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A population refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random

sampling technique. A sample is a representation of the population where one
hopes to draw valid conclusions from about the population.

A random sampling is a selection of N elements derived from a population N,

which is the subject of the investigation or experiment, where each sample point
has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling techniques.

Types of random sampling technique.

Simple random sampling or lottery sampling- sampling technique where every
number of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Systematic sampling -sampling technique in which members of the population are
listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals. In this
technique, every nth element from the list is selected from a randomly selected
starting point.
Stratified random sampling - sampling procedure wherein the members of the
population are grouped based on their homogeneity. This technique is used when
there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population, within each of which is
required that there is full representation. The sample is constructed by classifying
the population into subpopulations or strata, based on some characteristics of the
population, such as age, gender, or social economic status. The selection of
elements is then made separately from within each stratum, usually by random or
systematic sampling methods.

Cluster sampling or area sampling- it is applied on a geographical basis. It is

generally done by first sampling at the higher levels before going down to the
lower levels.
Multi-stage sampling -it is done using a combination of different sampling
techniques.

A nonrandom sampling is used when the sample is not a proportion of the

population and when there is no system in selecting sample. This is often used by
researchers to elicit and gather quick responses for questions which do not require
confidentiality.

Types of nonrandom something techniques

Accidental sampling -only those whom the researcher meets by chance are
included in the sample. When using this technique, whoever individual is available
at the moment is chosen as a sample.
Quota sampling - it includes a specified number of persons of a certain type to be
taken as sample.
Convenient sampling -The most convenient and fastest sampling techniques that
make use of the telephone, mobile phones or the internet.
Purposive sampling – used in a very small sample sizes. An experienced
individual selects the sample based upon his or her judgment about some
characteristics required of the sample members.
Snowball sampling – In this type of sampling technique, each research participant
is asked to identify other potential population participants who have certain
characteristics.

The sample size n is determined by the formula:

N
n= 2
1+ Ne

Where N is the population size and e is the margin of error.

Example: A researcher wants to study the academic performance in Mathematics
of students in BCNHS. The school has a population of 7,000 students. If a
researcher allows a margin of error of 5%, how many students must be included
in his sample?

Solution:

Sampling distribution is the probability distribution when all possible samples of

size n are repeatedly drawn from a population.

Example: Construct a sampling distribution of the mean and a histogram for the set
of data below.
86 89 92 95 98

Step 1 Solve for the population mean.

Step 2 Construct all random samples consisting of three observations (n=3)
from the given data set. Arrange the observations in ascending order without
replacement and repetition. Then get the sample mean of each random sample.
Random sample (n=3) Sample mean ( x )

Step 3
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sampling Distribution of the Means

n
MEAN x=∑ x i
i=1

n 2
( x i−x)
VARIANCE s2 =∑
i=1 ( n−1)

√ ( x i−x)2
n
STANDARD DEVIATION s=∑
i=1 (n−1)
Find the sample standard deviation and variance of the following heights (in cm) of
10 plants: 4 12 14 15 20 19 18 17 16 25