What are the requirements to consider a mineral deposit as

an ore deposit?

1- shape of a deposit,
2- its depth below the surface,
3- its geographic remoteness,
4- access to transportation,
5- the political stability of the region,
6- and market factors such as the price of the metal in world
trade and the costs of borrowing the money needed to
develop a mine. Because market factors change continually, a
given mineral deposit may sometimes be an ore deposit, but
at other times it may be uneconomic and hence not an ore
deposit.

Explain the geothermal system effects on magmatic-

hydrothermal fluids?

A geothermal system: is one in which fluids circulate and

these form where a combination of favorable structures and rocks
occur together in areas of high heat flow

* List the initial sources of magmatic processes?

* Explain the characteristics of hydrothermal fluids in magmatic

environments and in
sedimentary environments?
* Describe the origin and environments of hydrothermal fluids?
hydrothermal fluids and these can be applied to both igneous and sedimentary environments,
and at pressures and temperatures that range from those at shallow crustal levels to those deep
in the lithosphere. Many different types of fluids are involved in hydrothermal ore -forming
processes. The most important of these are the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids that originate
from magmas as they cool and crystallize at various levels in the earth’s crust, and a number of
important ore deposit types are related to the concentration of metals that arise from
circulation of such solutions,

* List the most important magmatic processes to form ore?

1) concentration of ore elements as a result of very low degrees of
partial melting.
(2) accumulation and concentration of ore minerals in magma
chambers during progressive crystallization of magmas.
(3) separation of two immiscible melts in a magma. (4) extreme
fractionation during progressive crystallisation of a magma.
(5) incorporation of a mineral that occurs at a specific depth in the
Earth.

* List the essential requirements to hydrothermal fluids?

1) Rocks or sediments through which fluids pass and interact
2) Magmas
3) Combination of 2-mixing in geothermal systems

*List the main types of discordant ore bodies

( with brief explain)

 Regularly Shaped Bodies
Tabular ore bodies: extensive in 2 dimensions and restricted in the
3rd
Tubular ore bodies: short in 2 dimensions, extensive in the 3rd.
 Irregularly Shaped Bodies
Disseminated deposits: ore minerals are dispersed throughout the
host rock
Replacement deposits: develop from contact metamorphism; also
termed “Skarn”

Connate water
This is water included within interstitial pore spaces of sediment
as it is deposited, or within breccia deposits (debris flows).

Skarns are contact metamorphic aureoles that develop when

silicate magmas intrude carbonate country rock.