enforcement officers

had already tested positive for COVID-19 (the vast majority in New York City), and

thousands more officers reported exposure to an individual with the virus (Cave & Dahir

2020; NPF, 2020). This has led to increased concern among officers about their health

and the health of their families (Schuppe 2020).

To prevent further infection, the CDC (2020) outlined protective

recommendations for first responders, such as law enforcement officers, who anticipate

they may come into contact with persons infected with COVID-19. These CDC

recommendations include: wearing PPE, such as disposable gloves, disposable gowns or

coveralls, particulate respirator [N-95 designation or higher, that is approved by the

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); if N-95 respirators are

unavailable, a facemask was listed as an alternative until supply chains are restored], and

eye protection (such as goggles or a disposable face shield). Furthermore, the CDC (2020)

recommends that, should an officer come into contact with an individual during

apprehension, they should clean and disinfect all gear prior to reusing, follow procedure

to properly contain and dispose of the PPE, and follow procedure to properly contain and

launder clothing. If agencies and officers follow these recommendations, the CDC

estimated that the health risk for law enforcement personnel would remain low (CDC,

2020).

The Vera Institute of Justice (2020) provided further guidance on preventative and

responsive measures for law enforcement officers. Their guidance prioritizes prevention

in several key ways, suggesting that agencies should: (1) ensure that 911 dispatchers

divert calls-for-service to health resources when a police response is not necessary; (2)
 16

issue temporary directives to release individuals on a citation/ticket/summons unless they

have committed a felony or pose an immediate risk to public safety; (3) suspend protocols

that place people in custody (limiting enforcement of bench warrants, arrest warrants, and

probation or parole violations); (4) limit police response to low-risk incidents to focus on

critical incidents and community health needs (such as traffic stops, noise complaints,

etc.); (5) limit officers who come into contact with department visitors; (6) expand online

reporting options for complaints or police reports; and (7) increase cleaning and

disinfecting of patrol cars, precincts, stations, and other high-traffic areas.

Related Studies

Similar to man-made or naturally-occurring critical incidents that cause physical

damage, such as terrorism, hurricanes, or earthquakes, a virus pandemic affects how local

law enforcement agencies operate in various ways (Brito, 2009). Most critical incidents,

though, only affect a limited geographic area and do not last very long, allowing other

non-affected agencies to aid the community throughout the most severe phases of the

incident (Brito et al. 2009). A pandemic, on the other hand, affects multiple regions at

once and can continue for an extended period of time, creating challenges at local, state,

federal, and even global levels. During a pandemic, law enforcement agencies and

officers play a crucial role to provide necessary public services and maintain order

(Richards, 2006). Although each public health emergency is unique with its own

challenges, in all incidents, law enforcement responses must be coordinated with public

health, medical, and other essential service authorities (Richards et al. 2006).

 17

COVID-19 refers to the infectious disease those results from a novel coronavirus

that was not identified until an outbreak in Wuhan, China in December of 2019.

Pathogens in the coronavirus family may cause acute respiratory infections and difficulty

breathing. The illness resulting from the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, is marked by

respiratory symptoms (congestion, cough, difficulty breathing) as well as hyperthermia

and exhaustion. COVID-19 effects seem to be exacerbated by underlying conditions such

as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiopathy. At the time of writing, COVID-19 has

infected over 6 million people including 1.7 million in the United States (WHO, 2020).

COVID-19 has spread quickly as interpersonal transmission can occur through respiratory

droplets and contaminated surfaces. As a result, many jurisdictions have enacted stay-at-

home orders, limited work to essential functions, and created social distancing directives.

These decisions have seemingly slowed the spread of COVID-19; still, over 350,000 have

died due to complications connected to the illness including over 100,000 Americans

(WHO, 2020).

Officers are expected and trained to respond to danger and crises. Therefore,

police training should have equipped them with necessary coping resources to resolve

crisis situations effectively (Milliard, 2020). Additionally, governments and police

organizations have introduced legal decrees and procedures to meet the demands of the

pandemic (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020). While some of

these measures may be helpful, they might also have detrimental effects on officers'

productivity and well-being. Constantly altered safety protocols and policies might limit

officers' attention and complicate interaction with civilians (e.g., PPE may impair field of

vision, breathing, 2020).

