Pagadian Diocesan Schools

SACRED HEART DIOCESAN SCHOOL, INC.

Molave, Zamboanga del Sur

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE IN SCIENCE 8

Name: Section:
Date:

CHAPTER 1 LESSONS:
MODULE 1: NEWTON’S LESSON 1 (LAW OF INERTIA) 1st Week
LAWS OF MOTION LESSON 2 (LAW OF ACCELERATION) 2nd Week
LESSON 3 (LAW OF INTERACTION) 3rd Week
Module Overview

In this module, you will learn the concepts of motion, acceleration, and force. You will
also find out how these concepts are interrelated to each other. This module also presents Sir
Isaac Newton’s contributions to science, high-lighting his laws of motion: Law of Inertia, Law
of Acceleration, and Law of Interaction. It includes sample problems that involve the
application of each of these laws, as well as the activities that will help you understand how
these laws are demonstrated in real-life situations.

Learning Competencies

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to
the amount of change in the object’s motion (S8FE-Ia-15)
2. Infer that when a body exerts force on another body, an equal amount of force is exerted back on
it (S8FE-Ia-16)

Instructional Materials

 Pavico, J. Ma., et al, 2013. Exploring Life Through Science Series The New Grade 8. PHOENIX
PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC., 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City,pp.8-16

 Private Education Assistance Committee, 2017. Science Learning Module, pp. 1-49

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Before going further, let’s find out how much you already know about this module by
answering the short test below. Remember of the items that you are not sure of the
correct answer and look for the right answer as you go through this module.

Directions: Read and understand carefully the following questions below. Choose and encircle the letter of which
you think is the correct answer.

1. What causes an object to accelerate?

a. Inertia b. net force c. acceleration d. mass

2. Which vehicle moving at the same speed may drag a food cart at a farther distance upon collision?
a. Bicycle b. train c. taxi d. minibus

3. Which of the following may NOT increase the speed of a race car?
a. make it lightweight c. lower its body more closely to the ground
b. change engine with a powerful one d. reduce air drag

4. What makes a horse move forward when it draws a carriage?

a. the carriage b. the feet of the horse c. the ground d. the wheels of the carriage
 5. How would you compare the force you exert in pulling the hand of your friend compared to the
resistance your friend is offering?
a. greater b. equal c. lesser d. zero

INTRODUCTION
Let’s begin our journey by giving your brain a little warm-up activity. You will be
introduced to few situations that involve the concept of Newton’s Laws of Motions.

ANTICIPATION-REACTION GUIDE

Directions: On the BEFORE column, put a check (√) mark inside the circle if you agree with the statement and
an (X) mark if otherwise. Do not answer the AFTER column yet. As you learn in the next sections, review your
previous answers and use your learned concepts to correct mistakes if there’s any. Then, it is the time to put
your final answer in the AFTER column.

BEFORE STATEMENTS AFTER

Example: An empty grocery cart runs faster than the loaded one
because it is easier to move.

X √

1. You are thrown backward if the vehicle you are riding

suddenly stops.

2. The engine of a jeepney uses more energy in

traveling when it is overloaded with passengers than
when it is only loaded to its seating capacity.

3. With a jerk, a piece of cloth underneath a wine glass

maybe removed without toppling the glass off.

4. Upon collision, a car receives a greater force of

impact than the wall it crashed into.

5. Every time you push the wall, it also pushes you back
with equal force.
 Let’s try to find out how many of your initial ideas are valid and correct by doing
the next set of activities. As you learn in the next section, go over your answers in the
previous section and compare your initial ideas with your learned concepts. And try to
find out what the laws that govern motion.

INTERACTION

LESSON 1
Law of Inertia
Newton’s first law of motion that states that,…

“an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and
in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.”

The statement above can be split into three parts – the motion of an object when it is at rest, the
motion of an object when it is moving with a constant velocity and the direction of an object when it is
moving.

