Grade 11 General Chemistry

PERFORMANCE TASK FOR THE 3RD QUARTER
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 11:

MODULE 1: TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. Roque M. Travero Jr.
PREPARED BY:
B7 VIBAR, Elijah Drew M.
G9 DE VERA, Hannah Isabelle S.
G11 LEVANZA, Beatrice Ira C.
OBJECTIVES
MODULE In this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the types of intermolecular forces;
CONTENT 2. Differentiate the types of intermolecular forces; and,
3. Recognize the importance of types of intermolecular
forces in daily life
OUTLINE
This module contains:
1. Terms and Definitions
2. Lesson
3. Multiple Choice Test
MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

10 multiple choice questions will be given at the
end of the module with their answers,
2
Using the phrase below, write any term/word related to it.
MODULE
I N T
CONTENTS E R
M O L E C U L A R
3
COULOMB’S LAW
I ION M MOLECULE
Substances that are made of atoms.
C Electrostatic force is directly
proportional to the charge of the ions
Are charged particles or have
permanent whole numbers as charges. and inversely related to the distance
between them.
N NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE O OPPOSITE CHARGE

USUALLY IN GAS FORMS
An example of a dipole molecule. Once
it reacts with another nitrogen
Two poles of each molecule is either
partially positive or partially negative. U London dispersion forces are usually
in gas forms and are considered the
trifluoride molecule, a dipole-dipole
weakest intermolecular force.
interaction will occur.
L LONDON DISPERSION
T
INTERACTION
This type of interaction happens to be
L LIQUID PHASE
One of the three fundamental
TEMPORARY DIPOLE present in all types of molecules structural phases of matter in which
Created when electrons spontaneously whether ionic or covalent-polar or the thermal mobility is comparable
come into close proximity. nonpolar. with cohesiveness.
E A ATOMS
ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
A force that has an attraction that pulls E ELECTRONS
A stable subatomic particle with a
The basic unit of matter and the
ions together. defining structure of elements.
charge of negative electricity, found in
all atoms acting as the primary carrier
R REARRANGING MOLECULES
A dipole molecule will rearrange itself
of electricity in solids. R REQUIRING ENERGY
when added to a dipole-dipole
interaction.
R Hydrogen bonding is relatively strong
that it requires energy to break it.
4
MODULE 1
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
5
MODULE 1
Types of Intermolecular Forces INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (IMF)
➔ Physical forces governing the interaction between molecules,
➔ Forces that arise from the sharing of electrons within covalent bonds of different molecules.
➔ Affects the physical properties of compounds.
➔ The following are the five types of intermolecular forces:
(source: https://sites.google.com/site/intermolecularforcesnonbonding/) 6
1 ➔
ION-ION INTERACTION
Ions - Charged particles or have permanent whole number charges.
➔ The attraction between ions are pulled by a force called an electrostatic force.
➔ Coulomb’s Law - Electrostatic force is directly proportional to the charge of the ions and
inversely related to the distance between them.
Where F is the electrostatic force;