 18

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic impact on policing strategies and mental

health in criminal justice settings is matched in magnitude by only a limited number of

events in the past century. As research on COVID-19 and the interrelated public policy

and health ramifications of both the disease and the coordinated response is still in its

infancy, reference to earlier crises that significantly altered law enforcement practices,

namely the start of the HIV epidemic in the 1980s and the attacks of September 11, 2001,

provide reference context. These previous large-scale distressing events affected

perceptions of safety, job stress, and standard practices of law enforcement officers

including the need to address traumatized members of the public. The COVID-19

pandemic is likely to also affect these domains, but the form of those effects may be

distinct per the unknown nature and already comparatively longer duration of the

pandemic than some prior national traumatic events.

Beyond the dangers associated with close contact with the public, the COVID-19

pandemic has also highlighted the potential for intentional contamination of officers. In

March of 2020, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) alerted local police agencies

that extremist groups, such as neo-Nazis and white supremacists, have encouraged their

members who contract COVID-19 to intentionally spread the virus to police officers by

spraying bodily fluids on police officers on the streets (Margolin, 2020). Police officers

have also reported incidents of being spat at or coughed on by people claiming to be

positive for the virus (Bates 2020). To protect their officers and decrease these risks,

agencies nationwide have transitioned many of their personnel to working remotely if

possible (Bates, 2020).

19
 CHAPTER III

RESERCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the process of methods used by the researchers in

conducting the study. This will also deal with the research design, research locale,

research respondents, research instruments, data collection procedure, data analysis

procedure, validation and reliability, research ethics, and statistical treatment of the data

to be used in the study.

Research method

This study employs the Quantitative survey type of methods. Surveys which

provided for gathering the data from the independent and dependent variables as a one of

the sources of the study were done.

Additionally, this study also used questionnaire to have the perception of the

respondents to Effects of Covid – 19 Pandemic on the Police Force as Front Liners.

Research Environment

This study was conducted to the police officers in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del

Norte. This location is convenient for the researchers to conduct and at the same time it is

to widely gather profound responses to other Police Officer in the area in respond to

Covid 19 and successfully understand and manage the plethora of challenges that they

encounter.

Research Respondents

The researchers will gather insights among Police Officers in Dipolog City

Zamboanga del Norte. The sample size of the population was determined by the

researchers through Cluster random sampling with the total of 50 respondents. The
 21

Zamboanga del Norte Provincial Police Station(ZNPPO) is composed of 170 police

officers. A respondents are having the rank ranging from: Patrolman - Police Master

Sergeant, Police Senior Master Sergeant - Police Executive Master Sergeant, Police

Lieutenant - Police Major, Police Lieutenant Colonel - Police Brigadier General, and

Police Major General - Police General.

Police Officers or the respondents of the study are within the different sections

some of which are the following but are not limited to: Operation Section, Investigation

Section, Traffic Section, Police Relation Section and WCPD. The respondents will

answer a set of questionnaires provided by the researchers, approved and tested in studies.

Research Instrument

The researcher utilized survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was a self -made

questionnaire consist of a set of questions about the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic among

Police Officers or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from the

respondents. It is typically a close-ended questions. In order to ensure that credibility of

the questions the researchers will use published questionnaires from previous researchers

related to the present study conducted.

Data Gathering Procedure

In starting the data gathering of the study, the researcher’s will find their target

respondents which are the Police Officers in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte. Before

any survey of respondents, the researchers will provide letter of approval from the

adviser, panel members and the principal for legal measures. The respondents will be

given the checklist questionnaire that will be explained further before the conduct of the

survey in order for them to be guided in answering the questions properly. After all the
 22

questionnaires are answered, it will be compiled and clustered according to the

demographic profile of the respondents.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used to interpret the data gathered:

Frequency Count and Percentage computation was used to determine the profile

of the respondents. The formula is:

Percentage=(part/whole) x 100

Weighted Mean was used to determine the effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the

Police Officers as front liners. The formula is:

Weighted Mean = (data interval frequency x assigned weighted)

Total respondents

The effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the Police Officers as front liners were interpreted

using the given verbal description:

Legend:
Weight Range of Values Description
5 4.21-5.00 Always
4 3.41-4.20 Often
3 2.61-3.40 Sometimes
2 1.81-2.60 Seldom
1 1.00-1.80 Never

Chi-Square Test was used to determine the test of difference on the effects of

COVID-19 Pandemic to the Police Officers as front liners when grouped according to

their profile. The formula is:

x2= ∑(O−E)2
E

Where: x2=Chi-square test

O=observed frequency
E=expected frequency
 23

∑=summation
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered and analyzed by the researcher. The

presentation of results is based on the order of specific problems.

