Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE

General
MARIKINA CITY

Chemistry 2
Fourth Quarter-Module 1
 Thermodynamics

Mary May F. Rodeo

City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

1
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the thermodynamics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course.

Learning Competencies:
• Predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy
(STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-140)
• Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance
(STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-142)
• Use Gibb’s free energy to determine the direction of a reaction
(STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-143)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. define entropy;
2. enumerate factors affecting entropy;
3. distinguish spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes;
4. calculate the entropy using second law of thermodynamics; and
5. determine Gibbs free energy using standard free energies of formation.

What I Know
Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. What thermodynamic quantity that expresses the degree of disorder in a system?
A. Enthalpy C. Internal energy
B. Entropy D. Gibbs free energy
2. Which of the following processes produces a decrease in the entropy of the
system?
A. Melting ice to form water C. Freezing water to form ice
B. Boiling water to form steam D. Sublimation of dry ice
3. What thermodynamic quantity that depends on the value of enthalpy and
entropy?
A. Heat C. Work
B. Gibbs free energy D. Internal energy
4. Which of the following is NOT an example of spontaneous process?
A. Rusting of iron C. Ripening of fruits
B. Combustion of gasoline D. Removing stain from cloth
5. What is the decrease in entropy of 25 g of water that condenses on a bathroom
mirror at a temperature of 35 ºC, assuming no change in temperature and given
the latent heat of vaporization to be 2,450 kJ/kg?
A. 199 J/K C. 1,750 J/ K
B. 750 J/K D. 2,125 J/K

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6. What condition that describes an exothermic process that involves an increase in
system entropy, in which ∆G is negative regardless of its temperature?
A. Both ∆H and ∆S are positive C. ∆H is positive and ∆S is
negative
B. Both ∆H and ∆S are negative D. ∆H is negative and ∆S is positive
7. What factor affecting the value of entropy in the decomposition of ammonium
dichromate?
A. Temperature C. Pressure
B. Number of particles D. Phase of a substance
8. Which of the following is always positive when a spontaneous process occurs?
A. ∆Huniv C. ∆Ssys
B. ∆Suniv D. ∆Ssurr
9. What will be the process if the change in enthalpy and entropy are both
decreasing?
A. Spontaneous at all temperature
B. Spontaneous at low temperature
C. Spontaneous at high temperature
D. Non-Spontaneous at all temperature
10. Which is TRUE about decreasing entropy?
A. Sgas > Sliquid > Ssolid C. Sliquid > Ssolid > Sgas
B. Sgas < Sliquid < Ssolid D. Ssolid < Sgas < Sliquid
11. The entropy will usually increase when;
I. a gas changes to liquid
II. an increase in temperature
III. a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules
IV. a reaction occurs that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas
A. II only C. II and III B.
I, and IV D. II, III, and IV
o
12. Calculate ∆G for the reaction given the following information:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
o
∆G for SO2(g) = -200.5 kJ/mol
f ∆Gfo for O2(g) = 0
o
∆G for SO3(g) = -250.5 kJ/mol
f

A. + 50 kJ C. + 100 kJ
B. – 50 kJ D. – 100 kJ
13. What is the standard entropy change of the reaction below at 298 K with each
compound at the standard pressure?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
So298 (J/mol K) 191.5 130.6 192.3
A. – 129.8 J/K C. – 198.7 J/K
B. + 129.8 J/K D. – 254.6 J/K
14. What is chemical or biological reactions that take place without any external
factors?
A. Endothermic C. Spontaneous
B. Exothermic D. Non-spontaneous
15. For the following reaction at 25oC, ∆Ho = +115 kJ and ∆So = +125 J/K.
Calculate ∆Go for the reaction at 25oC.

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 SBr4(g)  S(g) + 2Br2(l)
A. 37.1 kJ C. 85.2 kJ
B. 77.8 kJ D. 150.4 kJ

Lesson Thermodynamics

What’s In
Thermochemistry help you understand the relationship between chemical
reactions and energy. You also learned about the first law of thermodynamics, which
studies about energy and its transformation, particularly the internal energy. It also
discussed about enthalpy of a reaction as it absorbed or evolved heat. In this module,
we will study another thermodynamic properties; entropy and Gibbs free energy,
which determines the spontaneity of a chemical reaction.

