SAMPLING

AND
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Population – it is the
totality of all values or
measurements of a
particular characteristic
for a specified group of
objects that are of interest
to the researcher
Sample – it is the finite portion
of a population that will be used
or investigated in the study
Sampling
It is the process of
choosing a
representative portion
of a population.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

PROBABIL NON-
ITY
The selection of item is
done according to some
PROBABILITY
The elements do not have
an equal chance of being
chance mechanism where taken.
the elements have an equal
chance of being selected.
Probability
Random Sampling - it is an unbiased way
in choosing respondents to achieve valid and
unbiased results of research.
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster or Area Random Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
It is a sampling Ex: A researcher wants to study the effects
technique in which of social media on Grade 11 students in
TCSHS. He wishes to muse simple
every element of random sampling technique in choosing
the population has the members of his sample. If there are
the same 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how
probability of many students should there be in his
being selected for sample? Discuss the steps he must take if
he wishes to use the lottery method.
inclusion in the
A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade 11 students in TCSHS. He wishes to muse simple
random sampling technique in choosing the members of his sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the
school, how many students should there be in his sample? Discuss the steps he must take if he wishes to use the
lottery method.

Solution
Step 1: Determine the number of students that should be in the
sample. Use the Slovin’s Formula.

Where n = number of samples needed

N = population size
e = margin of error
 For margin of error, use 5 % or 0.05

n = 1000/1+ (1000) (0.05) 2

n = 285.714286
n = 286

Step 2: Assign a number to each member of the population. In this

problem, assign a number to each of the 1000 students.
Step 3: Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and
shape. Fold the pieces of paper.

Step 4: Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5: Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from
the bowl or box.
Systematic Random Sampling
It is a sampling technique in
which a list of elements to be
included of the population is
used as a sampling frame
and the elements to be
included in the desired
sample are selected by
skipping through the list at a
Ex: In a group of 250
students, how will
you select a sample
containing 71
students by using the
systematic sampling
technique?
In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71
students by using the systematic sampling technique?

Solution
Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250
students.

Step 2: Assign each students a number from 1 to 250.

Step 3: Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 250
by the sample size 71.
Step 4: Select a number from the whole number between 0 and k+1
by simple random technique. The numbers that are between 0 and
k+1 are 1, 2,3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the random start.
Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as the
starting number.

Step 6. Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting
from the 2nd student.

The numbers of the sample will then be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18..….

Stratified Random Sampling
It is a sampling Ex: You want to interview 200 students
technique in which in your school to determine their
the population is opinion on the new school uniform.
How are you going to choose your
first divided into
sample by using stratified sampling of
strata and then there are 1,200 students in grade 7;
samples are 1,100 in grade 8; 1,050 in grade 9; 940
randomly selected in grade 10; 900 in grade 11, and 810 in
separately from grade 12?
You want to interview 200 students in your school to determine their opinion on the new school uniform. How are
you going to choose your sample by using stratified sampling of there are 1,200 students in grade 7; 1,100 in
grade 8; 1,050 in grade 9; 940 in grade 10; 900 in grade 11, and 810 in grade 12?

Solution
Step 1: Subdivide the population into grade levels.
Population Number of Sample
N= 6000 Students per Strata n=200
Grade 7 1200 40
Grade 8 1100 37
Grade 9 1050 35
Grade 10 940 31
Grade 11 900 30
Grade 12 810 27
Total 6000 200
Compute the sample size in each Grade Level:
a. Grade 7: 1200/6000 x 200 = 40
b. Grade 8: 1100/6000 x 200 = 36.67
c. Grade 9: 1050/6000 x 200 = 35
d. Grade 10: 940/6000 x 200 = 31.33
e. Grade 11: 900/6000 x 200 = 30
f. Grade 12: 810/6000 x 200 = 27

Step 2: Select the members of each sample by simple random

sampling or systematic random sampling. For instance, in Grade 7,
select the 40 from 1the 1200 students using SRS.
Cluster or Area Random Sampling
It is a sampling Ex: A researcher want to
technique in which determine who among the
the entire families in small town are
population is
using the new detergent
broken into small
groups, or clusters, product. How is she going to
and then some of do this using the cluster
the clusters are sampling technique?
A researcher wants to determine who among the families in small town are using the new
detergent product. How is she going to do this using the cluster sampling technique?

Solution
Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use barrios as clusters.

Step 2: Not all the barrios of the town will be included in the sample. Choose
the final barrios by using either the simple random sampling or a systematic
sampling technique.

Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will included in the study.
Select the final families to be included in the sample by using either the simple
random sampling or a systematic sampling technique.
Non-Probability
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Voluntary Response
Sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
It simply includes Ex: You are researching opinions about
the individuals student support services in your school, so
after each of your classes, you ask your
who happen to be fellow students to complete a survey on the
most accessible to topic. This is a convenient way to gather
the researcher. data, but as you only surveyed students
taking the same classes as you at the same
level, the sample is not representative of all
the students at your school.
Voluntary Response Sampling
it is similar to a Ex: You send out the survey to all students
convenience sample; a at your school and a lot of students decide
voluntary response sample to complete it. This can certainly give you
is mainly based on ease of some insight into the topic, but the people
access. Instead of the who responded are more likely to be those
researcher choosing who have strong opinions about the student
participants and directly support services, so you can’t be sure that
contacting them, people their opinions are representative of all
volunteer themselves (e.g. students.
by responding to a public
online survey)
 Purposive Sampling
This type of sampling, Ex: You want to know more about
also known as the opinions and experiences of
disabled students at your school,
judgement sampling,
so you purposefully select a
involves the researcher number of students with different
using their expertise to support needs in order to gather a
select a sample that is varied range of data on their
most useful to the experiences with student services.
purposes of the
 Snowball Sampling
If the population is hard Ex: You are researching experiences of
to access, snowball homelessness in your city. Since there
is no list of all homeless people in the
sampling can be used to
city, probability sampling isn’t
recruit participants via possible. You meet one person who
other participants. The agrees to participate in the research,
number of people you and she puts you in contact with other
have access to homeless people that she knows in the
“snowballs” as you get in area.
contact with more people.