Problem No.1: What is the profile of the front liners in terms of:

1.1. Ranks; and

1.2. Duties?

RANK

Table No.1: Profile of the respondent in terms of ranks

Table 1 shows the frequency of Police Officer in terms of ranks. There are 33

Police Officers or (60%) with the rank of patrolman and 12 Police Officers or (26%) are

Police Senior Sergeant and 7 Police Officer or (14%) are Police Lieutenants. This implies

that majority of the Police Officers are within the rank of Patrolman. On the other hand,

Police Officers with the rank of Police Lieutenant has the lowest frequency of 7 or (14 %)

of the 50 respondents, which implies that among the other ranks Police Lieutenant has the

few number of respondents.

RANKS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Patrolman 30 60%

Police Senior Sergeant 13 26%

Police Lieutenant 7 14%

Total 50 100%
 25

DUTIES

Table No. 2: Profile of the respondent in terms Duties

Table 2 shows the frequency of Police Officers in terms of duties. There are 10

respondents consisting of (20%) are in the operation, 10 Police Officers or (20%) are

assigned to investigation, 10 Police Officers or (20%) belongs to traffic, 10 Police

Officers or (20%) assigned to Police Relation and 10 Police Officers or (20%) are

assigned to Women and Children Protection Desk. This implies that the Police Officers

who are assigned in different duties and responsibilities have the same number of work

force. In addition, the Police Officers are disseminated thoroughly as shown in table

below that they have equal number of frequencies in terms of their duties.

DUTIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Operation 10 20%

Investigation 10 20%

Traffic 10 20%

Police Relation 10 20%

WCPD 10 20%

Total 50 100

Problem No.2: What are effects of COVID – 19 Pandemic to the police officers as

front liners in terms of:

2.1 Health

2.2 Performance

2.3 Family
 26

Table No.3: Profile of the respondents in terms of Health

HEALTH WEIGHTED MEAN DESCRIPTION

Long hours exposure in

the community is more
likely to have a higher
4.68 ALWAYS
risk of SARS-CoV2
(Covid19)
Overstretched working
hours leads to body 3.84 OFTEN
fatigue
Physically stressful work
environment, filled with
danger, ambiguity in work
encounters, higher 3.72
exposure to Sars-CoV2 OFTEN
infection.
Prone to depression and
stress that lead to suicidal
1.64 NEVER
ideation.
Working midnight shifts
weakens the immune
system, thus they become
3.36 SOMETIMES
physiologically
unbalanced.

AVERAGE
3.45 OFTEN
WEIGHTED MEAN

HEALTH

The table 3 shows that the respondents believed that the long term hours of exposure

in the community is more likely to have a higher risk to virus having a weighted mean of

4.68. With this results the respondents believed that the long hours of exposure in the

community is more vulnerable in acquiring or getting infected by the virus. In addition,

 27

the respondents also believed that overstretched of working hours leads to body fatigue

having a weighted mean of 3.84. On the other hand, this implies that the respondents

experienced body fatigue due to their extended hours of working. However, the

respondents also believed that they are not prone to depression and stress that lead to

suicidal ideation with a weighted mean of 1.64 which implies that respondents never

thought of suicidal tendencies in a sense that they are well- oriented regarding their work

as well as to their duties and responsibilities as police officers. Hence, the result shows

that the Health got a total weighted mean of 3.45 with a description of often, this implies

that Police Officers were less concerned about their health. Police officers and staff are

often directly or indirectly involved in the pandemic response and have thus higher risk of

getting infected by the virus. Additionally, the result implies that the health of the police

officers were put at risk as they go to their designated work place.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the front-line personnel, especially doctors,

paramedical staff, and law enforcement individuals, have faced substantial health risks,

psychological distress, and work stress (Kang et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020). Due to the

rapid spread of the COVID-19, the Chinese government took varying levels of restrictive

measures (travel ban, 14-day quarantine, and lockdown), which increased police officers’

burden to enforce the restrictions (Graham-Harrison and Kuo, 2020; Wang D. et al.,

