CH-8:- REDOX REACTIONS

➤ OXIDATION:- Addition of (oxygen/electronegative) element to

a substance or removal of (Hydrogen/electropositive) element from
a substance.
For Ex:- S+O2→SO2 ➤2H2S+O2→2S+2H2O
2MG+O2→2MGO CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O
4Fe+O2→2Fe2O3

Mg+F2→MgF2 ➤ 2K4[Fe(CN)6]+H2O2 →2K3[Fe(CN)6]+2KOH

(Pottasium Ferricinite)
2Na+Cl2→2Nacl (Pottasium Ferrocinite)

Mg+S→MgS

➤REDUCTION:-Addition of (Hydrogen/electropositive) element to

a substance or removal of (oxygen/electronegative) element from a
substance.
For Ex:- 2MgO → 2Mg+O2 ➤ 2FeCl3+H2→2FeCl2+2HCl
2HgO → 2Hg+O2 ➤2HgCl2+SnCl2→Hg2Cl2+SnCl4
➤CH2=CH2+H2→CH3—CH3
reactio i whic bot Oxidatio an Reductio occur i calle Red reactio .

➤Oxidising agent:- The reactant which get reduced.

➤Reducing agent:- The reactant which get oxidised.
Oxiⁿ Oxidising agent:- Fe₃O₄
3FeO4+8Al→4Al2O3+9Fe
Redⁿ Reducing agent:- Al
Redⁿ
Reducing agent:- H₂S
H2S+Cl2→S+HCl
Oxidising agent:- Cl₂
Oxi
Oxiⁿ

(Difference
ⁿ
of electronegativity)
Redⁿ Reducing agent:- Na
2Na+H2 →2NaH
Oxiⁿ Oxidising agent:- H₂
 ➤Oxidation:- lose of electrons by any species.
➤Reduction:-gain of electrons by any species.
Oxidising agent:-acceptor of electrons.
Reducing agent:-Donor of electrons.
gain of 2e¯
Redⁿ

=2Na+Cl2→2Nacl
2Na→2Na++ 2e-
S+2e- →S -²
Oxiⁿ Lose of 2e¯
Oxiⁿ half
reaction
=2Na→2Na++2e- 2Na+S→2Na++S -²
+
Redⁿ half Cl2+2e-→2Cl- (Na )₂ S
reaction
2Na+Cl2→2Na+Cl2
2NaCl
➤ Lose of 2e¯

Zn(s)+Cu²+ (aq)→Zn²+ (aq)+Cu(s)

gain of 2e¯

Zinc rod is
placed

Initial stage Cu(NO₃)₂ Intermidiate stage Final stage

For Zn→Cu BLUE→COLOURLESS

➤ Lose of 2e¯

Cu(s)+2Ag+ (aq)→Cu²+ (aq)+2Ag(s)

gain of 2e¯

Copper rod
is placed
Ag(NO₃)₂
Initial stage Intermidiate stage Final stage

For Cu→Ag COLOURLESS→BLUE

From this Zn>Cu>Ag.

Cobalt rod is
placed in nickel
solution Solution's colour changes from green to green blue

➤ OXIDATION NUMBER:- Charge present on atom, number of atom or molecule is called

oxidation number of that substance.
RULES:-

1) In free of uncombined state each atom's oxidation state is zero.

For Ex:- H₂ , N₂ , O₂ , S₈ , P₄ , Na , Ca , Mg , Al
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2) In ion containing one atom, the oxidation number is equal to change present on ion.
For Ex:- Na⁺, Mg⁺², Al⁺³, Fe⁺³, Cl⁻, O⁻² , S⁻²
+1 +2 +3 +3 -1 -2 -2

3) Oxidation number of Hydrogen is +1

For Ex:- Hcl , H₂SO₄ , CH₄ , PH₃ , HNO₃ , H₃PO4
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Exception:- When bonded with metal (metal hydrides) →-1

For Ex:- NaH , BeH₂ , MgH₂ , CaH₂ , LiH , AlH₃
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
4) Oxidation number of oxygen in most compound is -2
For Ex:- H₂O , MgO , H₂SO₄ , HNO₃ , NO₂ , CO
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2

Exception-1:- In Peroxide it becomes -1 Structure of H₂O₂

+1 H
For Ex :- H₂O₂ , KrO₂ , Na₂O₂ , CaO₂
O O
-1 H +1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1

Exception-2 :-In Superoxides it becomes 1

-2
Ex :- CsO₂ , RbO₂ , KO₂

Exception-3 :- With Fluorine it becomes Positive

Ex :- OF₂ , O₂F₂
O₂F₂→ 2(O)+2(F)=0 OF₂→(O)+2(F)=0
2x + 2(-1)=0 x+2(-1)=0
2x=2 x=+2
x=+1
5) In Halide compound,Oxidation number of Halogen is -1.
Ex:- HF , NaBr , MgCl2 , KI , NaCl
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Exception:- When Cl,Br and I is bonded with oxygen it becomes
positive
Ex:- Oxides Oxoacid
Cl2O7 → +7 HClO → +1
Br2O3 → +3 HClO2 → +3
I2O5 → +5 HBrO3 → +5 , HIO4 → +7

6) The algebraic sum of Oxidation number of all atoms in compound

must be zero.
Ex:- H2O , NaCl , H2SO4 , HNO3 , CH4 , PH3 , H3PO4
+2 -2 +1 -1

7) In Polyatomic ion, algebraic sum of Oxidation number of all

atoms in ion is equal to the charge present on ion.
Ex:- NH4+ , ClO3– , OH– , CO3– , SO4–2 , PO4–3

8) Always , F → -1
Group-1→+1
Group-2→+2
For covalent bond:
→ CH₄ CCl 4

H
+1
-1 Cl
-4 +4
+1 +1 -1 -1
H C H Cl C Cl

H+1 Cl -1
 PRACTICE SUMS:-(some is done for you, if you do not understand
anyone you can Google it)
For→NaBH4 *(NH4)2CO3 , *CaOCl2
Na+x+4(H)=0
NH₄⁺ CO₃⁻² Ca⁺² OCl⁻¹
1+x+4(-1)=0 x+(O)=-1
x+4(H)=1 x+3(O)=-2 +2
x=+1
x=4-1 So x=+3 x=1-4=3 x-6=-2
x=+4