k is Coulomb’s constant;
q1 and q2 are the charges;
and r is the distance between the
charges.
7
1 ➔
➔
ION-ION INTERACTION
The strength of force between ions increases as ions or particles get closer.
The higher the magnitude of charges, the higher the electrostatic force. (directly proportional to
charges.)
➔ In case of ions of the same charges, as the size of the ion increases, the electrostatic force
decreases.
➔ The higher the electrostatic force between molecules, the higher the melting point.
➔ Refer to the pictures below. The interaction between the aluminum and nitrogen ions is stronger
than the magnesium and oxygen ions because the higher the magnitude of the charges, the higher
the electrostatic force is. The molecule with a higher melting point therefore, is aluminum nitride.
(source:
(source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/14927455/) https://igcse-chemistry-2017.blogspot.com/2017/07/140-draw-dot-and-c
ross-diagrams-to-show.html)
8
2 ➔
ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION
The attractive force that results from the
electrostatic attraction between an ion and a
neutral molecule that has a dipole.
➔ When a molecule has two opposite partial charges,
they are dipole and polar.
➔ Positive ion or cation attracts the partially negative
end of a neutral polar molecule.
➔ Water is a permanent dipole molecule because it
has positive and negative poles as a result of the
uneven distribution of electrons within it.
➔ Refer to the example on the right.
(source: https://socratic.org/questions/55d8465e11ef6b17da7b6eea)
9
3 ➔
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION
Intermolecular interaction between two dipole molecules from partial opposite charges.
➔ It is the attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another
polar molecule. (Purdue University, n.d.).
➔ Two poles or each molecules is either partially positive or partially negative—partially negative side of
molecules is attracted to the partially positive side of another molecule and partially positive side is
attracted to partially negative side.
➔ Example is ICl (Iodine Chloride.). The more electronegative Chlorine (Cl) atom bears the partial
negative charge while the less electronegative Iodine (I) bears the partially negative charge— I-Cl.
➔ The partially positive Iodine of an ICl molecule is attracted to the partially negative Chlorine of another
ICl molecule— I-Cl—I-Cl.
(source: https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/dipdip.html) 10
3 ➔
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION
MORE EXAMPLES:
Water or H2O is a polar molecule because of the attraction
between the more electronegative Oxygen and the less
electronegative Hydrogen. Dipole-dipole interaction
(hydrogen bond) occurs due to the bond between the
partially positive Hydrogen of H2O and partially negative
Oxygen of another H2O molecule.
(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/dipole-dipole-forcel)
➔ POLAR MOLECULES = Molecules having a slightly negative and slightly positive side due to unequal
sharing of electrons (e.g. H2O) (CK12 Intermediate, n.d.).
➔ DIPOLE MOLECULES = A covalent or ionic molecule with two poles (positive and negative) due to
separation of charges (e.g. CO) (CK12 Intermediate, n.d).
➔ DIPOLES OCCUR AS A RESULT OF POLARITY.
11
4 ➔
HYDROGEN BOND INTERACTIONS
Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction between partially positive Hydrogen atoms
and partially negative Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Fluorine atoms.
➔ Hydrogen bond interactions are the strongest form of dipole-dipole interaction.
➔ Among the intermolecular forces, hydrogen bond interactions are relatively strong, thus contributing to
high boiling points and melting points.
➔ Hydrogen bonds play a vital role in holding nucleotide bases in RNA and DNA.
➔ Strength of hydrogen bonds depend on number of hydrogen bonds formed and polarity of the bonds.
➔ Example is NH3 (Ammonia). NH3 has hydrogen bonds between one atom of Hydrogen and three
atoms of Nitrogen. However, this hydrogen is very weak because each Nitrogen has one lone electron
pair (Helmenstine, 2019).
Lone electron pair
(source: 12
https://doubtnut.com/question-answer-chemistry/why-does-nh3-form-hydrogen-bond-but-ph3-does-not-11482013)
4 ➔
HYDROGEN BOND INTERACTIONS
MORE EXAMPLES:
Hydrofluoric acid or HF is a polar molecule because of the
attraction between the partially positive Hydrogen atom
and partially negative Fluorine atom. HF exhibits hydrogen
bonding between Hydrogen and Fluorine which has three
active lone pairs.
(source: https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/9.3/)
➔ Hydrogen bond interactions are only present in molecules where Hydrogen is covalently bonded to
one of the three elements: Oxygen, Fluorine, or Nitrogen (CK12 Intermediate, n.d.)
13
5
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES/VAN DER WAALS
➔ Van Der Waals intermolecular forces are weak, short-ranged attractive forces between uncharged
molecules. These forces attract neutral molecules to one another in gases, in liquefied and solidified
gases, and in almost all organic liquid and solids (Britannica, 2016).
➔ Present in all types of molecules: ionic, covalent, polar, or nonpolar.
➔ Significant in nonpolar molecules.
➔ Responsible for the liquid phase of noble gases.
➔ Temporary dipoles — very weak instantaneous dipole-dipole interaction due to the distorted electron
cloud of an atom from the random motion of electrons.
➔ Dipole-induced dipoles — Dipoles induced by temporary dipoles that distort the electron cloud of
another molecule.
➔ Example is I2 (Iodine). I2 has two Iodine molecules that have temporary dipoles, creating Van Der
Waals dispersion forces or london dispersion forces between them.
Distorted electron cloud
(source: https://www.chemistrylearner.com/chemical-bonds/van-der-waals-forces/) Temporary dipole Induced