What’s New
Activity 1. Determine which of the following object, is more
disordered?
1. Figure A or Figure B? Why?

fig. A fig. B

 _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. The glass of ice cubes or the glass of water? Why?

ice crystals water

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  _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

What Is It
Reactions can be either chemical reactions or biological reactions. We can divide
these reactions into two categories as spontaneous reactions and non-
spontaneous reactions.

Reactions Spontaneous Reactions Non - Spontaneous Reactions

Definition - a chemical or - a chemical or biological
biological reactions that take reactions that cannot take
place without any external place without the external
factor - occurs naturally factor.
under certain conditions - they can be a reversible
- it is an irreversible or an irreversible process
process - it can be an -
endothermic reaction or an
exothermic reaction
Entropy (S) Increases (+) Decreases (-)
Enthalpy (H) Decreases (-) Increases (+)
Gibbs Free Decreases (-) Increases (+)
Energy (G)
Examples 1. combustion reactions 1. water freezing at room
2. conversion of graphite temperature
into diamonds 2. conversion of water to
3. ripening of fruits hydrogen gas and oxygen gas
4. flow of heat from hot to 3. ball rolling uphill
cold 4. removing of sugar from a
5. evaporation of water cup of coffee

Entropy (S):
- is a measurement of the randomness or disorder of a system
- is a measure of how much this process has progressed
- the more random or disordered a system is, the greater the entropy
- entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase
over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

Factors Affecting the Value of Entropy:

1. Temperature:
- The temperature of a substance is proportional to the average kinetic
energy of its particles. At higher temperatures, the kinetic energy of a
substance is more dispersed than at lower temperatures. As temperature
increases, entropy also increases.
2. Number of Particles:

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 - an increase in the number of particles/moles , increases entropy
Consider the reaction:
A + B  AB
The reactant has 2 particles, while the product has only one. The entropy
decreases because of the decrease in the number of particles.

3. Phase of a Substance:
- Entropy depends on the phase of matter because of their intermolecular
forces. Gases have higher entropy than solid or liquid, because their molecules
move freely at high speeds and more spread out. Solids have the least entropy;
their molecules cannot move outside and they have a very limited chance of
randomness. A change in state of matter can result in either a positive or
negative entropy change.
In general:

Sgas > Sliquid > Ssolid

Predicting Entropy:
The change in entropy is the difference between final entropy and initial
entropy:
∆S = Sf - Si
A positive entropy (∆S > 0) or increase in entropy when:
 solid reactants form a liquid or gaseous products
 final state is more random than the initial state
 liquid reactants form gases
 there are less number of moles in the reactants than the
products A negative entropy (∆S < 0) or decrease in entropy when:
 gaseous or liquid reactants form solid products
 gaseous reactants form liquid products
 large molecules dissociate into smaller ones
 there are less number of moles in the products than
reactants

Examples:
Determine if the entropy change will be positive (increases) or negative
(decreases) for the following reactions.
1. Decomposition of ammonium dichromate:
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)  Cr2O3(s) + 4H2O(l) + N2(g)
- the reactant side contains only one mole where the product side has six
moles produced. There is also phase change. Therefore, the change in
entropy will be positive or increases.
2. Combination of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas:
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
- there are 3 moles on the reactant side and only 2 moles on the product side.
Therefore, the change in entropy will be negative or decreases.
3. Sublimation of dry ice:
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 CO2(s)  CO2(g)
- the carbon dioxide in solid state becomes a gas. Therefore, the change in
entropy is positive or increases.
4. One mole liquid water at room temperature  one mole liquid water at 50C̊
- the temperature increases from room temperature of about 25 ̊C to 50 ̊C.
Therefore, the change in entropy will be positive.

Entropy Change Determination:

I. For processes occurring at constant temperature and pressure, the change

in entropy can be calculated as:

Formula: ∆S = Q/T
where: ∆S = change in entropy, J/̊C or J/K
Q = amount of heat, J
T = temperature, ̊C or K
Examples:
1. If 50 J are added by heat to water at 20°C, what is the change in entropy?
Given: Q = 50 J
T = 20 °C Find:
∆S = ?
Solution:
∆S = Q/T
= 50 J/20 °C
Answer:
∆S = 2.5 J/̊C
2. Find the increase in entropy of 2.00 kg of ice originally at 0̊C that is melted to form
water at 0̊C. Lf (latent heat of fusion) of water = 334 kJ/kg
Given: mass of ice = 2.00 kg
T = 0̊C = 273 K
Find: ∆S = ?
Solution:
∆S = Q/T
Solve: Q = mLf
where : m = mass
Lf (latent heat of fusion) of water = 334 kJ/kg
Q = 2.00 kg x 334 kJ/kg
= 668 kJ x 1000 J/ 1 kJ
Q = 6.68 x 105 J
∆S = 6.68 x 105 J = 2.45 x 103 J/K
273 K
Answer:

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 ∆S = 2.45 x 103 J/K

II. For processes at standard condition using standard entropy ∆S ̊, can be

calculated as:
Formula: ∆S̊ = ∑yS̊products - ∑zS̊reactants where: ∆S̊= entropy at
standard conditions at 25̊C and 1 atm. y, z = number of
moles

Examples:
1. Calculate the entropy change of for the combustion of methanol, CH 3OH,
2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Given:

S̊of CH3OH(l) = 126.8 J/mol-K S̊of CO2(g) = 213.8 J/mol-K

S̊of O2(g) = 205.1 J/mol-K S̊of H2O(l) = 69.9 J/mol-K

Find: ∆S̊
Solution:
∆S̊ = ∑yS̊products - ∑zS̊reactants
= [2 S̊of CO2(g) + 4 S̊of H2O(l)] - [2 S̊of CH3OH(l) + 3 S̊of O2(g)]
= [2(213.8 J/mol-K) + 4(69.9 J/mol-K)] - [2(126.8 J/mol-K) + 3(205.1 J/mol-K)]
= (427.6 + 279.6) J/mol-K – (253.6 + 615.3) J/mol-K
= 707.2 J/mol-K - 868.9 J/mol-K Answer:
∆S̊ = - 161.7 J/mol-K
*since the entropy change is negative, there is a decrease in entropy.
2. Calculate the entropy change when graphite burns in sufficient supply of oxygen
as shown in the following equation,

Cgraphite (s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)

Given:

S̊of Cgraphite(s) = 5.7 J/mol-K S̊of CO2(g) = 213.8 J/mol-K

S̊of O2(g) = 205.1 J/mol-K
Find: ∆S̊
Solution:
∆S̊ = ∑yS̊products - ∑zS̊reactants
= [S̊of CO2(g)] - [ S̊of Cgraphite(s) + 3S̊of O2(g)]
= (213.8 J/mol-K) – (5.7 J/mol-K + 205.1 J/mol-K)
= 213.8 J/mol-K – 210.8 J/mol-K
= 3 J/mol-K Answer:
∆S̊ = 3 J/mol-K
*since the entropy change is positive, there is an increase in entropy.

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics:
- states that the entropy of an isolated system increases
-entropy of the universe is increasing, that is more and more energy becomes
unavailable for conversion into work
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to a hotter location.
- if two objects are not the same temperature then, heat will always flow from
high to low temperatures.
- hot object will decrease in temperature and cold object will increase in
temperature until they are both the same temperature. Formula:
∆Suniverse = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings ∆Ssurroundings
= qsurr/T = -∆Hsys/T
∆Suniv > 0 Spontaneous

∆Suniv < 0 Non-spontaneous

∆Suniv = 0 Reversible (system is at equilibrium)

Example:
Calculate the entropy change, ∆S̊universe of the reaction at 25̊C H2(g) + Cl2(g)
 2HCl(g)
Substance H2(g) Cl2(g) HCl
S̊(J/mol-K) 130.7 223.0 186.8
∆Hf ̊ (kJ/mol) 0 0 -92.3

Equation:
∆S̊universe = ∆S̊system + ∆S̊surroundings Solution:
Step 1: Solve for ∆S̊system:

∆S̊system = ∑yS̊products - ∑zS̊reactants

= [S̊of HCl(g)] - [ S̊of H2(g) + S̊of Cl2(g)]
= [(2mol)(186.8 J/mol-K)] – [(1mol)(130.7 J/mol-K) + (1mol)( 223.0 J/mol-K)]
= 363.6 J/K – 353.7 J/K
∆S̊system = 19.9 J/K

Step 2: Solve for ∆H̊system

∆H̊system = ∑yH̊products - ∑zH̊reactants

= [∆H̊ of HCl(g)] - [ ∆H̊of H2(g) + ∆H̊of Cl2(g)]
= [(2mol)(-92.3 kJ/mol-)] – [(1mol)(0 kJ/mol-) + (1mol)(0 kJ/mol-)]