NO3– , K2SO4 , SiO2 , H4P2O7 , KMnO4 , AlCl3 , Cr2O7–2 , C2H6 , Al2O3

, Cr+3 , Na2O2 , PbSO4 , NH4NO3 , (NH4)2Cr2O7 , (NH4)2SO4 ,
Mg(HCO3)2 , AgNO3 , CaSiO3 , MnO4– , N2O5 , H3PO3 , H3PO2 ,
P4O10 , K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O , CsO2 , Ca3(PO4)2 , Ba(NO3)2 ,
K2CO3 , C3H8 , O2F2 , OF2 , HClO4 , Cl2O7 , I2O5 , CO , CO2 , RbO2

-2 -2
H2S4O6
O O
2(H)+4x+6(O)=0
+5 +5
2+4x-12=0
4x=12-2 H
+1
O
-2
S S S S O H
+1
-2
x=10/4
0 0
x=+5/2
O
-2
O
-2
This is only average

CH3–CH3 → -3 , CH2=CH2 → -2 , CH3-Cl → -2 , CH≡CH

 ❖ STOCK NOTATION:-
FeO→Fe(II)O
Fe2O3→Fe2(III)O
MnO→Mn(II)O
MnO2→Mn(IV)O2
HgCl2→Mercurric Chloride→Mercury(II) Chloride
Hg2Cl2→Mercurous Chloride→Mercury(I) Chloride
SnCl₂ →Stannous Chloride→Tin(II) Chloride
SnCl₄ →Stannic Chloride→Tin(IV) Chloride
AuCl→Auram(I) Chloride→Au(I)Cl
AuCl₃ →Au(III)Cl→Auram(III) Chloride

Oxidation: An increase in the oxidation number of the element in

the given substance.
Reduction: A decrease in the oxidation number of the element in
the given substance.
Oxidising agent: A reagent which can increase the oxidation
number of an element in a given substance. These reagents are
called as oxidants also.
Reducing agent: A reagent which lowers the oxidation number of
an element in a given substance. These reagents are also called as
reductants.
Redox reactions: Reactions which involve change in oxidation
number of the interacting species.
 TYPES OF REDOX REACTION :-
COMBINATION REACTION:- A combination reaction is a chemical
reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single
new substance. A combination reaction is said to be a redox
reaction if either one (or) both the reactants should be in elemental
state.

A + B C
Redⁿ
2H₂+O₂→2H₂O
0 0 +1 -2
Oxiⁿ

Redⁿ

CH₄+2O₂→CO₂+H₂O
-4 0 +4 -2 -2

Oxiⁿ

DECOMPOSITION REACTION:- A decomposition reaction is a

chemical reaction in which a compound breaks up into two or more
simple substances. Decomposition reaction is the opposite of
combination reaction. Not all redox reactions are decomposition
reactions. A decomposition reaction is said to be a redox reaction if
at least one of the products of the decomposition reaction is in the
elemental state.

A B + C
Oxiⁿ
Redⁿ
H₂O₂→H₂+O₂
+1 -1 0 0 2CaO→2Ca+O₂
+1 -1 0 0
Redⁿ
Oxiⁿ

Oxiⁿ
Oxiⁿ
2NaH→2Na+H₂
+1 -1 0 0 2KClO₃→2KCl+3O₂
+5 -2 -1 0
Redⁿ
Redⁿ
DISPLACEMENT REACTION:-In a displacement reaction the atom
(or) ion in a compound is replaced by the atom (or) ion of some
other element or compound.

X + Y Z Y + X Z
→Metal Displacement:-In a metal displacement reaction the metal
in a compound is displaced by some other metal in the elemental
state.
Ex:- Zn+CuSO₄→ZnSO₄+Cu
V₂O₅+5Ca→5CaO+2V
Cr₂O₃+Al→Al₂O₃+2Cr
TiCl₄+2Mg→2MgCl₂+Ti

→Non-Metal Displacement:- In a non-metal displacement reaction

a metal (or) a non-metal displaces another non-metal in a
compound.
󰏝 In Coldwater: In Steam:
2Na+H₂O→2NaOH+H₂ Mg+2H₂O→Mg(OH)₂+H₂
Ca+2H₂O→Ca(OH)₂+H₂ 2Fe+3H₂O→Fe₂O₃+3H₂