14
5
➔ MORE EXAMPLES: Methane or CH4 is a nonpolar gas with one Carbon atom
and four Hydrogen atoms. It exhibits London Dispersion
Forces due to its molecular structure and nonpolar C-H
bonds.
➔ Coulomb’s Law affects how temporary dipoles are created. As two atoms become close, the electron
cloud becomes distorted—the electron of one atom becomes attracted to the proton of the other atom.
➔ Coulomb's Law states that the closer the two charges are, the stronger the force between them.
15
5
➔ OTHER DISPERSION FORCES:
Keesom Forces
Two polarized molecules interact because of the inherent
difference in charge distribution (Hadjittofis et al., 2017).
Debye Forces
A molecule with permanent dipole induces charge
redistribution to neighboring molecules with no dipole
moments (Hadjittofis et al., 2017).
London Forces
Arise in molecules without permanent dipoles (due to
interactions of instantaneous dipoles) (Hadjittofis et
al.,2017).
16
MODULE 1
Types of Intermolecular Forces
17
MODULE 1
Types of Intermolecular Forces MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST
1. What is an intermolecular force?
a. A bond between two molecules.
b. A bond between two different atoms.
c. A polar bond between two or more atoms.
d. A nonpolar bond between two identical atoms.
● Answer: A
18
MODULE 1
2. What is the strongest intermolecular interaction?
a. Ion-ion
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Dipole-dipole
d. London Dispersion
● Answer: A
19
MODULE 1
3. What is the weakest intermolecular interaction?
a. Ion-dipole
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Dipole-dipole
d. London Dispersion
● Answer: D
20
MODULE 1
4. Which atoms form a hydrogen bonding when it interacts with hydrogen?
a. N, O, F
b. N, Cl, I
c. O, C, S
d. O, F, C
● Answer: A
21
MODULE 1
5. What force exists in every type of intermolecular interaction?
a. Ion-ion
b. Ion-dipole
c. Dipole-dipole
d. London dispersion
● Answer: D
22
MODULE 1
6. What type of interaction results from a bond of asymmetrical molecules?
a. Ion-ion
b. Ion-dipole
c. Dipole-dipole
● Answer: B
23
MODULE 1
7. What type of interaction exists between equal-pulling molecules?
a. Ion-dipole
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Dipole-dipole
● Answer: D
24
MODULE 1
8. What type of interaction exists between two hydrosulfuric molecules?
a. Ion-dipole
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Dipole-dipole
● Answer: C
25
MODULE 1
9. Which of the following interactions will have the highest vapor pressure?
a. Ion-dipole
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Dipole-dipole
● Answer: D
26
MODULE 1
10. Which of the following interactions will have the lowest viscosity?
a. Ion-dipole
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Dipole-dipole
● Answer: D
27

MODULE 2: PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
AND SOLID
SUBMITTED TO:
PREPARED BY:
G12 LLARENA, Karyl A.
G15 PINEDA, Isabella Jian M.
G18 RED, Elsa Nicole I.
G20 SABLAY, Franchine Samantha B.
OBJECTIVES
1. Use the Kinetic Molecular Theory to explain the
CONTENT properties of liquid and solid; and,
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these
properties: Surface tension, Capillary action,
Viscosity, Vapor pressure, and Molar heat of
vaporization.
OUTLINE
2. Lesson

29
MODULE
L I Q
CONTENTS U I D
A N D
S O L I D
30
L LIQUID MOLECULES
with high intermolecular forces will
D DIFFICULTY TO COMPRESS S SURFACE TENSION
It is the amount of energy required the
happens in molecules because of the
have a high surface tension. little space in them. surface quality of the liquid by a unit
area.
I INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTION
between the same molecules is called A ATTRACTION
between liquid and solid materials is
O ONE MOLE OF A LIQUID
can be vaporized at 100°C due to
cohesion.
called capillary action. Molar Heat of Vaporization
Q QUARTZ AND DIAMOND