∆H̊system = -184.6 kJ

Step 3: Solve for ∆S̊surroundings

∆S̊surroundings = -∆Hsys/T
= - (-184.6 kJ)(1000 J/kJ)
298 K

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 ∆S̊surroundings = 619.5 J/K

Step 4: Solve for ∆S̊universe

∆S̊universe = ∆S̊system + ∆S̊surroundings

= 19.9 J/K + 619.5 J/K
Answer: ∆S̊universe = 639.4 J/K

Gibbs Free Energy (G):

- discovered by Josiah Williard Gibbs, it predicts the direction of a spontaneous
reaction
- is a portion of the total energy of a system that is available to do useful works
- determines the spontaneity of a chemical reaction at constant pressure and
temperature.
The spontaneity of a process depends on its enthalpy and entropy. Combining these
two thermodynamic quantities will lead to the third thermodynamic quantity, which
is the Gibbs free energy.
Formula:
G = H - TS
Where:
G = Gibbs free energy H = enthalpy
T = temperature S = entropy
Under standard conditions of 1 atm and 25 ̊C, the standard free energy change
(∆G̊) of a chemical reaction can be obtained from the standard enthalpy change (∆H̊)
and standard entropy change (∆S̊).
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
∆G̊ = ∆H̊ - T∆S̊
The standard free energy change of a reaction can also be calculated from the
standard free energy of formation (∆G̊f) of the reactants and products.
Formula:
∆G̊ = ∑∆G̊f(products) -∑∆G̊f(reactants)

Similar to enthalpy, the ∆G̊f of elements is zero.

The value of ∆G determines the spontaneity of a chemical reaction at constant
pressure and temperature.
∆G < 0, (-) negative: spontaneous in the forward direction to form more products.
∆G > 0, (+) positive: non-spontaneous in the forward direction. Instead, it will
proceed spontaneously in the reverse direction to make more starting materials. ∆G
= 0: equilibrium and the concentrations of the products and reactants will remain
constant.
∆H > 0, (+) ∆H < 0, (-)
(endothermic) (exothermic)

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 ∆S > 0, (+) ∆G < 0 at high temperature
(increase in entropy) ∆G > 0 at low temperature
Process is spontaneous at
high temperature,
∆S <0, (-) ∆G > 0 at any temperature
(decrease in entropy) Process is non-spontaneous
at any temperature
∆G < 0 at any temperature
Process is spontaneous at
any temperature
∆G < 0 at low temperature
∆G > 0 at high temperature
Process is spontaneous at
low temperature

Examples:
1. Consider the dissolution of silver chloride (AgCl)
AgCl(s)  Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
The ∆G̊ of the reaction can be calculated from the standard molar free energies
of formation of the substances.

Substance AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) Cl-(aq)

∆G̊f (kJ/mol) -109.8 77.1 -131.3

∆G̊ = ∑∆G̊f(products) -∑∆G̊f(reactants)

= [(1 mol)(77.1 kJ/mol) + (1 mol) (-131.3 kJ/mol)] - [(1 mol) (-109.8 kJ/mol)]
= 77.1 kJ – 131.3 kJ + 109.8 kJ
= 55.6 kJ or 55,600 J Answer:
∆G̊= 55.6 kJ

* the positive value of ∆G̊ indicates that the reaction is non-spontaneous at 25 ̊C 2. A

drying agent has the chemical composition CaSO4. Calculate ∆G̊ at 25̊C, for the
following reaction, which has a ∆S̊ value of – 139.7 J/K.

CaSO4(s)  Ca+2 (aq) + SO4-2(aq) ∆H̊ = -18.0 kJ

Given: ∆S̊ = – 139.7 J/K or 0.1397 kJ/K

∆H̊ = - 18.0 kJ
T = 25 ̊C or 298 K
Find: ∆G̊= ?
Solution: ∆G̊ = ∆H̊ - T∆S̊
= - 18.0 kJ – (298 K x -0.1397 kJ/K)
= - 18.0 kJ + 41.63 kJ
= 23.63 kJ
Answer:
∆G̊ = 23.63 kJ

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* the positive value of ∆G̊ indicates that the reaction is non-spontaneous at 25 ̊C