In Acid:
Zn+HCl→ZnCl₂+H₂
Fast Mg+2HCl→MgCl₂+H₂
Slow Fe+2HCl→FeCl₂+H₂

→Mg-Most reactive Zn>Cu>Ag

Fe-Least reactive Ag,Au ×
Reducing agents
F>Cl>Br>I OXIDISING POWER (Decreases from top to bottom)
2F₂ + 2H₂O → 4HF + O₂
Cl₂ + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br₂
Cl₂ + 2KI → 2KCl + I₂ From this Fluorine is a
strongest oxidising agent
Br₂ + 2 KI → 2KBr + I₂
Cl₂ + 2Br⁻ → 2Cl⁻ + Br₂
Cl₂ + 2I⁻ → 2Cl⁻ + I₂
 REDOX REACTIONS
DISPROPORTIONATION
REACTION:-
A disproportionation reaction is a
reaction in which the same element
is oxidised as well as reduced.
Such reactions occur when one of
the reacting elements exists in at
least three oxidation states.
Higher or lower oxidation state is
found in product side and
intermediate oxidation state is found
in reactant side.
Ex:- 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
-1 -2 0
P₄ + 3OH⁻ +3H₂O → PH₃+3H₂PO₂⁻
0 -3
Cl₂ + 2OH⁻ →Cl⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O
0 -1 +1
2F₂ + 2OH⁻ → OF₂ + 2F⁻ + H₂O
BALANCING THE REDOX
REACTION:-
OXIDATION NUMBER METHORD:-
MEDIUM:- ACIDIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
Cr₂O₇⁻² + SO₃⁻² → Cr⁺³ + SO₄⁻²
Step-2: Assign oxidation number of Cr and S.
Cr₂O₇⁻² + SO₃⁻² → Cr⁺³ + SO₄⁻²
(+6) (+4) (+3) (+6)
Oxidising agent: Cr₂O₇⁻²
Reducing agent: SO₃⁻²
Step-3: Calculate the increase and decrease
number and make them equal.
Cr₂O₇⁻² + 3SO₃⁻² → 2Cr⁺³ + 3SO₄⁻²
Step-4: As reaction occurs in acidic medium, add
H⁺ on L.H.S. to make charge equal.
Cr₂O₇⁻² + 3SO₃⁻² +8H⁺ → 2Cr⁺³ + 3SO₄⁻²
Step-5: Finally, count the number of hydrogen
and add required water molecules(H₂O) on
R.H.S. to get balanced redox reaction.
Cr₂O₇⁻² +3SO₃⁻² +8H⁺ → 2Cr⁺³ + 3SO₄⁻² + 4H₂O
+1
MEDIUM:- BASIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ → MnO₂ + BrO₃⁻
Step-2: Assign oxidation number of Mn and Br.
MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ → MnO₂ + BrO₃⁻
(+7) (-1) (+4) (+5)
Oxidising agent: MnO₄⁻
Reducing agent: Br⁻
Step-3: Calculate the increase and decrease
number and make them equal.
2MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ → 2MnO₂ + BrO₃⁻
Step-4: As reaction occurs in basic medium, add
OH⁻ on R.H.S. to make charge equal.
2MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ → 2MnO₂ + BrO₃⁻ +2OH⁻
Step-5: Finally, count the number of hydrogen
and add required water molecules(H₂O) on L.H.S.
to get balanced redox reaction.
2MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ + H₂O → 2MnO₂ + BrO₃⁻ +2OH⁻
 REDOX REACTIONS
MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → MnO₂ + I₂ , MEDIUM:BASIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → MnO₂ + I₂
Step-2: Assign oxidation number of Mn and I.
MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → MnO₂ + I₂
(+7) (-1) (+4) (0)
Oxidising agent: MnO₄⁻
Reducing agent: I⁻
Step-3: Calculate the increase and decrease
number and make them equal.
2MnO₄⁻ + 6I⁻ → 2MnO₂ + 3I₂
Step-4: As reaction occurs in basic medium,
add OH⁻ on R.H.S. to make charge equal.
2MnO₄⁻ + 6I⁻ → 2MnO₂ + 3I₂ + 8OH⁻
Step-5: Finally, count the number of
hydrogen and add required water molecules
(H₂O) on L.H.S. to get balanced redox
reaction.
2MnO₄⁻ + 6I⁻ + 4H₂O → 2MnO₂ + 3I₂ + 8OH⁻
Fe⁺² + Cr₂O₇⁻² → Fe⁺³ + Cr⁺³ ,
MEDIUM:ACIDIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
Fe⁺² + Cr₂O₇⁻² → Fe⁺³ + Cr⁺³
Step-2:Assign oxidation number of Fe and
Cr.
Fe⁺² + Cr₂O₇⁻² → Fe⁺³ + Cr⁺³
(+2) (+6) (+3) (+3)
Oxidising agent: Cr₂O₇⁻²
Reducing agent: Fe⁺²
Step-3: Calculate the increase and decrease
number and make them equal.
6Fe⁺² + Cr₂O₇⁻² → 6Fe⁺³ + 2Cr⁺³
Step-4: As reaction occurs in acidic medium,
add H⁺ on L.H.S. to make charge equal.
6Fe⁺² + Cr₂O₇⁻² + 14H⁺ → 6Fe⁺³ + 2Cr⁺³
Step-5: Finally, count the number of
hydrogen and add required water
molecules(H₂O) on R.H.S. to get balanced
redox reaction.
6Fe⁺² + Cr₂O₇⁻² + 14H⁺ → 6Fe⁺³ + 2Cr⁺³ +
7H₂O
HALF REACTION METHORD
OR
ION EXCHANGE METHORD:-
MEDIUM:- ACIDIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
Cr₂O₇⁻² + SO₃⁻² → Cr⁺³ + SO₄⁻²
Step-2: Write two half reactions
Oxiⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- SO₃⁻² → SO₄⁻²
(+4) (+6)
Oxidising agent: Cr₂O₇⁻²
Redⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- Cr₂O₇⁻² → Cr⁺³
(+6) (+3)
Reducing agent: SO₃⁻²
Step-3: Balance the atoms except O and H atoms
Oxiⁿ :- SO₃⁻² → SO₄⁻²
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² → Cr⁺³
Step-4: Add H₂O to balance O atoms and add H⁺ to
balance the H atoms in each half reaction.
Oxiⁿ :- SO₃⁻² + H₂O → SO₄⁻² + 2H⁺
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² +14H⁺ → 2Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O
Step-5: Add electron on one side of half reaction to
balance the charge.
Oxiⁿ :- SO₃⁻² + H₂O → SO₄⁻² + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² +14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O
Step-6: To equalize the number of electron we multiply
Oxiⁿ half reaction with 3 . Add the two half reaction to
get net ionic reaction.
Oxiⁿ :- 3SO₃⁻² + 3H₂O → 3SO₄⁻² + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² +14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O
Cr₂O₇⁻² + 3SO₃⁻² +8H⁺ → 2Cr⁺³ + 3SO₄⁻² + 4H₂O
Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is
balanced in respect of the number of atoms and
charges on both sides.
MEDIUM:- BASIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ → MnO₂ + BrO₃⁻
Step-2: Write two half reactions
Oxiⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- Br⁻ → BrO₃⁻
(-1) (+5)
Oxidising agent: Br⁻
Redⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- MnO₄⁻ → MnO₂
(+7) (+4)
Reducing agent: MnO₄⁻
Step-3: Balance the atoms except O and H are already
balanced
Step-4: Add H₂O to balance O atoms and add H⁺ to
balance the H atoms in each half reaction.
Oxiⁿ :- Br⁻ + 3H₂O → BrO₃⁻ + 6H⁺
Redⁿ :- MnO₄⁻ +4H⁺ → MnO₂ + 2H₂O
As the reaction occurs in basic medium add OH⁻ both
sides
Oxiⁿ :- Br⁻ + 3H₂O + 6OH⁻ → BrO₃⁻ + 6H₂O
Redⁿ :- MnO₄⁻ +4H₂O → MnO₂ + 2H₂O + 4OH⁻
Step-5: Add electron on one side of half reaction to
balance the charge.
Oxiⁿ :- Br⁻ + 3H₂O + 6OH⁻ → BrO₃⁻ + 6H₂O + 6e⁻
 REDOX REACTIONS
Redⁿ :- MnO₄⁻ +4H₂O + 3e⁻→ MnO₂ + 2H₂O + 4OH⁻
Step-6: To equalize the number of electron we multiply
Redⁿ half reaction with 2. Add the two half reaction to
get net ionic reaction.
Oxiⁿ :- Br⁻ + 3H₂O + 6OH⁻ → BrO₃⁻ + 6H₂O + 6e⁻
Redⁿ :- 2MnO₄⁻ +8H₂O + 6e⁻→ 2MnO₂ + 4H₂O +8OH⁻
2MnO₄⁻ + Br⁻ + H₂O → BrO₃⁻ + 2MnO₂ + 2OH⁻
Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is
balanced in respect of the number of atoms and
charges on both sides.
MEDIUM:- BASIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → MnO₂ + I₂
Step-2: Write two half reactions
Oxiⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- I⁻ → I₂
(-1) (0)
Oxidising agent: I⁻
Redⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- MnO₄⁻ → MnO₂
(+7) (+4)
Reducing agent: MnO₄⁻
Step-3: Balance the atoms except O and H.
Oxiⁿ:- 2I⁻ → I₂
Step-4: Add H₂O to balance O atoms and add H⁺ to
balance the H atoms in each half reaction.
Redⁿ :- MnO₄⁻ +4H⁺ → MnO₂ + 2H₂O
As the reaction occurs in basic medium add OH⁻ both
sides
Redⁿ :- MnO₄⁻ +4H₂O → MnO₂ + 2H₂O + 4OH⁻
Step-5: Add electron on one side of half reaction to
balance the charge.
Oxiⁿ:- 2I⁻ → I₂ + 2e⁻
Redⁿ :- MnO₄⁻ +4H₂O + 3e⁻→ MnO₂ + 2H₂O + 4OH⁻
Step-6: To equalize the number of electron we multiply
Redⁿ half reaction with 2 & Oxiⁿ half reaction with 3 .
Add the two half reaction to get net ionic reaction.
Oxiⁿ:- 6I⁻ → 3I₂ + 6e⁻
Redⁿ:- 2MnO₄⁻ +8H₂O + 6e⁻→ 2MnO₂ + 4H₂O + 8OH⁻
2MnO₄⁻ + 6I⁻ + 4H₂O →3I₂ + 2MnO₂ + 8OH⁻
Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is
balanced in respect of the number of atoms and
charges on both sides.
MEDIUM:- ACIDIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
Cr₂O₇⁻² + SO₃⁻² → SO₄⁻² + Cr⁺³
Step-2: Write two half reactions
Oxiⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- SO₃⁻² → SO₄⁻²
(+4) (+6)
Oxidising agent: Cr₂O₇⁻²
Redⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- Cr₂O₇⁻² → Cr⁺³
(+6) (+3)
Reducing agent: SO₃⁻²
Step-3: Balance the atoms except O and H atoms
Oxiⁿ :- SO₃⁻² → SO₄⁻²
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² → Cr⁺³
Step-4: Add H₂O to balance O atoms and add H⁺ to
balance the H atoms in each half reaction.
Oxiⁿ :- SO₃⁻² + H₂O → SO₄⁻² + 2H⁺
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² +14H⁺ → 2Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O
Step-5: Add electron on one side of half reaction to
balance the charge.
Oxiⁿ :- SO₃⁻² + H₂O → SO₄⁻² + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² +14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O
Step-6: To equalize the number of electron we multiply
Oxiⁿ half reaction with 3 . Add the two half reaction to
get net ionic reaction.
Oxiⁿ :- 3SO₃⁻² + 3H₂O → 3SO₄⁻² + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻
Redⁿ :- Cr₂O₇⁻² +14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O
Cr₂O₇⁻² + 3SO₃⁻² +8H⁺ → 2Cr⁺³ + 3SO₄⁻² + 4H₂O
Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is
balanced in respect of the number of atoms and
charges on both sides.
MEDIUM:- BASIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
H₂O₂ + Fe⁺² → Fe⁺³ + H₂O
Step-2: Write two half reactions
Oxiⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- Fe⁺² → Fe⁺³
(+2) (+3)
Oxidising agent: Fe⁺²
Redⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- H₂O₂ → H₂O
(-1) (-2)
Reducing agent: H₂O₂
Step-3: Balance the atoms except O and H.
Step-4: Add H₂O to balance O atoms and add H⁺ to
balance the H atoms in each half reaction.
Redⁿ :- H₂O₂ + 2H⁺ → H₂O + H₂O
As the reaction occurs in basic medium add OH⁻ both
sides
Redⁿ :- H₂O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂O + 2OH⁻
Step-5: Add electron on one side of half reaction to
balance the charge.
Oxiⁿ:- H₂O₂ + 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → 2H₂O + 2OH⁻
Redⁿ :- Fe⁺² → Fe⁺³ + e⁻
Step-6: To equalize the number of electron we multiply
Redⁿ half reaction with 2.Add the two half reaction to
get net ionic reaction.
Oxiⁿ:- H₂O₂ + 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → 2H₂O + 2OH⁻
Redⁿ :- 2Fe⁺² → 2Fe⁺³ + 2e⁻
2Fe⁺² + H₂O₂ → 2Fe⁺³ + 2OH⁻
Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is
balanced in respect of the number of atoms and
charges on both sides.
 REDOX REACTIONS