2020). The heavy workload and life-threatening circumstances raise work stress in the

front-line workforce (Ivana et al., 2017). Since law enforcement is “inherently close-

contact work with strangers and some of the most marginalized people,” police officers

are on the front lines when dealing with pandemics and enforcing response measures,

while simultaneously being at a greater risk of exposure and infection (Poston 2020).
 28

Table No. 4: Profile of the respondent in terms of Performance

PERFORMANCE WEIGHTED MEAN DESCRIPTION

Wearing proper protective

equipment (PPE’s) while
on duty limits the mobility 4.70 ALWAYS
in work.
The Covid-19 pandemic
confines the physical
engagement to people,
thus, it limits the 4.55 ALWAYS
effectiveness of law
enforcement.
Experiencing COVID-19
symptoms hindered me to
do my duties as police 4.56 ALWAYS
officer.
Identifying and arresting
people involved the crimes
will be made difficult and 4.48 ALWAYS
uneasy.
Covid-19 brings extra
burden to the Police
4.70 ALWAYS
Authorities.
AVERAGE
4.60 ALWAYS
WEIGHTED MEAN

PERFORMANCE

The table 4 shows the effects of Coronavirus outbreak to Police Officers in terms

of Performance. The result shows that the Police Officer believed that wearing (PPE’s)

while on duty limits the mobility in work with a weighted mean of 4.70, which implies

that Police Officers are having a hard time in performing their duties because wearing
 29

(PPE’s) limits their movement and flexibility at work. In addition, Covid-19 pandemic

brings extra burden to the Police Authorities with a weighted mean of 4.70, which implies

that the respondents believed that COVID-19 pandemic causes the police officers to do

multiple works people aside from performing their duties. On the other hand, the

respondents also believed that identifying and arresting people involved in crimes are

made difficult and uneasy with a weighted mean of 4.48. This result implies that police

officers experienced difficulties in finding and arresting criminals who are involved in

crimes considering the restrictions and regulations implemented. The result shows that the

performance got a total weighted mean of 4.60 with a description of always, this implies

that most of the Police Officers performance has been affected by the pandemic.

Additionally, the respondents strongly believed that COVID-19 has a huge effect to their

performance in a way that it limits the mobility of their work. The enforcement of laws

and regulations with regards in identifying and arresting criminals are confined due to

lockdowns and travel bans which is made more uneasy for the police officers in executing

and enforcing the law.

According to International Association of Chiefs of Police the COVID-19

pandemic has significantly affected the operational landscape of policing. Because of

these considerable changes, the pandemic has significantly impacted law enforcement

agencies and their operations. Eighty-three percent of police noted they reduced public

access to their facilities. A similar percentage lowered their use of community policing

activities. Accordingly, community policing services were lessened by over 80% of the

departments surveyed.
 30

A survey conducted by Dean Alexander, as crime often goes unreported ‒ as

demonstrated by large disparities between reported crimes and crime victim surveys ‒ the

importance of community policing to capture this gap is crucial. Against this backdrop,

access to police departments has declined so that physical accessibility and connection by

the public to police have dropped. Suspension of citizen ride-along and citizen academies,

as well as the elimination of in-person police-community forums, can undermine police-

citizen cohesion. Leveraging virtual forums, conference calls and outreach to community

leaders in the non-physical world can bridge the limitations on street-level, (physical)

community links caused by the pandemic.

Table No. 5: Profile of the respondent in terms of Family

FAMILY WEIGHTED MEAN DESCRIPTION

Hinders Physical 4.46 ALWAYS

interaction with family.

Cancellation and limiting

of family affairs. 4.10 OFTEN

Experienced anxiety as to
the health status of all
2.62 SELDOM
family members.
Anxious about the health
status of my family. 3.61 OFTEN

Limits family recreation.

4.07 OFTEN

AVERAGE
3.77 OFTEN
WEIGHTED MEAN

FAMILY
 31

The table 5 shows the effects of Coronavirus outbreak to Police Officers in terms

of Family. The respondents of the study revealed that COVID-19 pandemic hinders

physical interaction with a weighted mean of 4.46. With this result, the respondents

believed that COVID-19 pandemic prevents them to have physical interaction with their

families most specifically after work without proper sanitation. On the other hand, Police

Officers cancel and limit family affairs in order to avoid the risk of infection with a

weighted mean of 4.10. This result implies that the respondents often cancel and limits

family meetings for the purpose of preventing the virus to spread throughout the family.