Example 1. (INERTIA OF REST)

We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will start or move by itself unless acted by an unbalanced
force.

A stalled car must be pushed to go in motion A ball stays in place until we kick it

Example 2. (INERTIA OF MOTION)

We are all familiar with the fact that an object will continue what it’s doing until stopped by an unbalanced
force.

A car was bumped

with another car
and it stopped from
moving.

Example 3. (INERTIA OF DIRECTION)

An object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it.

As the bike keep on moving forward, so as the body of the person. When
the bike bumped into a hard object, the bike stopped while the person
continued moving forward because the force is only acting on the bike, not
on the person. But, if the person uses his force to turn right or left using
his arms, the direction of the bike would also go right or left and will not
bump into the hard object.

A. Inertia
a. Galileo’s view
 the tendency to resist changes in motion or rest

b. Newton’s view
 Related to mass( the amount of matter express in kilograms)
 the more mass an object has, the more inertia
Example: A truck and a car are moving at the same speed and direction. Which among the two is hard to
stop?

m = 10000Kg m = 1000kg

Answer: The truck has more mass than the car, the truck possesses more inertia and so it is harder to change
its state of motion. The truck therefore is hard to stop.

B. Friction
a. The unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion
b. It opposes the motion of an object causing it to slow down or stop

Example: A car suddenly breaks and it cause friction between the tire of the car and surface of the road the car
slows and stopped.

ACTIVITY 1.1 PICTURE ANALYSIS / AGREE & DISAGREE

“Riding a Bus”

Direction: Study carefully the picture above. In the table below, put (√) if the statement is correct and (X) if
otherwise.

Statements √/X
1. The person riding the car has the tendency to remain at rest, until the car starts moving.

2. The person riding the car has the tendency to remain in motion when the car is continue
moving, until something will make it stop.

3. When the car starts moving, the body of the person riding the car is moving with the car.

4. When the car suddenly stops from moving, the person leans backward.

5. When the car suddenly starts from at rest, the person leans forward.

ACTIVITY 1.2 PICTURE ANALYSIS / IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Study the pictures and understand carefully the following questions after. Choose the letter of the
correct answer put it on the space provided.

1. Which of the two pictures below has a…

greater mass? ______ greater inertia? ______ needs greater force to move? _______

A B

2. Which among the two pictures below is…

hard to change in velocity? _______ hard to stop? _______

A B
3. A bus is moving at constant speed. A passenger drops a coin vertically down. Where would the coin would
likely to drop? a) Before him. b) Just below his feet or c) after him?

Direction of bus’ movement at constant velocity

a b c

Coin would fall on: _____

ACTIVITY 1.3 PICTURE ANALYSIS / SHORT RESPONSE

Direction: Study the picture below. Read and understand the given situation after. Then, answer the questions
that follow.

Consider a ladder placed unstrapped at the top of a moving truck. The driver of the truck suddenly slams on
the brakes.

FOLLOW – UP QUESTIONS
Directions: Read and understand the following questions below. Write your brief explanation on the space
provided after each question.

1. Which car would more likely be in danger of a falling ladder --- the car at the back or the car in front? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Would there be a possibility that the unstrapped ladder would fall to the back part of the truck? Why or why
not?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. How do we avoid such scenario?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

– END OF LESSON 1 –

Congratulations! You have just learned about the First Law of Motion, the Law of Inertia. In
the next activity, you will encounter another law of motion, the Law of Acceleration. This law
of motion is related to the first law of motion. You will use what you have learned about the
first lesson in the next.
 LESSON 2
Law of Acceleration
Newton’s second law of motion states that,…

“when a net force acts on a body or object, it will move or accelerate in the direction of the
force. The acceleration is directly proportional to the force, which means the greater the force exerted
the greater the acceleration and vice versa. Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the
body or object which means the greater the mass of a body or an object the slower is the acceleration.
Furthermore greater mass object needs greater force to move or accelerate.”

In equation form,

Fnet = ma
Where Fnet is the net external force
m is the mass
a is the acceleration

Net force (Fnet) is the force capable of changing the state of motion of an object.

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

(greater force, greater (greater mass, lesser acceleration) (greater mass, needs greater
acceleration) force)

Sample Problem Solving 1. (Finding for Fnet or Sample Problem Solving 2. (Finding for a or
net force) acceleration)

Find the magnitude of the force applied to a 5kg A truck is used to pull a car with a constant force of
box that accelerates at 3m/s2. 660 N. The mass of the car is 220kg, what is the
acceleration of the car?

Given: m = 5kg
a = 3m/s2 Given: m = 220 kg
Find Fnet Fnet = 660N
Find: a
Solution: Solution:
Fnet = ma a= Fnet / m
= (5kg) (3m/ s2) = 660N / 220kg
= 15kgm/s2 or 15N = 3.0 m/s2

Sample Problem Solving 3 (Finding for m or mass)

What is the mass of an object that accelerates at 5.0 m/ s2 under

the influence of 10N net force?

Given: Fnet = 10N Solution:

a= m = Fnet /a
5.0 m/ = 10N / 5.0 m/ s2
Find: mass = 2.0 kg
ACTIVITY 2.1 PICTURE ANALYSIS / SHORT RESPONSE

Directions: Study the pictures and answer the questions that follow. Write your brief explanation on the space
provided after each question.

10 kg 20 kg

PERSON A PERSON B

a. Who do you think between the two persons above is using greater force? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Let’s assume they use same force to pull the loads. If they are to have a race, who will win? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: Read the situation and analyze the pictures below. Answer the following questions after and write
your brief explanation on the space provided after each question.

Mario and Alex are on a trip to Panikian Island, Pitogo, Zamoboanga del Sur. Suddenly the car runs out
of fuel then stops (Picture A). Alex volunteers to push the car to the side of the road. He pushes it hard, but he
can’t move the car. A bystander helps him then the car accelerates (Picture B).

1. How do you compare the applied forces to the cars in both pictures?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

2. Why does the car in Picture B accelerate?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the relationship between net force and acceleration based on the situation?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2.2 PROBLEM SOLVING

Directions: Understand and Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution on the space provided
below each item.
1. Find the magnitude of force that gives an acceleration of 6m/s2 to an object of mass 20kg.

2. What acceleration is imparted to a football when the player kicked it with a force of 25N? mass of a football
= 0.40 kg

– END OF LESSON 2 –

Congratulations! You have just learned about the Second Law of Motion, the Law of Acceleration. In
the next activity, you will encounter another law of motion, the Law of Interaction. This law of motion is
related to the first and second law of motion. You will use what you have learned about the previous
LESSON
lessons3in the next.
LESSON 3
Law of Interaction
Newton’s third law of motion states that,…

“when body A exerts a force on body B, body B will exert an equal but oppositely directed
force on body A. In other words, to every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction force.”

Important points: Examples

 Action and reaction forces are

equal in magnitude but oppositely
directed

 Action and reaction forces are

acting on two different bodies and
will never cancel out

 Forces always come in pairs

ACTIVITY 3.1 PICTURE ANALYSIS / IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Each picture below shows two equal but opposite force pairs. One is the action force and one is the
reaction force. Identify which is the action force and reaction force. Write your answer on the space provided.

EXAMPLE:

B Action force: the bat pushes the ball to the right

Reaction force: the ball pushes the bat to the left

1. 2.
Action force: Action force:
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________

Reaction force: Reaction force:

________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________

3. Action force: Action force:

________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________

Reaction force: Reaction force:

________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Directions: Consider the interaction depicted from the picture below between foot A, ball B, and foot C. The
three objects interact at the same time. Identify 2 pairs of action-reaction forces. Use the notations “foot A”,
“foot C”, and “ball B”. Write your answers inside the table in the next page.

Pair 1 Pair 2
Action force: Action force:
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_ _
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_ _

Reaction force: Reaction force:

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_ _
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_ _

PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. How can we take advantage of our
knowledge on Laws of Motion?
Answer:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. How can motion be controlled?
Answer:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

INTEGRATION
You have gone through so many activities, red and learned concepts. It’s time to put your
ideas into writing. So, let us know what’s in your mind so far and write something in each
thought shape in the next page.
 Module - Virtue
Directions: Reflect on the paragraph below.

The motion of a body is affected not only by its mass but also by the force applied on it. In real
life, you may also be motivated to do certain things because of personal aspirations, as well as the
inspiration that you get from other people. What driving forces motivate you to improve yourself and be
better in the things that you do?

Answer:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________

Let’s check if you have mastered the concepts of Laws of Motion by answering the short
test in the next section.

INTERVENTION

Evaluation

Directions: Identify what law of motion is observed in the following situations. Write I for law of inertia, II for law of
acceleration, and III for law of interaction.

_____1. An empty grocery cart runs faster than the loaded one.

_____2. Using seatbelt to hold your body from leaning forward when a car you are riding suddenly stops.

_____3. While rowing a boat, paddling will cause the bat to move forward.

_____4. A biker slightly presses the brake as his bike travels down on a slope.

_____5. It is easier for you to move a box with relief goods when helped by friends than moving it all by yourself.

_____6. A toy truck with loads runs slower compared to a toy truck with empty loads when you pushed them at
the same time.

_____7. A kid catches a flying boomerang and stopping its motion.

_____8. Your hand hurts when you punch someone hard.

_____9. Rocket propulsion or when rocket lifts off from a shuttle system.

_____10. A cart at rest starts moving once someone pushes it forward.

POST-ASSESSMENT
It’s now time to assess your learning. Choose and encircle the letter of the
correct answer. If you do well, you may move on to the next lesson. If your score is
not at the expected level, you may talk to your subject teacher to go back with the
lesson and for you to be given remedies to cope up and understand the lesson.

1. Which of these animals has the greatest inertia?

a. deer c. elephants
b. horse d. mouse

2. What causes an object to accelerate?

a. inertia c. acceleration
b. net force d. mass

3. What relationship exists between an object’s mass and the force responsible to move it?
a. direct c. direct square
b. inverse d. inverse square

4. How would you compare the force you exert in punching a bag to the force that you receive from the
punch?
a. greater c. lesser
b. equal d. zero

5. Which of the following is a reaction when walking?

a. Feet pushing the ground backwards c. Feet sliding backwards
b. Ground moving backwards d. Ground pushing the feet forward

6. A high-speed bus and an innocent bug have a head – on collision. The force of impact splatters the
poor bug over the windshield. The corresponding force that the bug exerts on the windshield is
a. lesser c. the same
b. greater d. dependent on their mass ratio

7. What concept may explain why it’s tiring to pedal a bike when you have a back ride?
a. action-reaction c. friction
b. law of acceleration d. inertia

8. What will most likely happen if the Sun suddenly loses its gravitational pull on Earth? The earth will
a. slow down and eventually stop c. accelerate
b. wander in any direction d. move at a constant velocity

9. Which statement is TRUE when a bus is overloaded?

a. Its mass is decreased c. it requires greater force to keep it moving
b. Its acceleration is increased d. its inertia is increased twice

10. Which of the following is TRUE about a person standing on a platform?

a. His inertia decreases
b. No force acts on him because he is not accelerating
c. The platform pushes the person with a force equal to his weight
d. Only force weight acts on the person

– END OF UNIT 1 –
Congratulations! You have just learned about the Newton’s Laws of Motion, the Law of
Inertia, Law of Acceleration, and Law of Interaction. I hope the knowledge you have
gained will remain and will be applied in real life situations and in the future.