GRADUATE SCHOOL

PEN CODE: EDU 293

PEN SUBJECT TITLE: RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION
PROFESSOR: ZALDY Z. QUILANTANG, Ph. D.
Student’s Full Name: GELYNNE G. LOPEZ, MAEd-Mathematics
ASELA P. LAÑADA, MAEd-English

SAMPLING

POPULATION – consists of all the members of the group which you want to draw a conclusion
and to which the result of the study is intended to apply.

SAMPLE- is a portion, or part, of the population of interest and selected for analysis, a group in
a research study on which information is obtained.

SAMPLING – process of selecting individuals who will participate as a part of the study.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

A. RANDOM SAMPLING – a process whose members had an equal chance of being

selected from the population; it is also called probability sampling.
1. Simple Random Sampling – process of selecting n sample size in the population
via random numbers of through lottery.

2. Systematic Sampling – a process of selecting a kth element in the population until

the desired number of subjects or respondents is attained.

3. Stratified Sampling – process of subdividing the population into subgroups or

strata and drawing members at random from each subgroup or stratum.

4. Cluster sampling – process of selecting clusters from a population which is very

large or widely spread over a wide geographical area.
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B. NON-RANDOM SAMPLING – a sampling procedure where samples are selected in a

deliberate manner with little or no attention to randomization; it is also called non-
probability sampling.
1. Convenience Sampling – process of selecting a group of individuals who are
conveniently available for study.

2. Purposive Sampling – process of selecting based from judgement to select a

sample which the researcher believed, based on prior information, will provide
the data they need. The advantage of purposive sampling is that the researchers’
judgement may be in error – he or she may not be correct in estimating the
representative-ness of a sample or their expertice regarding the information
needed.

3. Quota Sampling – applied when the investigator survey collects information from
an assigned number, or quota of individuals from one of several units fulfilling
certain prescribed criteria or belonging to one stratum. Their advantage is they are
cheaper to administer.

4. Snowball Sampling – a technique in which one or more members of a population

are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.

5. Voluntary Sampling – a technique when sample are composed of respondents

who are self-select into the study/survey. Most of the time samples have a strong
interest in the topic of study.

SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

To determine the sample size, we must consider how we obtain the sample itself. When
sample is obtained using a non-probability, then there will be no much computations needed. The
sample size will depend upon on how much convenient a size of the sample will for convenience
sampling. For quota sampling, the size will be determined by the specified number in a particular
quota. When a sampling method is purposive sampling, the size will be determined in relation to
the purpose needed to really ascertain a more acceptable number in the sample, the computation
of the size to be presented in the probability sampling can also be used in the non-probability
sampling.
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For the samples obtained through probability sampling, the size can easily be determined
using the Slovin’s formula:

N
n=
1+ N e 2

where,
N = population size
n = sample size
e = margin of error

Example 1:
Suppose that the population size is 1, 000 and a researcher wants to have a sample size
with 10% margin of error. Using the Slovin’s formula, how many members in the sample are to
be taken by the researcher?
Solution:

N
n= 2
1+ N e

1000
n= 2
1+(1000)(0.10)

1000
n=
1+10

1000
n=
11

n=90.91

n=91

Example 2:
By referring to the example number 1, suppose that the researcher ants a 5%margin of
error instead of 10%. How many members in the sample are to be taken by the researcher?
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Solution:

N
n= 2
1+ N e

1000
n=
1+(1000)(0.05)2

1000
n=
1+2.5

1000
n=
3.5

n=285.71

n=286