Often times the respondents are experiencing anxiety as to the health status of all

family members with a weighted mean of 2.62. This result indicates that the respondents

are frequently worried about the health and safety of their family members in getting

infected by the virus. The result shows that the effects of COVID-19 pandemic in terms

of family got a total weighted mean of 4.07 with a description of always. Therefore, this

results implies that covid-19 pandemic affected the family relationship of the police

officers while performing their respective jurisdictions as front liners. Furthermore, the

respondents also believed that COVID-19 pandemic hinders physical interaction and

limits family recreation.

In a study conducted by Laufs and Waseem, As such, not only are officers prone

to physical and personal risks such as the risk of infection, loss of property and family

members but also acute stress, that may be exacerbated by their extended work hours with

an increased workload In addition, officers may face a lack of rest, resources and

provisions distance from their families and social networks, depriving them of social

support as well as duress and ‘occupational stress overload’ as expectations increase the
 32

fact that police officers’ daily interactions with the public can put them at risk of exposure

to COVID-19, and in turn, may further expose their loved ones to the virus, also adds

stress. In some cases, they may be returning home to family members with compromised

immune systems for different reasons such as illness, medication, or pregnancy.

Problem No. 3: Is there a significant difference between the effects of COVID-19

Pandemic to the police force when respondents grouped according to their profile?

RANKS

Table No.6: Profile of the respondent in terms of Ranks

Sum of Df Mean F sig Decision on

Squares Square Ho

Between Groups 1.986 2 .993 4.407 .015

Within Groups 17.349 77 .225 Reject Ho

Total 19.334 79

A Chi-Square was employed to test the significant difference of Ranks towards

the effects of Coronavirus outbreak to Police Officers. It led the researchers to reject the

null hypothesis as results showed that the F-value of the said test was 4.407, and has a

significant value less than 0.05, indicating that there is a significant difference of the

ranks towards the effects of Coronavirus outbreak to Police Officers.

A number of factors affect reported levels of well-being. Research indicates that

while high levels of support, a sense of belonging, fair and visible leadership and an

affirming environment were all positively related to psychological well-being (Birch et

 33

al., 2017; Demou et al., 2020; Jackman et al., 2020; Ordon et al., 2019), the impact of

rapid change, not feeling valued, heavy workloads and the negative characteristics of

organisational cultures conversely had an adverse impact upon well-being (Demou et al.,

2020; Hesketh et al., 2017; Purba and Demou, 2019). There is also evidence to suggest

that role and rank can be a determinant of well-being with those in higher ranks, police

staff and those in force command or operational support (firearms and public order) all

displaying higher levels of well-being than other roles and ranks (Demou et al., 2020;

Graham et al., 2020; Jackman et al., 2020).

DUTIES

Table No. 7: Profile of the respondent in terms of Duties

Sum of Df Mean F sig Decision on

Squares Square Ho

Between Groups 9.442 4 2.360 17.895 .000

Within Groups 9.893 75 .132 Reject Ho

Total 19.334 79

Chi-Square was used to test the significant difference between duties towards the

effects of Coronavirus outbreak to Police Officers. It led the researchers to reject the null

hypothesis as results showed that the F-value of the said test was 17.895, and has a

significant value lesser than 0.05, indicating that there is a significant difference of duties

and the effects of Coronavirus outbreak to Police Officers.

 34

The results coincide with the findings of the study conducted by Huang and Chan,

effectively implementing lockdown restrictions, 67.8% of participants worked longer than

the normal days during the COIVD-19 outbreak. We group participants by work time:

below 8 h/day (work hours ≤ 8), 8–11 h/day (8 < work hour as indicated in Table 5, the

Chi-Square showed that the differences in health risk perception (F = 39.15, p < 0.01),

work stress (F = 166.99, p < 0.01), and psychological distress (F = 153.22, p < 0.01)

among different groups were significant. We ranked the health risk perception score,

work stress score, and psychological distress score of each group as follows: above 14,

11–14, 8–11, and below 8 h. The result indicated that police officers who worked longer

reported high health risk perception, work stress, and psychological distress.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE

STUDY

This chapter summarizes the findings of this study. The summary is divided into

parts addressing each objective stated in chapter one. Summary is followed by

conclusions based on the same objectives. School Administration and other stake holders.