L LATTICE OR CRYSTAL LATTICE
are minerals that have extremely high
melting point. N NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
It is an element that is a are good
It is the arrangement of crystalline
solid particles, where there is a
conductor of heat once they are in a repeating
solid state.
U USING THE KINETIC MOLECULAR

THEORY (KMT) I IT IS MORE RESISTANT TO FLOW
we can explain the behavior of the D DISRUPTED HYDROGEN BONDS
will cause its surface tension to
if a molecule has a high intermolecular
force.
states of matter in microscopic level.
decrease
D
DIRECTIONS LIKE DOWNWARD AND
I INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTION UPWARD
between unlike molecules is called
adhesion. R are the movements of molecules at the
surface of a liquid.
31
MODULE 2
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID AND SOLID
32
MODULE 2
Properties of Liquid and Solid Kinetic Molecular Theory
➔ a model used to explain the behavior of states of matter from a
microscopic point of view.
➔ It explains why matter exists in different phases and how matter can
change from one phase to the next.
(source: https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/states-of-matter/the-kinetic-molecular-theory-3/)
33
MODULE 2
Properties of Liquid and Solid Properties of Liquid
➔ Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape.
➔ Liquids have definite volumes because of the IMF that hold the molecules close together.
➔ Liquids have the ability to flow and take the shape of its container.
➔ Liquid molecules are more difficult to compress than glasses.
➔ Liquids are denser (more close together) than gases.
liquid molecules are so close together with very little

space that allows them to move past freely to one
another.
34
MODULE 2
Properties of Liquid and Solid Properties of Solid
➔ Solids have definite shape, volume, and melting point.
*due to strong IMF that hold molecules close together
➔ Solids are rigid and resistant to change.
➔ Particles vibrate; they have a low rate of diffusion so they don’t get easily mixed with other
substances.
➔ Types of Solids: Crystalline Solids & Amorphous Solids
Solid molecules have no spaces in between them and

tightly arranged.
*Cannot be compressed and are highly dense.
35
MODULE 2
Properties of Liquid and Solid Types of Solid
➔ Crystalline Solids are particles that are arranged in a crystal lattice where there is a repeating unit of
crystalline solids and will change sharply once heated.
➔ Crystalline solids are metallic and their crystals are held together by electrostatic interactions
between cations and delocalized electrons.
◆ Ionic Crystals - are compounds made of metals and nonmetals, and are good conductor of
heat in their solid state.
◆ Covalent Network Crystals - are compounds that contains two or more nonmetals and usually
have an extremely high melting point.
➔ Amorphous Solids are solids that lack the well-defined arrangement of basic units found in crystals
that soften gradually when heated.
36
1 Effect of Intermolecular Forces to some Physical
Properties
1. Surface Tension
➔ Surface Tension is the energy required to stretch the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
➔ Surface Tension is the resistance of a liquid towards external force.
➔ High IMF indicates strong surface tension since the surface of the liquid is pulled evenly in
all directions.
➔ If the IMF is disrupted, surface tension will decrease.
● HIGH IMF, HIGH SURFACE TENSION; LOW IMF, LOW SURFACE TENSION.
37
Properties
2. Capillary Action
➔ Capillary Action or Capillarity is the attraction between liquids and solids.
◆ Cohesion Capillary Action — Attraction between same molecules; molecules stay
close together creating a concave appearance.
◆ Adhesion Capillary Action — Attraction between unlike molecules; molecules are
attracted and stick close to other substances creating a convex appearance.
H2O-Glass molecule Hg - Hg
Adhesive forces Cohesive Forces
38
Properties
3. Viscosity
➔ Viscosity is the resistance to flow
➔ High IMF corresponds to high viscosity
*compounds with high IMF are more resistant to flow
➔ Liquids with a long chain of hydrocarbons have greater IMF = More viscous.
● HIGH IMF, HIGH VISCOSITY; LOW IMF, LOW VISCOSITY
39
Properties
3. Viscosity
Table 1 Table 2
Liquids Viscosity in Ns/m 2 Substance Formula
Acetone (C3H6O) 3.16 x 10
-4
Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 1.20 x 10 -3
H3
Water (H2O) 1.01 x 10 -3 Decane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C
Glycerol (C3H8O3) 1.49 H2CH2CH2CH2CH3
40
Properties
4. Vapor Pressure
➔ Vapor pressure is the pressure created by bouncing molecules.
➔ Vapor is the pressure of vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in
a closed container.
➔ Pressure = Average force a material exerts upon a surface.
➔ Liquids with low IMF tend to have lower energy requirements to break bonds or attractions
between molecules (easily change states of matter).
➔ These liquid molecules turn into gases that create a particular pressure (vapor pressure) in
a closed container.
41
Properties
4. Vapor Pressure
➔ Liquids with high IMF tend to have higher energy requirements to break bonds or
attractions between molecules (cannot easily change states of matter)
➔ These liquids will have less gas molecules = less vapor pressure
● LOW IMF, HIGH VAPOR PRESSURE; HIGH IMF, LOW VAPOR PRESSURE
Acetone evaporates quickly than water. Hence,

acetone has a higher vapor pressure than water.
42
Properties
5. Molar Heat of Vaporization (HVAP)
➔ Molar Heat of Vaporization is the energy required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at 100° C.
➔ Molar Heat of Vaporization is the heat absorbed by 1 mole of substance as it is converted
from liquid to gas.
➔ Boiling Point — Temperature at which liquid turns into gas; vapor pressure of liquid equals
the external pressure (at equilibrium).
➔ Since liquids with strong IMF require higher energy requirements to break molecular bonds,
it also requires high boiling points (vaporize).
● HIGH IMF, HIGH MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION; LOW IMF, LOW MOLAR HEAT
OF VAPORIZATION.
43
Properties
5. Molar Heat of Vaporization (HVAP)
Substances HVAP (kJ/mol) Boiling Point

Acetone (CH3COCH3) 30.3 56.6
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 39.3 78.3
Water (H2O) 40.79 100
44
MODULE 2
Properties of Liquid and Solid
45
MODULE 2
Properties of Liquid and Solid MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST
1. What theory explains the reason on why matter exists in different
phases and how matter can change from one phase to the next?
a. Kinetic Theory
b. Kinetic Molecular Theory
c. Molecular Theory
d. None of the above
● Answer: B
46
MODULE 2
2. Which of the following is wrong about the properties of a solid?
a. Has a definite shape, volume, and melting point.
b. Its arrangement of particles is tightly arranged and organized
making it highly dense and incompressible.
c. It has a melting point, shape, and volume.
d. Have a low rate of diffusion meaning they don’t get mixed easily
with other substances.
● Answer: C
47
MODULE 2
3. Which of the following is true?
a. Ionic crystals are compounds made of metals and nonmetals, and
are good conductor of heat in their solid state
b. Ionic crystals contain two or more nonmetals and are usually have
an extremely high melting point
c. A and B are correct
● Answer: A
48
MODULE 2
4. What are the two types of solid?
a. Crystalline Solids and Amorphous Solids
b. Non-crystalline Solids and Crystalline Solids
c. Amorphous Solids and Non-amorphous Solids
● Answer: A
49
MODULE 2
5. How many effects of Intermolecular Forces are there to some physical
properties?
a. Four
b. Three
c. Five
d. Six
● Answer: C
50
MODULE 2
6. It is the pressure exerted by a vapor at a given temperature in a closed
system.
a. Vapor Pressure
b. Molar Heat of Vaporization
c. Capillarity
d. Viscosity
● Answer: A
51
MODULE 2
7. Type of Capillarity in which the intermolecular attraction is between
the same molecules.
a. Cohesion
b. Adhesion
c. Edhesion
d. None of the Above
● Answer: A
52
MODULE 2
8. Type of Capillarity in which the intermolecular attraction between
unlike molecules.
a. Cohesion
b. Adhesion
c. Edhesion
d. None of the Above
● Answer: B
53
MODULE 2
9. It is the energy required for the water molecule to vaporize 1 mole of
a liquid at 100° Celsius.
a. Vapor Pressure
b. Molar Heat of Vaporization
c. Capillarity
d. Viscosity
● Answer: B
54
MODULE 2
10. It is the amount of energy required to stretch the surface of the liquid
by a unit area.
a. Vapor Pressure
b. Surface Tension
c. Capillarity
d. Viscosity
● Answer: B
55

MODULE 3: PROPERTIES OF WATER
SUBMITTED TO:
PREPARED BY:
B4 GARCIA, Rhom Joshua C..
B4 RAMOS, Johnrich Adriennne C..
G1 ASIS, Maria Kyla S.
G2 APIGO, Kyla Angel A.
OBJECTIVES
CONTENT
1. Describe the structure of water,
2. Identify the properties of water,
3. And explain how these properties of water are essential
for sustaining life on Earth.
OUTLINE
2. Lesson

57
MODULE
PCONTENTS
R O P E R T I E S
58
P POLARITY P PRESSURE
T TEMPERATURE
A molecule that has one side that is Is defined as the physical force A physical quantity that expresses hot
more negative than the other. exerted on an object. and cold.
E EMULSION
I INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
R RESULTS OF ELECTROSTATIC A mixture of two or more liquids that
are normally immiscible (unmixable or
Are electrostatic in nature and holds
ATTRACTION
The bond between oxygen atoms of one unblendable). atoms together within a molecule.
water molecule and the hydrogen of
another is called a hydrogen bond.
REGION OF NON-POLAR, E ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
R HYDROPHOBIC are chemical reactions in which the
0
a continuous piece of surface formed reactants absorb heat energy from the
OXYGEN
exclusively of hydrophobic atoms and surroundings to form products.
a chemical element – a substance that
unoccupied by water molecules bound
contains only one type of atom.
to polar protein atoms.
S SPECIFIC HEAT
the amount of heat required per unit mass
to increase a material's temperature by one
degree Celsius or Kelvin.
59
MODULE 3
PROPERTIES OF WATER
60
Properties of Water
MODULE 3
Water
➔ A material made up of the chemical elements
hydrogen and oxygen that exists in gaseous,
liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most
abundant and necessary compounds.
➔ Due to its ability to dissolve more compounds

than any other liquid, this colorless, odorless,
and a tasteless inorganic compound is
acknowledged as a universal compound.
However, nonpolar molecules like oils lack
partial positive or partial negative charges, so
they are not attracted to water molecules.
➔ The main properties of water are its polarity, (source::

cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XW6zn1WyChM/VgsCzlhNo
7I/AAAAAAAAAY0/zYQG7dJf8mY/s1600/water%2Bm
specific heat, and evaporative cooling. olecule.jpg)
61
Properties of Water
MODULE 3 Molecular Structure of Water
➔ A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms bound to an oxygen atom, and its
configuration is twisted. This is because the oxygen molecule bears two pairs of unshared
electrons. Both electron pairs, shared and unshared, repel one another.
This molecular structure leads to hydrogen bonding
(source:: http://www.iapws.org/faq1/molecule.gif) (source:: http://www.iapws.org/faq1/dimer.gif)
62
Properties of Water
MODULE 3 Intermolecular Forces of Water
➔ The H2O molecule is polar with intermolecular
dipole-dipole hydrogen bonds. As the water molecules
attract each other and form bonds, water displays
properties such as high surface tension and high heat
of vaporization.
➔ Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole

attraction between molecules rather than a covalent
bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive
force between a hydrogen atom covalently attached to
a very electronegative atom such as an N, O, or F atom
and another very electronegative atom. Furthermore,
[source::
hydrogen bonds allow water to break apart many
https://fastly.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/60f583 substances.
4b8b3234e6482e0f201cca84c3a4271b63.png)
63
Properties of Water
➔ A charged or polar substance that interacts with and dissolves in water is said to be
hydrophilic: hydro means "water," and philic means "loving."
➔ In contrast, nonpolar molecules like oils and fats do not interact well with water. They
separate from it rather than dissolve in it and are called hydrophobic: phobic means
"fearing."
NaCl is an example of hydrophilic C4H10 is an example of hydrophobic

[source
[source::
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/crystal-structure-sodium-chloride-diatomic-molecule-salt-crystal-stru
https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/chemical-formula-molecule-model-butane-600w-65114
64
cture-sodium-chloride-diatomic-molecule-168324189.jpg)
9704.jpg)
Properties of Water
You may have found this as a

less-than-helpful attribute in oil and vinegar
salad dressings. Vinegar is essentially just
water with a touch of acid in it.
(source::
https://cooktoria.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Apple-Cider-Vinegar-Salad-Dressing-3-480
x270.jpg)
This is called an emulsion, a mixture of

two liquids that would not normally mix.
It contains tiny particles of one liquid
suspended in another.
(source::
https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F83A8900-04DA-4911-A3CB87CE33BBE74D
_source.jpg?w=590&h=800&1BD4A0CF-9DBE-4654-A85D06556AB9D119)
65
Properties of Water
MODULE 3 Water has High Specific Heat
➔ In order to raise the temperature of the water,
hydrogen bonds need to be broken. Specific heat
is the energy required to break these hydrogen
bonds.
➔ Specific Heat = amount of heat that must be

absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance in
order to change its temperature by 1°C.. The
Specific Heat of Water is 1.00 cal/g °C.
➔ Increasing heat also means increasing the kinetic

energy of a substance. In water, the temperature
only slightly rises. Water has to absorb 4,184
(source:: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IHYnOnd8oIU/maxresdefault.jpg)
Joules of heat (1 calorie) for the temperature of
1kg of water to increase 1°C.
66
Properties of Water
MODULE 3 Water has High Specific Heat
(source:: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IHYnOnd8oIU/maxresdefault.jpg)
➔ Water refuses to change its temperature; but when it does change, it absorbs or loses a
relatively large quantity of heat for each degree of change.
➔ Water becomes frozen when the molecules are no longer moving strongly enough to shatter
their hydrogen bonds.
67
Properties of Water
MODULE 3
Density of Liquid Water vs. Density of Ice Cube
➔ Ice is less dense than water, but just because ice is less dense than water it doesn’t mean
that cold water is less dense than hot water.
➔ Usually, as temperature decreases, water has a smaller volume and more density.
(source:: https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-46e1b04e6666e973d16076a83108316c)
The figure above shows the relationship between the temperature and density of the water.
68
Properties of Water
MODULE 3
Density of Liquid Water vs. Density of Ice Cube
➔ However, water has a unique characteristic that allows its solid form to expand and become less
dense at temperatures below 4°C.
➔ Anomalous expansion of water = water expands instead of contracting when temperature
reaches below 4°C, it becomes less dense because water normally forms open crystal structure
in its solid form.
In frozen lakes, only the surface layer

is frozen as it insulates the water
beneath, allowing ecosystems to
survive.
(source:: https://worldoceanreview.com/en/files/2010/11/k1_g_wasser-molekuele_e_en.jpg)
69
Properties of Water
MODULE 3 Surface Tension, Heat of Vaporization, and Vapor Pressure
➔ Water has high surface tension due to its cohesion (attraction to similar molecules). Water
has a strong IMF because of hydrogen bonding (water molecules are attracted to adjacent
water molecules).
➔ In waxy surfaces, water beads up because its molecules cannot adhere to waxy surfaces. In
beakers, water is able to cling to the glass surface because of adjacent water molecules
present or attached to areas in the beaker—forming a meniscus. They'll travel up the glass as
far as water's cohesive forces will allow them until gravity prevents them from going further.
Cohesion Capillary Action = Attraction between similar molecules
Adhesion Capillary Action = Attraction between unlike molecules
(source::
https://useruploads.socratic.org/lIj9U88RDOvndAdbOOcg_febe93441abbd6458ad7
b9969543e69621454627.png)
70
Properties of Water
MODULE 3 Surface Tension, Heat of Vaporization, and Vapor Pressure
➔ Water has high molar heat of vaporization which is 41 kJ/mol.
➔ Endothermic Reaction = a phase where liquid water condenses into gas or vapor.
(source::
https://eschooltoday.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/evaporation-in-the-water-cycle.jpg)
➔ Water’s low vapor pressure is even lower compared to larger molecules with low vapor
pressure.
➔ Vapor pressure is inversely related to intermolecular forces.
71
MODULE 3
Properties of Water
72
MODULE 3
Properties of Water MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST
1. The attraction that causes water and other liquids to form drops on thin films is
called _________ ______. This is also water’s ability to be attracted to other water
molecules.
a. Adhesion
b. Capillary Action
c. Cohesion
d. Surface Tension
● Answer: C
73
MODULE 3
2. These are the main properties of water except:
a. Density
b. Surface Tension
c. Cohesion
d. Polarity
● Answer: A
74
MODULE 3
3. When you mix oil and water, they immediately separate because:
a. Water does not dissolve oil.
b. Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.
c. Oil is too dense.
d. It depends on what kind of oil you are using.
● Answer: A
75
MODULE 3
4. Why does ice float?
a. As water freezes, it expands and its density decreases.
b. As water freezes, it takes up more hydrogen from the atmosphere,
causing it to have greater buoyancy.
c. As water freezes, air becomes trapped between the hydrogen bonds of water molecules.
d. As water freezes, it doesn’t takes up more oxygen from the atmosphere,
causing it to have lesser buoyancy.
● Answer: A
76
MODULE 3
5. Water is the only substance on Earth that naturally exists in ____________,
a. Solid and liquid states
b. All three states
c. Gaseous form
d. Liquid and gas states
● Answer: B
77
MODULE 3
6. How are adhesion and cohesion similar?
a. Both are water molecules.
b. Both need to bond.
c. Both have properties.
d. Both are related to attractive forces.
● Answer: D
78
MODULE 3
7. Due to specific heat, which warms up faster?
a. Water
b. Land
c. Air
d. All of the above
● Answer: B
79
MODULE 3
8. It is a mixture of two liquids that would not normally mix.
a. Cohesion
b. Adhesion
c. Emulsion
d. Attraction
● Answer: C
80
MODULE 3
9. At what temperature does water allow its solid form to expand and
Become less dense?
a. Above 4°C
b. Below 2°C
c. At 2°C
d. Below 4°C
● Answer: D
81
MODULE 3
10. Vapor pressure is ____________ to intermolecular forces.
a. Directly related
b. Inversely related
c. Not at all related
d. None of the following
● Answer: B
82
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PERFORMANCE TASK FOR THE 3RD QUARTER

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 11:

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

N NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE O OPPOSITE CHARGE

Where F is the electrostatic force;

Lone electron pair

Distorted electron cloud

(source: https://www.chemistrylearner.com/chemical-bonds/van-der-waals-forces/) Temporary dipole Induced

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 11:

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

Q QUARTZ AND DIAMOND

U USING THE KINETIC MOLECULAR

liquid molecules are so close together with very little

Solid molecules have no spaces in between them and

● HIGH IMF, HIGH VISCOSITY; LOW IMF, LOW VISCOSITY

Acetone evaporates quickly than water. Hence,

5. Molar Heat of Vaporization (HVAP)

Substances HVAP (kJ/mol) Boiling Point

Ethanol (C2H5OH) 39.3 78.3

Water (H2O) 40.79 100

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 11:

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

➔ Due to its ability to dissolve more compounds

➔ The main properties of water are its polarity, (source::

This molecular structure leads to hydrogen bonding

(source:: http://www.iapws.org/faq1/molecule.gif) (source:: http://www.iapws.org/faq1/dimer.gif)

➔ Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole

NaCl is an example of hydrophilic C4H10 is an example of hydrophobic

You may have found this as a

This is called an emulsion, a mixture of

➔ Speciﬁc Heat = amount of heat that must be

➔ Increasing heat also means increasing the kinetic

In frozen lakes, only the surface layer

Cohesion Capillary Action = Attraction between similar molecules

Adhesion Capillary Action = Attraction between unlike molecules

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

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