*SPECIAL CASE Step-6: To equalize the number of electron we multiply

Redⁿ half reaction with 1 & Oxiⁿ half reaction with 3 .
Oxiⁿ no. methord Add the two half reaction to get net ionic reaction.
Oxiⁿ:-3P₄+ 24H₂O + 36OH⁻ →12HPO₂⁻² +36H₂O +
MEDIUM:- BASIC
12e⁻
Redⁿ:- P₄ + 12H₂O +12e⁻ → 4PH₃ + 12OH⁻
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
24OH⁻ + 4P₄→12HPO₂⁻² + 4PH₃
P₄ + OH⁻ → PH₃ + HPO₂⁻² 6OH⁻ + P₄ → 3HPO₂⁻² + PH₃
Step-2: Assign oxidation number of Mn and Br. Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is
P₄ + OH⁻ → PH₃ + HPO₂⁻² balanced in respect of the number of atoms and
(0) (-3) (+1) charges on both sides.
Oxidising agent: P₄
Reducing agent: P₄
PRACTICE:- N₂H₄ + ClO₃⁻ → NO + Cl⁻
Step-3: Calculate the increase and decrease
number and make them equal.

P₄ + 3P₄ + OH⁻ → 4PH₃ + 12HPO₂⁻²

Step-4: As reaction occurs in basic medium, add

OH⁻ on L.H.S. to make charge equal.
P₄ + 3P₄ + 24OH⁻ → 4PH₃ + 12HPO₂⁻²
Step-5: Finally, count the number of hydrogen
and add required water molecules(H₂O) on L.H.S.
to get balanced redox reaction.
4P₄ + 24OH⁻ → 4PH₃ + 12HPO₂⁻²
P₄ + 6OH⁻ → PH₃ + 3HPO₂⁻²

ION-ELECTRON METHORD
MEDIUM:- BASIC
Step-1: Write the skeletal ionic reaction
P₄ + OH⁻ → PH₃ + HPO₂⁻²
Step-2: Write two half reactions
Oxiⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- P₄ → HPO₂⁻²
(0) (+1)
Oxidising agent: P₄
Redⁿ ½ reactⁿ:- P₄→ PH₃
(0) (-3)
Reducing agent: Br⁻
Step-3: Balance the atoms except O and H.
Oxiⁿ:- P₄ → 4HPO₂⁻²
Redⁿ:- P₄→ 4PH₃
Step-4: Add H₂O to balance O atoms and add H⁺ to
balance the H atoms in each half reaction.
Oxiⁿ:- P₄+ 8H₂O → 4HPO₂⁻² +12H⁺
Redⁿ:- P₄ + 12H⁺ → 4PH₃
As the reaction occurs in basic medium add OH⁻ both
sides
Oxiⁿ:- P₄+ 8H₂O + 12OH⁻ → 4HPO₂⁻² +12H₂O
Redⁿ:- P₄ + 12H₂O → 4PH₃ + 12OH⁻
Step-5: Add electron on one side of half reaction to
balance the charge.
Oxiⁿ:-P₄+ 8H₂O + 12OH⁻ →4HPO₂⁻² +12H₂O + 4e⁻
Redⁿ:- P₄ + 12H₂O +12e⁻ → 4PH₃ + 12OH⁻
TITRATIONS :-
Titrations that involve oxidation- reduction reactions are known as redox titrations. Redox titrations
are used to determine the strength of a reductant (or) oxidant by using a redox sensitive indicator.

Redox titrations can be performed using oxidising agents such as potassium permanganate,
potassium dichromate and iodine.

Potassium permanganate is a dark purple coloured liquid and a versatile and strong oxidising agent
used in the estimation of many reducing agents such as Fe +2 ions, oxalate ions etc. Indicators are
not used in these titrations as potassium permanganate acts as a self indicator.

Potassium permanganate
Self Indicator

During the titration between potassium permanganate and a reducing agent, the pink colour of
potassium permanganate is discharged till the reductant is completely oxidised. A further addition of
a single drop of potassium permanganate gives a tinge of pink colour to the solution. This indicates
the end point of the titration.

Potassium permanganate

Reductant

In the redox titration reactions where the oxidising agent doesn't act as self indicator, indicators
such as diphenylamine or N-phenylanthranilic acid are used.

Ex: In the estimation of Fe using Potassium dichromate, diphenylamine is used as an indicator to

detect the end point.

The titrations in which iodine is directly titrated against a reducing agent are called iodimetric
titrations.

Ex: In the estimation of hypo (or) sodium thiosulphate, iodine directly reacts with sodium
thiosulphate in the presence of starch as an indicator and produces an intense blue colour.

Iodimetric titration involves addition of an oxidising agent to excess iodide ions to produce iodine
which is then titrated with standard thiosulphate solution.

Ex: In the estimation of Cu+2 ions iodine is liberated by oxidising iodide ions from potassium iodide.
An intense blue colour develops when starch solution is added to the liberated iodine. This solution
is titrated against sodium thiosulphate solution. The colour disappears as soon as the iodine is
consumed by the thiosulphate ions. Thus, the end point is detected by the colour change.
 Sodium Thiosulphate

Iodine liberated from KI Solution

It must be noted that iodine being non-polar, is very slightly soluble in water. However, it dissolves
in water in the presence of potassium iodide due to the formation of I 3- ions.

ELECTRODE PROCESS:-
❖ A redox couple is defined as having together the oxidised and reduced forms of a substance
taking part in an oxidation or reduction half reaction.

✓ We connect solutions in two beakers by a salt bridge (a U-tube containing a solution of

potassium chloride or Ammonium nitrate usually solidified by Boiling with agar and later
cooling to aJelly like substance).
• The set-up as shown in Fig.8.3 is known as Daniell cell.
➢ 1. The transfer of electrons now does not take Place directly from Zn to Cu 2+ but through the
metallic wire connecting the two rods as is apparent from the arrow which indicates the flow
of current.

➢ 2. The electricity from solution in one beaker to solution in the other beaker flows by the
migration of ions through the salt bridge. we now that the flow of current is possible only if
there is a potential difference between the copper and zinc rods known as electrodes here.