Lastly, the chapter makes recommendations of areas that need further research.

Findings:

The study revealed the following findings:

1. Most of the respondents are patrolman.

2. The respondents have different designated area such as operation, investigation,

traffic police rotation and WCPD in terms of their duties and responsibilities.

3. In terms of health, the long hours of exposure in the community is more likely to

have a higher risk of SARS CoV2 ( Covid 19) has the highest weighted mean of

4.7.

4. With regards to the performance of the respondents, wearing proper protective

equipment (PPE) while on duty limits the mobility of work and the COVID 19

brings extra burden to the police authorities has the highest weighted mean of 4.70

5. Regarding the family COVID 19 pandemic hinders physical interaction with the

family have the highest weighted mean of 4.46.

6. There is a significant difference between the effects of COVID19 pandemic to the

police force when grouped according to the rank.

 36

7. There is a significant difference between the effects of COVID19 pandemic to the

police force in terms of their duties and responsibilities.

Conclusion

Along the conduct of the study, the researchers found out that police officers had

faced a multitude of challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the respondents

were with the rank of patrolman which indicated that they were the most affected

respondents among the highest ranks. The respondents have different designated areas

such as operation, investigation, traffic, police relation and WCPD according to their

duties and responsibilities.

In terms of health, they often experience the risks and effects caused by COVID-

19. It also revealed that long hours of exposure in the community have higher risk of

COVID-19. This infers that the police officers were challenge in their day-to-day duties

that can increase the risk of their health. With regards to their performance, the study

showed that COVID-19 had always inhibited them to perform with full capacity due to

the usage of proper protective equipment (PPE) while on duty because it limits the

mobility of work, symptoms experienced which also hindered police officers to do their

work, and the limitations present today in law enforcement such as health protocols since

it needed to be strictly followed to avoid transmission of the virus. The result also showed

that the relationship with the police officers with their families was often affected with the

pandemic. It hindered physical interaction with their families and loved ones.

Additionally, the result indicated that COVID-19 pandemic limits family recreation and it

limits family affairs.

 37

There is a significant difference between the effects of COVID-19 pandemic to

the police force according to their ranks, it implies that the COVID-19 pandemic will

depend on the rank classification or status of the members of the PNP. Furthermore, the

effects of COVID19 pandemic to the police force will also depend according to their

duties and responsibilities. The results suggest that police officers and staff are often

directly or indirectly involved in the pandemic response and thus have a higher risk of

getting infected.

Recommendations:

1. The Philippine National Police (PNP) must coordinate with the Department of

Health to ensure the health and safety of the police officers from getting

infected by the virus.

2. The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) should allocate

funds in providing all the essential requirements needed by the Police Officers.

3. The Philippine National Police (PNP) must conduct healthcare awareness

program and orientations in every municipal and city police station.

4. The Philippine National Police(PNP) should asked the Department of Health

(DOH) for more assistance in order for them to perform their duties and

responsibilities more efficiently and effectively.

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APPENDICES
 39

Appendix A

The Questionnaire

Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Police Force as Front liners

Dear Respondents

Greetings,

The researcher is presently conducting the study on the “Effect of Covid –

19 Pandemic on the Police Force as Front Liners”. The undersigned realize this

research study will not materialize without your full support; hence, we humbly

solicit your help and cooperation by answering this questionnaire very honestly.

Rest assured your answers will be treated with outmost confidentiality and

secrecy.

Your favorable consideration and valuable help in this regard will be

highly appreciated.

Please refer the second page for answering the questionnaire.

God Bless and more power.

Very truly yours,

THE RESEARCHERS
 40

PART I. Profile of the Respondent’s

Name: __________________________________________

Rank: Please put a check mark.

Patrolman – Police Master Sergeant ( )

Police Senior Master Sergeant – Police Executive Master Sergeant ( )
Police Lieutenant & Above ( )

Duties & Responsibilities: Please put a check mark.

Operation ( )
Investigation ( )
Traffic ( )
Police Relation / Social Media ( )
Women and children Protection Desk (WCPD) ( )
Others ( ) Specify: _______________________

PART II. Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Police Force as Frontliners

Instructions: kindly check (/) in each question provided in the table below.