3. Determine the spontaneity of the dissociation of ammonium nitrate, the compound

used in cold packs at 25°C. Interpret the values obtained from the calculations.
NH4NO3(s)  NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Substance NH4NO3(s) NH4+(aq) NO3-(aq)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) -365.6 -132.5 -207.4
S° (J/mol.K) 151.1 113.0 146.4

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate first the ∆H° of the process:
∆H ° = ∑∆H°f (products) - ∑∆H°f (reactants)
= [(1 mol x -132.5 kJ/mol) + (1 mol x -207.4 kJ/mol)] - [(1 mol x -365.6
kJ/mol)]
= -132.5 kJ - 207.4 kJ + 365.6 kJ
∆H ° = 25.7 kJ
Step 2: Then, find ∆S°using the given values:
∆S ° = ∑∆S°f (products) - ∑∆S°f (reactants)
= [(1 mol x 113.0 J/mol.K) + (1 mol x 146.4 J/mol. K)] - [(1 mol x 151.1 J/mol.
K)]
= 113.0 J/K + 146.4 J/K - 151.1 J/K
∆S ° = 108.3 J/K or 0.1083 kJ/K
Step 3: Finally, use the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to solve for ∆G° at 25°C (298K):
∆G̊ = ∆H̊ - T∆S̊
= 25.7 kJ – (298 K) (0.1083 kJ/K)
= 25.7 kJ – 32.3 kJ
Answer: ∆G̊ = - 6.6 kJ
*The dissociation reaction occurs spontaneously.

What’s More
Activity 2. Determine whether an example is spontaneous process (SP),
or a non-spontaneous process (NSP).
______ 1. black hair turning grey
______ 2. removing sugar from a cup of coffee
______ 3. ice melting at room temperature
______ 4. ball rolling downhill
______ 5. water freezing at room temperature
______ 6. ball rolling uphill
______ 7. removing stain from a cloth
______ 8. ripening of fruits
______ 9. flow of heat from hot to cold
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______ 10. conversion of rust back to iron metal at room temperature

What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Identification
Write the correct word/s to complete the sentence/s.

1. Gibbs free energy equation depends on two thermodynamic quantities

enthalpy and entropy.
2. ______ second law of thermodynamics________ states that entropy of the
universe is increasing, that is more and more energy becomes unavailable for
conversion into work.

- Non-spontaneous reactions cannot takes place without the external factor.

3. .
4. ___ Entropy __ is a measurement of the randomness or disorder of a system.
5. __Gibbs free energy_____is a portion of the total energy of a system that is
available to do useful works.
6. Factors affecting the value of entropy are _Temperature__, _Number of
particles_ and _phase of a substance_.
7. If the value of the change in enthalpy and entropy are both positive then the
process is said to be spontaneous___ at high_ temperature.

What I Can Do
Activity 4. Entropy and Global Warming
Global warming refers to unusual increased of the Earth’s temperature due to the
greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels; it is caused by increased levels
of carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other pollutants. Higher
temperatures are worsening many types of disasters, including storms, heat waves,
floods, and droughts.
Questions:
1. Relate entropy and global warming.
Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system
can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness, meanwhile
Global warming, is the gradual heating of Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere, which is
caused by human activity. Hence, If you increase temperature, you increase entropy. (1)
More energy put into a system excites the molecules and the amount of random activity. (2)
As a gas expands in a system, entropy increases.
2. How can we prevent global warming?
In order to prevent further damage of global warming, we human must practice the
following: stop deforestation, recycle all usable materials such as plastic bottles,
car tires, and encourage people to plant more trees.

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 Assessment
1. What is chemical or biological reactions that takes place without any external
factors?
A. Endothermic C. Spontaneous
B. Exothermic D. Non-spontaneous
2. What is the decrease in entropy of 25 g of water that condenses on a bathroom
mirror at a temperature of 35 ºC, assuming no change in temperature and given
the latent heat of vaporization to be 2,450 kJ/kg?
A. 199 J/K C. 1,750 J/ K
B. 750 J/K D. 2,125 J/K
3. Which of the following processes produces a decrease in the entropy of the
system?
A. Melting ice to form water C. Freezing water to form ice
B. Boiling water to form steam D. Sublimation of dry ice
4. What factor affecting the value of entropy in the decomposition of ammonium
dichromate?
A. Temperature C. Pressure
B. Number of particles D. Phase of a substance
5. What is the standard entropy change of the reaction below at 298 K with each
compound at the standard pressure?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
So298 (J/mol K) 191.5 130.6 192.3
A. – 129.8 J/K C. – 198.7 J/K
B. + 129.8 J/K D. – 254.6 J/K