➢ The potential associated with each electrode is known as electrode potential.

o (if any gas appears in the electrode reaction, it is confined to 1 atmospheric pressure) and
further the Reaction is carried out at 298K, then the Potential of each electrode is said to be
the Standard Electrode Potential.
 M.C.Q.
1. Reduction reaction means ________
(a) a process of adding oxygen (b) a process of removing hydrogen
(c) a process of adding electron (d) a process of removing electrons
2. Which substance is oxidizing agent ?
(a) a substance donates hydrogen or accepts oxygen
(b) a substance donates oxygen or accepts hydrogen
(c) a substance experience oxidation
(d) a substance donates electron
3. Which substance is called reducing agent ?
(a) a substance donates hydrogen or accepts oxygen
(b) a substance accepts hydrogen or donates oxygen
(c) a substance expereince reduction (d) a substance gains electron
4. Oxidation reaction means _____________
(a) a process of removing electron (b) a process of adding hydrogen
(c) a process of removel of oxygen (d) a process of adding electrons
5. Which of the following is the characterictic of reducing agent ?
(a) it experience oxidation. (b) it experience reduction
(c) it gains electrons (d) it gives oxygen
6. Which of the following is the characteristic of oxidizing agent ?
(a) it experience oxidation. (b) it experience reduction
(c) it gains oxygen (d) it donates electrons
7. Which of the following statement is true ?
(a) there is always reduction occur of oxidizing agent
(b) there is always oxidation occur of reducing agent
(c) oxidation and reduction are supplimentary processes
(d) Given three statements are wrong.
8. Which of the following statement is wrong ?
(a) there is always reduction occur of oxidizing agent
(b) there is always oxidation occur of reducing agent
(c) oxidation and reduction are supplimentary processes
(d) Given three statements are wrong.
9. Which of the following does not occur, when a rod of Zn metal is dipped in an aqueous
solution of CuSO4 ?
(a) blue colour of the oxygen fades gradually. (b) weight of Zn–metal rod decreases.
(c) weight of metal strip of zinc increases.
(d) colour of the surface of Zn road become saffron–red.

186
10. Which of the following observation obtained, when rod of Cu metal is dipped in an aqueous
solution of AgNO3?
(a) No change in the weight of metal rod of Cu occurs.
(b) weight of rod of copper metal decreases
(c) solution become bluish gradually
(d) colour of the surface of rod of Cu metal does not change
11. Which substance get oxidized in the reaction : 2Al + Cr2O3 ® Al2O3 + 2Cr ?
(a) Al (b) Cr2O3 (c) Al2O3 (d) Cr
12. Which substance is a reducting agent in the following reaction ?
Reaction : 2Al + Cr2O3 ® Al2O3 + 2Cr
(a) Al (b) Cr2O3 (c) Al2O3 (d) Cr
13. In the reaction, 2Na + S ® Na2S, which sustance acts as oxidizing agent ?
(a) Na (b) S (c) Na2S (d) None of these.
14. Which of following elements does not possess positive oxidation no. in any of its compound ?
(a) O (b) F (c) Cl (d) I
15. Which of the following oxidation no. does not possess by Cl, Br and I, when they conbines with
oxygen forming chemical bond ?
(a) +1 (b) +3 (c) +5 (d) –1
16. Oxygen conbines with which of the element by forming chemical bond, then it possesses posi
tive oxidation no. ?
(a) F (b) Cl (c) Br (d) given all
17. Which of the following element always possesses +1 oxidation state in any of its compound ?
(a) F (b) Ca (c) Cs (d) O
18. Which of the following oxidation no. does not possess by oxygen in any of its compound ?

(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) – 12 (d) + 12

19. Which of the following oxidation no. does not possess by carbon in any of its compound ?
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) –4 (d) +5
20. Which of the following oxidation no. does not possess by nitrogen in any of its compound ?

1
(a) - (b) –3 (c) –4 (d) +5
3
21. Which of the following oxidation no. possesses by oxygen in its compounds ?
(a) –1 (b) +3 (c) –4 (d) +5
22. Which type of metal compounds are nomenclate according to stock notation nomenclature method ?
(a) Metal compound having fixed oxidation no. (b) Comppounds of alkali metals.
(c) Metallic compounds having more than one oxidation no.
(d) Compounds of non–metal.

187
23. Molecular fromula of sodium chromate (VI) is _________
(a) Na2Cr2O 7 (b) Na2Cr2O4 (c) Na2CrO4 (d) NaCrO4
24. What is the name of K2Cr2O7 according to stock notation nomenclature method ?
(a) Potassium dichromate (VI) (b) Potassium chromate (VI)
(c) Potassium dichromate (III) (d) Potassium dichromate (IV)
25. What is the name of TiO2, according to stock notation nomenclature method ?
(a) Titanium (II) oxide (b) Titanium oxide (IV)
(c) Titanium (IV) oxide (d) Titanium (V) oxide
26. Which of the following is the true for Fe3O4 ?
(a) oxidation no. of each Fe atom in Fe3O4 is +3.
(b) oxidation no. of each Fe atom in Fe3O4 is +2.
(c) The no. of atoms having oxidation no. +2 and +3 is 1:2 in Fe3O4.

(d) oxidation no. of each Fe atom in Fe3O4 is + 83

27. Which of the following is the wrong for Fe3O4 ?
(a) it is a combination of FeO and Fe2O3.
(b) Oxidation no. of each Fe atom in Fe3O4 is not + 83
(c) The no. of atoms havinf oxidation no. +2 and +3 is 1 : 2 in Fe3O4.
(d)The proportion of FeO and Fe2O3 is 1 : 2
28. The no. of peroxy ring in CrO5 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
29. Which of the following compound possesses peroxide (O22– or [–O–O–]2–) in?
(a) kO2 (b) TiO2 (c) BaO2 (d) SiO2
30. Which of the following compound possesses super oxide (O21–) ion ?
(a) kO2 (b) TiO2 (c) BaO2 (d) SiO2
31. The oxidation no. of sulphur in H2SO3, H2SO4, H2SO5 or sulphuric acid, Caro’s acid
(permono sulphuric acid) is respectively________
(a) +4, +6, +7 (b) +3, +6, +6 (c) +4, +6, +6 (d) +5,+6, +6
32. The oxidation no. of sulphur in H2S2O8, H2S2O3, H2S2O7, H2S2O6 or marshal acid
(perdisulphuric acid), thiosulphuric acid, oleum, Dithianic acid is respectively
(a) +6, +3, +6, +7 (b) +7, +2, +6, +5 (c) +6, +2, +6, +5 (d) +6. +3, +7, +5
33. What is the oxidation No. of Cr in CrO5, K2Cr2O7, K2CrO4 or in chromium p e n t o x id e ,
potassium dichromate, potassiam chromate respectively
(a) +4, +5, +6 (b) +5, +6, +6 (c) +4, +6, +6 (d) +6, +6, +6
34. What is the oxidation no. of phosphorus in H3PO3, H3PO4, H3PO2 or phosphorus, acid,
Phosphoric acid, phosphinic acid respectively ?
(a) +3, +5, +1 (b) +3, +5, +2 (c) +4, +5, +1 (d) +2, +5, +1

188
35. What isoxidation
What is the the oxidation in H of phosphorus in H P O , H P O , (HPO ) or pyrophosphoric acid,
no. of phosphorusno.
4 2 7 5 3 10 3 3
penta phosphoric acid, triphosphoric acid respectively ?
(a) +4, +5, +3 (b) +6, +5, +5 (c) +5. +5, +5 (d) +4, +5, +5
36. The oxidation no. of chlorine in HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 or Hypochlorus acid, chloric
acid, chloric acid and perchloric acid respectively are
(a) +1, +3, +5, +7 (b)+1, +2, +3, +4 (c) +1, +2, +4, +5 (d) +4, +3, +2, +1
37. What is the oxidation no. of iodine in ICl3, CsI3 respectively ?
(a) +3, –1 (b) +1, –1 (c) +1/3, –1 (d)+3, –1/3
38. What is the maximum positive oxidation state of halogen element in any of it’s compound ?
(a) +1 (b) +3 (c) +7 (d) +5
39. What is the maximum positive oxidation state of chalcogen element in it’s compound ?
(a) +6 (b) +3 (c) +7 (d) +5
40. What is the the oxidation no. of nitrogen in N3H, H2N2O2, HNO3 or hydrazoic acid,
hyponitrons acid, nitrus acid, nitric acid respectively ?
(a) –1, +1, +3, +5 (b) –1/3, +1, +3, +5 (c) +1, +1, +3, +5 (d) +1/3, +2, +2, +5
41. What is the oxidation no. of silicon in zeolite (Na2Al2Si4O12) and tremolite [(Ca2 Mg5(OH)2(Si4O11)2]
respectively ?
(a) +4, +3 (b) +4, 4 (c) +2, +2 (d) +3, +4
42. The value of n in AlFxOyn is—
(a) +3 –x–y (b) +3–x–2y (c) +3+x+2y (d) +3+x–y
43. The value of n in AlFXOyn, if x=1 and y=1 ?
(a) +1 (b) +2 (c) 0 (d) +3
44. The value of n in AlFXOyn, if x=2 and y=3 ?
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) –5 (d) –4
45. What will be the value of x and y respectively in AlFXOy6– ?
(a) 1, 4 (b) 3, 2 (c) 2, 2 (d) 4, 3
46. How many moles of elements are added when 2.5 mole Cr2O72– reduced in Cr3+ ?
(a) 12.5 (b) 15 (c) 7.5 (d) 10
47. What moles of Cr2O72– reduced in Cr3+ by the addition of 12 moles of electrons ?
(a) 6, (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 12
48. How many mole ferrous (Fe2+) ion oxidized in ferric (Fe3+) ion by the required no. of electrons
the oretically to reduced 4 mole Cr2O72– in to Cr3+ ?
(a) 8 (b) 24 (c) 48 (d) 12
49. Theoretically what gram ferrous (Fe2+) ion oxidized in to ferric (Fe3+) ion by passing
2.4125 ´ 105 coulomb electric charge ? (Atomic mass of Fe=56 gram/mole)
(a) 70 gram (b) 140 gram (c) 14 gram (d) 280 gram

189
50. What mole of MnO4– reduced in Mn2+ by the addition of 7.5 mole electrons in MnO4–?
(a) 2.5 (b) 5 (c) 1.5 (d) 7.5
51. How many electrons required to add for the reduction of one mole of MnO4– in Mn2+ ?
(a) 1.8066 x 1024 (b) 3.011 x 1024 (c) 6.022 x 1024 (d) 1.2044 x 1024
52. When 3.11 x 1024 Cr2O72– ion reduced in Cr3+, then how many ferrous (Fe2+) ionoxidised in ferric
(Fe3+) ion ?
(a) 1.8066 x 1024 (b) 1.2044 x 1024 (c) 6.022 x 1025 (d) 1.8066 x 1025
53. Theoretically, how many moles of iodide (I–) ion oxidized into iodate (IO3–) in using the no of
electrons required for the reduction of 24 moles of MnO4– ion into Mn2+ ion ?
(a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d) 20
54. What is the oxidation no. of underlined C in HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3COOCH3 or formalehyde
acetaldehyde, acetone respectively ?
(a) 0, +1, +2 (b) 0, +1, +3 (c) +1, 0, +3 (d) 0, +2, +1
55. What is the oxidation no. of underlined C in HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3COOCH3 or methanol,
acetic acid and methyl acetate respectively ?
(a) +2, +3, +3 (b) –2, +3, +3 (c) +2, +3, +4 (d) –2, +3, +4
56. What is the oxidation no. of underlined C in CH3COOCH3 respectively ?
(a) –3, +3, –3 (b) –3, +3, –2 (c) +3, +3, +3 (d) –2, +3, –2
57. In which of the following compound, oxidation no of all C atoms are same ?
(a) ethane (b) cyclohexane (c) benzene (d) given three compounds
58. What are the values of b, d and f in the balanced state of the following reaction?
Reaction : aMnO4–+bAs2O3+ cH2O ® dMn2++eASO43–+fH+(PH<7)
(a) 4, 5, 18 (b) 4, 10, 9 (c) 5, 4, 18 (d) 5, 4, 9
59. In the balanced state of reaction, aBr2 + bOH– + CH2O ® dBrO4– + eHBr (basic medium),
if c=9, then what will be the change in oxidation no. (change in no. of electrons).
(a) 21 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d) 9
60. What will be the chage in the oxidation no. (change in no. of electrons) inbalanced eqation given
below ? Reaction : 2S + bHNO3 ® CH2SO4 + dNO (acidic medium)
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 9
61. What will be the chage in the oxidation no. (change in no. of electrons), if no. of e– = 10 in
balanced eqation given below ? Reaction : aP4 + bNO3– + cH+ ® dPO43– + eNO2 + fH2O
(acidic medium)
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 15
62. What is the ratio of value of band c in the balanced equation given below ?
Reaction: aP4 + bNO3– + CH+ ® dPO43– + eNO2 + fH2O (acidic medium)
(a) 5 : 2 (b) 10 : 3 (c) 2 : 5 (d) 1 : 1

190
63. In the reaction, R – CHO + 2cuO ® R – COOH + Cu2O which substance is oxidising agent?
And which substance is oxidizes ? (mention it respectively)
(a) CuO, R–COOH (b) R–CHO, CuO (c) CuO, R–CHO (d) Cu2O, R–CHO
64. In which of the following reaction, H2O2 acts as oxidizing agent ?
(a) HOCl + H2O2 ® H3O+ + Cl– + O2 (b) I2 + H2O2 + 2OH– ® 2I– + 2H2O + O2
(c) PbS + 4H2O2 ® PbSO4 + 4H2O (d) In given all three.
65. In which of the following reaction, H2O2 as reducing agent ?
(a) HNO2 + H2O ® HNO3 + H2O
(b) 2KMnO4 + 2H2O2 ® 2MnO2 + 2KOH + 2H2O + 3O2
(c) H2SO3 + H2O2 ® H2SO4 + H2O
(d) 2Fe2+ + H+ + H2O2 ® 2Fe3+ + H+ + H2O
66. Which of the following is a redox reaction ?
(a) As2O3 + 3H2S ® As2S3 + 3H2O (b) 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 ® (NH4)2CO3
(c) CaO +3C ® CO + CaC2 (d) Be(OH)2 + 2HCl ® BeCl2 + 2H2O
67. Which of the following is a correct ascending order, when oxidation no. of sulp hur of H2SO 3,
H2S2O3, H2S2O7, H2S2O8or sulphurus acid, thio sulphuric acid, oleum, dithianic acid is arranged in
ascending order ?
(a) H2SO3 < H2S2O3 < H2S2O7 < H2S2O6 (b) H2SO3 < H2S2O3 < H2S2O6 < H2S2O7
(c) H2S2O3 < H2SO3 < H2S2O7 < H2S2O6 (d) H2S2O3 < H2SO3 < H2S2O6 < H2S2O7
68. When 0.25 mole I– oxidised in IO3– then what coulomb of electric charge relateswith the reaction
theoretically ?
(a) 5.79 ´ 105 C (b) 4.82500 ´ 105 C (c) 2.895 ´ 105 C (d) 1.4475 ´ 105 C
69. In the sample of ironoxide, the no. of Fe2+ ion is 90% and no. of is 10% then what is the molecular
formula ?
(a) Fe0.905O (b) Fe0.952O (c) Fe0.825O (d) Fe0.857O
70. In a balanced equation, aLiH + bH2O2 ® CLi2O + dH2O (acidic medium), if d=6 then, what
would be the change in no. of electrons and the value of a, b & c respectively
(a) 8, 4, 4, 2 (b) 4, 2, 2, 1 (c)4, 2, 1, 2 (d) 4, 4, 4, 2
71. The oxidation no. of sulphur in Al2(SO4)3 is
(a) +8 (b) +7 (c) +5 (d) +6
72. In a balanced equation, aP(S) + bH2O + CO2 ® dH3PO4 +CO2,oxidation no. of oxygen decreases
30, then c–e=—
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
73. Zn rod is dipped in a 1.5 litre aqueous solution of 0.1 M CuSO4 ;then choose the correct alternate
for given statements bassed on theoretical calculations. ( Atomic weight of Zn = 65
gram – mole–1, Cu = 63.5 gram – mole–1) T= correct statement and F = false statement.
(i) 0.3 gram wt. of Zn rod decreases, then 13 gm Zn metals in the solution

191
Redox Reactions
MISCELLANEOUS MCQ'S
1. Which of the following have been
arranged in the decreasing order of
oxidation number of sulphur?
(a) S₂O₆⁻² > S₂O₇⁻² > S₂O₃⁻² > S₈
(b) H₂SO₄ > SO₂ > H₂S > H₂S₂O₈
(c) SO₂⁺² > SO₄⁺² > SO₃⁻² >HSO₄⁻
(d) H₂SO₅ >H₂SO₃>SCl₂>H₂S
2. Oxidation number of Pr in Pr₆ O₁₁ is
(a) 22/6 (b) 20/6 (c) 3 (d) 4
3. In which case oxidation number of
Cr has been affected?
(a) 2CrO₄⁻²+2H⁺ → Cr₂O₇⁻² + H₂O
(b) Cr₂O₇⁻²+2OH⁻ → 2CrO₄⁻² + H₂O
(c) (NH₄)₂ Cr₂O₇ → N₂ +Cr₂O₃ + 4H₂O
(d) CrO₂Cl₂ + 2OH⁻ → CrO⁻² + 2HCl
4. Prussian blue has two types of
iron with oxidation number as shown:
Fe[Fe(CN)₆] . What is the net charge
on Prussian blue
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) 0 (d) -2
5. Iodine has +7 oxidation state in
(a) HIO₄ (b) H₃IO₅ (c) H₅IO₆ (d) All of
these
6. The oxidation number of
phosphorus in Ba(H₂PO₂)₂ is
(a) +3 (b) +2 (c) +1 (d) -1
7. In which of the following
transformations, oxygen is not the
reducing agent?
(a) Ag₂O → 2Ag + 1/2O₂
(b) 4NH₃ + 3O₂ → 2N₂ + 6H₂O
(c) 2F₂ + 2H₂O → +4HF + OH₂
(d) AgNO₃ + H₂O₂ → 2Ag + 2HNO₃ +
O₂
8. In the reaction,
Cu + H₂SO₄ →CuSO₄ + H₂O + SO₂
(a) H⁺ is the oxidation agent
(b) SO₄⁻² is the oxidising agent
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) None of the above is correct
Balance the following equations:
(a) BaCrO₄ +KI + HCl → BaCl₂ + I₂ +
KCl + CrCl₃ + H₂O
(b) SO₂ + Na₂CrO₄ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄
+ Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + H₂O
9. Values of p, q, r, s and t are in the
following redox reaction
pBr₂+qOH⁻→ rBr⁻ + sBrO₃⁻ + tH₂O
pqrst pqrst
(a) 3 6 1 5 3 (b) 3 6 5 3 1
(c) 3 6 5 1 3 (d) 3 5 1 6 3
10. Cr₂O₇⁻² +2I⁻+14H⁺ → I₂+2Cr⁺³+
7H₂O
which are not in a balanced position?
(a) H⁺ and H₂O (b) Cr₂O₇⁻² and Cr⁺³
(c) I⁻ and I₂ (d) All the above
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