Legend:

5 - Always 3 - Often 1- Never

4 - Sometimes 2 – Very Often

Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Police Force as Front liners

HEALTH 1 2 3 4 5
Long hours exposure in the community is more likely to have a
higher risk of SARS-CoV2 (COVID19).
Overstreched working hourss leads to body fatique.
Physically stressful work environment, filled with danger,
ambiguity in work encounters, and higher exposure to SARS-
CoV2 infection.
 41

Prone to depression and stress that lead to suicidal ideation.

Working midnight shifts weakened/weakens the immune
system, thus the becomes physiologically unbalanced.

PERFORMANCE
Wearing proper protective equipment (PPE's) while on duty
limits the mobility in work.

The COVID-19 pandemic confines the physical engagement to

people, thus, it limits the effectiveness of law enforcement.
Experiencing COVID-19 symptoms hindered me to do my
duties as police officer.
Identifying and arresting people involved the crimes will be
made difficult uneasy.
COVID-19 brings extra burden to the police authorities
FAMILY
Hinders physical interaction with family.
Cancellation and limiting of family affairs.
Experienced anxiety as to the health status of all the family
members.
Anxious about the health status of my family.
Limits family recreation.
 42

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte REGISTRATION NO. 62Q17082
INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
JRMSU-COC-DIP-006
Dipolog Campus, Lower Turno Dipolog City, Philippines

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

EDUCATION ASSOCIATE DEAN

Philosophy

Jose Rizal Memorial State October 05, 2021

University adheres to the
principle of dynamism and
cultural diversity in building a
just and humane society.

Vision
Atty. Rick Angelo C. Escorpizo
Research Adviser
A dynamic and diverse College of Criminal Justice Education
internationally recognized
university. Gen. Luna Street, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

Mission
Dear Sir,
Jose Rizal Memorial State
University pledges itself to
deliver effective and efficient Greetings!
services along instruction,
research, extension and
production. The undersigned researchers are 4th year BS Criminology students
It commits to provide of Jose Rizal Memorial State University-Dipolog Campus
advanced
technical
professional,
and
undertaking a research entitled “Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on
technopreneurial training with the Police Force as Fontliners”.
the aim of producing highly
competent, innovative and
self-renewed individuals. With your expertise, we are asking your permission to validate the
attached self-made questionnaire for the research study.
Quality Policy Statement
Jose Rizal Memorial Hoping for your positive response.
State University, a believer of
holistic development,
excellence and quality Thank you and more power
service, provides quality
training and development to
students. It shall commit to Respectfully yours,
provide adequate, suitable
and relevant resources and
services with continuing
quality management system Kervie Campomanes
for clients and customers’ Junilyn Danlas
satisfaction thru an efficient
and effective quality system Richard Lacay
which conforms to national Rosemarie Magsayo
and international statutory
and regulatory requirements.
Timothy Villanos
 43

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte REGISTRATION NO. 62Q17082
Dipolog Campus, Lower Turno Dipolog City, Philippines INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL JRMSU-COC-DIP-006

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

ASSOCIATE DEAN
Philosophy

Jose Rizal Memorial State

Certificate of Validation
University adheres to the
principle of dynamism and
cultural diversity in building a This is to certify that the study entitled “Effect of Covid-19
just and humane society.

Vision Pandemic on the Police Force as Fontliners”. was validated by

A dynamic and diverse
internationally recognized
the undersigned as to its composition and grammar.
university.
Mission The review was limited to editing for the purpose of validity and
Jose Rizal Memorial State
University pledges itself to reliability of the research instruments.
deliver effective and efficient
services along instruction,
research, extension and
production.
Validated by:
It commits to provide
advanced professional,
technical and
technopreneurial training with
the aim of producing highly Atty. Rick Angelo C. Escorpizo
competent, innovative and
self-renewed individuals.
Research Adviser
College of Criminal Justice Education
Quality Policy Statement

Jose Rizal Memorial

State University, a believer of
holistic development,
excellence and quality
service, provides quality
training and development to
students. It shall commit to
provide adequate, suitable
and relevant resources and
services with continuing
quality management system
for clients and customers’
satisfaction thru an efficient
and effective quality system
which conforms to national
and international statutory
and regulatory requirements.
 44

Appendix C

The Photo – Documentation

The Respondents
45
 46

Appendix D

Certification from English Teacher

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga Del Norte
Dipolog Campus, Dipolog City

Office for Research and Development

PHILOSOPHY CERTIFICATION FORM ENGLISH EDITOR

Jose Rizal memorial state
University adheres to the principle I hereby certify that this undergraduate
Of dynamism and cultural diversity thesis entitle “Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the
In building a just and humane Society Police force as Frontliners” by Kervie A. Campomanes

VISION Junilyn A. Danlas, Richard Lacay, Rosemarie E.