6. What thermodynamic quantity that depends on the value of enthalpy and

entropy?
A. Heat C. Work
B. Gibbs free energy D. Internal energy
7. The entropy will usually increase when;
I. a gas changes to liquid
II. an increase in temperature
III. a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules
IV. a reaction occurs that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas
A. II only C. II and III
B. I, and IV D. II, III, and IV
8. Which of the following is NOT an example of spontaneous process?
A. Rusting of iron C. Ripening of fruits
B. Combustion of gasoline D. Removing stain from cloth
9. What condition that describes an exothermic process that involves an increase in
system entropy, in which ∆G is negative regardless of its temperature.
A. Both ∆H and ∆S are positive C. ∆H is positive and ∆S is negative
B. Both ∆H and ∆S are negative D. ∆H is negative and ∆S is positive
10. What thermodynamic quantity that expresses the degree of disorder in a system?
A. Enthalpy C. Heat flow
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 B. Entropy D. Internal energy
11. Which of the following is always positive when a spontaneous process occurs?
A. ∆Huniv C. ∆Ssys

B. ∆Suniv D. ∆Ssurr
12. For the following reaction at 25 C, ∆H = +115 kJ and ∆So = +125 J/K.
o o

Calculate ∆Go for the reaction at 25o.

SBr4(g)  S(g) + 2Br2(l)
A. 37.1 kJ C. 85.2 kJ
B. 77.8 kJ D. 150.4 kJ
13. Which is TRUE about decreasing entropy?
A. Sgas > Sliquid > Ssolid C. Sliquid > Ssolid > Sgas

B. Sgas < Sliquid < Ssolid D. Ssolid < Sgas < Sliquid
14. What will be the process if the change in enthalpy and entropy are both
decreasing?
A. Spontaneous at all temperature
B. Spontaneous at low temperature
C. Spontaneous at high temperature
D. Non-Spontaneous at all temperature
15. Calculate ∆Go for the reaction given the following information:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
∆Gfo for SO2(g) = -200.5 kJ/mol ∆Gfo for SO3(g) = -250.5 kJ/mol
A. + 50 kJ C. + 100 kJ
B. – 50 kJ D. – 100 kJ

Additional Activities
Problem Solving: Solve the following problems based on the given data.

1. For the reaction at 25̊ C, find ∆G° and determine what type of reaction/process
takes place.

a. C2H6(g)  C2H4(g) + H2(g) Given: ∆H° = +137

kJ and ∆S° = 120 J/K

b. 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)

Given: ∆H° = -241.82 kJ and ∆S° = -233.7 J/K

2. Calculate the entropy change, ∆S̊, for the following reactions and determine if
its entropy increases or decreases:

a. thermal decomposition of NaNO3

2NaNO3(s)  2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
S̊(J/mol-K) at 25̊C 116.5 103.8 205

b. synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas

N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

S̊ (J/mol-K) at 25̊C 191.6 130.7 192.8

References

1. Ayson, M. F., De Borja, R. S., & Ysrael, M.C. (2016). General Chemistry 2
Textbook for Senior High School (pp. 113 - 137). Vibal Group Inc.
2. "5.7: Gibbs Energy". 2021. Chemistry Libretexts. Accessed April 25.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Valley_City_State_University/Chem_122
/Chapter_5%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/5.7%3A_Gibbs_Energy.
3. "Difference Between Spontaneous And Nonspontaneous Reactions | Compare
The Difference Between Similar Terms". 2021. Compare The Difference
Between
Similar Terms. Accessed April 25.
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between- spontaneous-
andnonspontaneous-reactions/.
4. 2021. Study.Com. Accessed April 25.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/predicting-the-entropy-of-
physicaland-chemical-changes.html.
5. "Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics: Disorder And The
Unavailability Of Energy | Physics".
2021. Courses.Lumenlearning.Com. Accessed April 25.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/15-6-entropy-
andthe-second-law-of-thermodynamics-disorder-and-the-

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 unavailabilityenergy/#:~:text=This%20ratio%20of%20QT,the%20reversible%2
0proc ess%20takes%20place.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
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