Class - 5

 Ecology and Ecosystem  Familiarising with ecosystem  Introduce

students with different plant and animal samples Prepare lab report-5: Only

Organization: Species, Population, Community; parts

include: Different Levels of

of a
plant with figure, herbarium with dry tree leaves (at least

1
three).

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Different Levels of Organization: Species, Population,

Community
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Biological diversity (or
Biodiversity) refers to the
variety of life-forms,
commonly expressed as the
number of species or the
number of genetic types in
an area.
Biodiversity in Bangladesh
4
 Mammals
 113 species
 Birds
 628 species
 Reptiles
 126 species
 Amphibians
 22 species
 Fishes
 755 species
 Mollusks
 400 species
 Plants
 6000 species
 others
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 and arranged
A herbarium is a collection of preserved plants stored, catalogued,

systematically for study by professionals and

amateurs from many walks of life.

Preserved plant specimens can be used to provide samples of DNA

and to validate
scientific observations.

Herbarium
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Herbarium
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Leaves
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 Leaves are exposed to the external environment,

and they are the primary way plants interact with the
atmosphere and take care of their basic needs.
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Some plant parts are responsive and react quickly tochanges in
their environment. Leaves are consideredto be the most plastic
plant organ. This trait makesleaves ideal indicators for short-term
and long-term
changes in environmental stimuli, such as:
Leaf Plasticity
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 Light
 Water availability
 Temperature
 Nutrient availability
 Soil Type

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How leaves
respond to the
Environment 11
 Huge leaves to
capture any photons
of light that might
 make it down to the
forest floor, through
the tall canopy and
many layers of
vegetation

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How leaves respond to the Environment 12

 Thin leaves. Water is abundant in the tropics, so that
leaves can have a large surface area where water can
evaporate
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How leaves respond to the Environment 13

 Thick leaves. Need to conserve water, so typically leaves
are thicker and leaf tissue stores water
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How leaves respond to the Environment

14
 Have white and grey waxes and/or hairs over the top of
their leaves so they can reflect the light, like sunscreen.
These hairs also minimize water loss due to wind blowing
over the leaves and sucking water out of the open stomata
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How leaves respond to the Environment 15

 Plants are dark green with tons of chlorophyll so that
they can maximize photosynthesis.
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How leaves respond to the Environment

16

 Leaves are round and long, and often point upwards in

order to limit light exposure and prevent burning in the
constant sunlight
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Leaves are one of the most important organs that plants

Photosynthesis (the process by which plants produce food

have. using
light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water), takes place inleaves. The
 Carbon dioxide is
structure and makeup of leaves are designed for

taken in through stomata, or openings on

the underside of leaves.

Why is Leaf Area Important? Also plants loose water

through leaves during transpiration
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Many other important interactions with the environment also
happen
through leaves.
photosynthesis.
Light is captured by chloroplasts in leaves.
 process

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Mammal (Examples: human, dog, cat) If an animal drinks milkwhen it



is a baby and has hair on its body, it belongs to the

mammal class. 

Bird (Examples: eagle, parrot) All birds have feathers andbirds are the

only animals that do. The feathers on a bird’swings and tail overlap.

Because they overlap, the featherscatch and hold the air. This helps
the bird to fly, steer itself
and land.

Different types of animals

Fish (Examples: tilapia, hilsa) Fish are a class of

poikilothermic
aquatic vertebrates. The combination of gills, fins and
the fact
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that they live only in the water make fish different from all
other
animals. Class 5; MrL
Reptiles (Examples: snake, crocodile) Reptiles are a class ofanimal


with scaly skin. They are cold blooded and are born
on land. 
Amphibians (Examples: Frog)The word amphibian means two lives.
Amphibians spend their lives in the water and on land.Amphibians are

cold-blooded, which means that they are

the same temperature as the
air or water around them.
Arthropods
Different types of animals (contd..) 
(Examples: Insects, shrimp) Any animals that have
more than four,
jointed legs are arthropods.
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Identification of flora and fauna of

Bangladesh20
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 30Figure: Shrimp
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 31
Figure: Starfish
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 32Figu

re: Snakehead (Taki) Fish

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 33
Figure: Snail
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 Figure: Sea mussel

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Figure: Pearl in Sea Mussel
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 3

6Figure: Aurelia (jellyfish)

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 37Figure: Rat
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 38Figure: Frog

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ENVIRONMENTAL
 BOTKIN, D. B. & KELLER, E.A. 2011.
SCIENCE: EARTH AS ALIVING PLANET (Eighth Edition). JOHN

WILEY &
SONS, INC.

References for today’s lecture 39

 https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/biology-the living-
environment/ecology/population-community ecosystem-
biosphere/
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40

Any question?
Additional information in the next two
slides

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Leaf Area Calculation

We are going to use two techniques to calculate the leaf area. 41

 Class 5;

MrL

Leaf Area Calculation

 42
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