A dynamic and diverse,
Internationally Recognized
university.
MISSION
Jose Rizal Memorial State
University pledges to deliver
effective and efficient services
along research, Instruction,
production and extension.
Magsayo and Timothy E. Villanos, has undergone
through critiquing and editing.
I further endorse its readiness for final
printing, reproduction and hard-binding.
Given this _ day of January, 2022 at JRMSU
Dipolog Campus, Dipolog City, Philipinnes.

It commits to provide advanced

professional, technical and techno
logical Training with the aim of MARJORIE O. TUDARA
producing highly competent, English/Research Editor
innovative and Self-renewed
individuals.
 47

Appendix E
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Identification
Name : Campomanes, Kervie Alumbre
Birthdate : May 12 1999
Age : 22
Height : 5’6
Weight : 54 kgs
Address : Manawan Jose Dalman Zamboanga
del Norte
Contact Information:
Email Address : kerviecampomanes@gmail.com
Contact Number : 09672408119
Additional Personal Identification:
Father’s Name : Benjie T. Campomanes
Occupation : Construction worker
Mother’s name : Yvonne A. Campomanes
Occupation : Housewife
Education Background
College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

High School: Manawan National High School

Jose Dalman, Zamboanga Del Norte

Elementary: Manawan Elementary School

Jose Dalman, Zamboanga Del Norte
 48

Personal Identification
Name : Danlas, Junilyn Antibo
Birthdate : November 25, 1998
Age : 23
Height : 5’6
Weight : 49 kgs
Address : Brgy, Ipilan Salug Zamboanga del
Norte
Contact Information:
Email Address : Danlasange38@gmail.com
Contact Number : 09161645765
Additional Personal Identification:
Father’s Name : Danilo O. Danlas
Occupation : Farmer
Mother’s name : Elviera A. Danlas
Occupation : Housewife
Education Background
College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

High School: Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus

Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

Elementary: Ipilan Elementary School

Salug, Zamboanga Del Norte
 49

Personal Identification
Name : Lacay, Richard Saromines
Birthdate : September 14, 1999
Age : 22
Height : 5’7
Weight : 80
Address : Purok Santan Turno Dipolog
Contact Information:
Email Address : lacayr9@gmail.com
Contact Number : 09073191449
Additional Personal Identification:
Father’s Name : Federico A. Lacay
Occupation : Government Employee
Mother’s name : Charline S. Lacay
Occupation : Housewife
Education Background
College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

High School: Zamboanga Del Norte National High School (Turno Campus

Elementary: El Paraiso Elementary School

El Paraiso, La Libertad Zamboanga Del Norte
 50

Personal Identification
Name : Magsayo, Rosemarie Etol
Birthdate : March 15 , 2000
Age : 21
Height : 5’6
Weight : 53 kgs
Address : El Paraiso, La Libertad Zamboanga Del Norte
Contact Information:
Email Address : rosemariemagsayo1057@gmail.com
Contact Number : 09201536522
Additional Personal Identification:
Father’s Name : Rolando H. Magsayo Sr.
Occupation : Farmer
Mother’s name : Merlina E. Magsayo
Occupation : Housewife
Education Background
College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

High School: La Libertad National High School

Poblacion, La Libertad, Zamboanga Del Norte

Elementary: El Paraiso Elementary School

El Paraiso, La LibertadRE , Zamboanga Del Norte
 51

Personal Information
Name : Villanos, Timothy E.
Birthdate : August 15, 1999
Age : 21
Height : 5’6
Weight : 64 kg
Address : Gomez Street Biasong Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte
Contact Information
Email Address : villanostimothy5@gmail.com
Contact Number : 09271938182
Additional Personal Identification
Father’s Name : Resalio M. Villanos
Occupation : Government Employee
Mother’s Name : Edwina E. Villanos
Occupation : Housewife
Educational Background
College : Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus
Turno, Dipolog City Zamboanga Del Norte
High School : Zamboanga Del Norte National High School, Turno Campus
Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte