CHAPTER 3, LESSON 1

BASIC TERMS IN SAMPLING

1. A population refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.

2. A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-
random sampling technique. A sample is a representation of the population
where one hopes to draw valid conclusions from about the population.
3. Sampling Frame- is the list from which the potential respondents are
drawn.
4. Element – each member of the population
5. Statistic – any numerical data/characteristics which describes the sample
6. Parameter - any numerical data/characteristics which describes the
population
7. Sampling Error -refers to the difference between the value of the sample
statistic and the true value of the population
8. Response rate -the percentage of people in the sample selected for the study
who actually participated in the study.
9. Sampling unit – single element or group of elements subject to selection in
the sample.
10. Sampling bias – refers to the systematic over-representation or under
representation of some segment of the population in terms of characteristics
relevant to the research question.
11. Sampling- refers to a process of drawing a sample from a population.

Why sampling?
1. ECONOMY (money and labor)
2. ACCURACY
3. SPEED (time)

a. Probability Sampling – it involves random selection

b. Non-Probability Sampling -subjective, not everyone has an equal chance of
being drawn as your sample.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A random sampling is a selection of N elements derived from a population N,
which is the subject of the investigation or experiment, where each sample point
has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling techniques.

Types of random sampling technique.

1. Simple random sampling or lottery sampling- sampling technique where
every number of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

2. Systematic sampling -sampling technique in which members of the

population are listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample
intervals. In this technique, every nth element from the list is selected from a
randomly selected starting point.
0-9 5 --- 5th on your list is your sample

3. Stratified random sampling - sampling procedure wherein the members of

the population are grouped based on their homogeneity. This technique is
used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population, within
each of which is required that there is full representation. The sample is
constructed by classifying the population into subpopulations or strata,
based on some characteristics of the population, such as age, gender, or
social economic status. The selection of elements is then made separately
from within each stratum, usually by random or systematic sampling
methods.

HUMSS N n Actual
turn out
A 50 31 28
B 45 28 28
C 48 30 25
D 52 31 30
E 55 34 30
TOTAL 250 154 141
 N 250 250 250
n= = = = =153.85 ≈ 154
1+ Ne 1+(250 ∙ 0.05 ) 1+0.625 1.625
2 2

4. Cluster sampling or area sampling- it is applied on a geographical basis. It

is generally done by first sampling at the higher levels before going down to
the lower levels.

5. Multi-stage sampling -it is done using a combination of different sampling

techniques.

A nonrandom sampling is used when the sample is not a proportion of the

population and when there is no system in selecting sample. This is often used by
researchers to elicit and gather quick responses for questions which do not require
confidentiality.

Types of nonrandom sampling techniques

1. Accidental sampling -only those whom the researcher meets by chance are
included in the sample. When using this technique, whoever individual is
available at the moment is chosen as a sample. Convenient sampling -The
most convenient and fastest sampling techniques that make use of the
telephone, mobile phones or the internet.
2. Quota sampling - it includes a specified number of persons of a certain type
to be taken as sample.
3. Purposive sampling – used in a very small sample sizes. An experienced
individual selects the sample based upon his or her judgment about some
characteristics required of the sample members.
4. Snowball sampling – In this type of sampling technique, each research
participant is asked to identify other potential population participants who
have certain characteristics.

The sample size n is determined by the formula:

 N
n= 2
1+ Ne

Where N is the population size and e is the margin of error.

Example: A researcher wants to study the academic performance in Mathematics

of students in BCNHS. The school has a population of 7,000 students. If a
researcher allows a margin of error of 5%, how many students must be included
in his sample?

Solution:
N 7000
n= = =378.38 ≈ 379
1+ Ne 1+(7000 ∙ 0.052)
2

Sampling distribution is the probability distribution when all possible samples of

size n are repeatedly drawn from a population.

Example: Construct a sampling distribution of the mean and a histogram for

the set of data below.
86 89 92 95 98

Step 1 Solve for the population mean.

μ=
∑ x = 86+89+ 92+ 95+98 =92
N 5

Step 2 Construct all random samples consisting of three observations (n=3)

from the given data set. Arrange the observations in ascending order without
replacement and repetition. Then get the sample mean of each random sample.
 2
5! 5 4 3 21
86 89 92 95 98 nCr=5 C= = =10
(2 ! 3 !) 23 2

Random sample (n=3) Sample mean ( x )

86, 89, 92 89

86, 89, 95 90

86, 89, 98 91

86, 92, 95 91

86, 92, 98 92

86, 95, 98 93

89, 92, 95 92

89, 92, 98 93

89, 95, 98 94

92, 95, 98 95

Step 3
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
 Sample mean ( x ¿ P(x)
89 1/10
90 1/10
91 2/10
92 2/10
93 2/10
94 1/10
95 1/10
10/10=1

Histogram of sample means

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Histogram of sample means

Sampling Distribution of the Means
n
MEAN x=∑ x i
i=1

n 2
( x −x)
VARIANCE s =∑ i
2

i=1 ( n−1)

√
2
n
( x i−x)
STANDARD DEVIATION s=∑
i=1 (n−1)

Find the sample standard deviation and variance of the following heights (in cm) of
10 plants: 4 12 14 15 20 19 18 17 16 25