Activity 12

General Instruction: Study and copy on a 1 whole sheet of paper or you may print this on a
long bond paper.
Date: February 19, 2024
Subject: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Lesson 8: Random Sampling
Objectives: a) illustrate the random sampling

Concept Notes:
Random Sampling is one of the best ways to achieve unbiased results in a study.

Four Types of Random Sampling

1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• The most basic sampling technique.
• Every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be part
of the sample.
• To do random sampling use:
a) Table of Random Numbers (see attached copy). This table contains
rows and columns of mechanically generated digits.
b) Lottery Method. Each element of the population is assigned a unique
number. The numbers are written on pieces of paper with identical size
and shape. This is also commonly called as ‘draw lots”
Example 1: A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade 11 students
in Manila Mathematics High School. He wishes to use the simple random technique in choosing
the members of his sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how many students
should there be in his sample? Discuss the steps he must take if he wishes to use the lottery
method.
Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in the sample. Use the Slovin’s
formula as follows:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Where n= number of samples needed
N= population size
e= margin of error, for the margin of error use 5% or 0.05
𝑁 1000
𝑛= 2
= = 285.7 𝑜𝑟 𝟐𝟖𝟔
1 + 𝑁𝑒 1 + (1000)(0.05)2
Step 2. Assign a number to each member of the population. In this problem, assign a
number to each of the 1,000 students.
Step 3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and shape. Fold the
pieces of paper.
Step 4. Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.
Step 5. Without looking, randomly pick our 286 folded pieces from the bowl or box.

1
 Example 2. A grade 11 student who wants to make a study on the opinions of Grade 8
students concerning the use of the filipino language in the teaching of mathematics. There are
510 Grade 8 students. She wants to interview only 10% of the Grade 8 students in the school
where the study is to be conducted. If you were the student, how are you going to do it by using
a Table of Random Numbers?
Step 1. Get the 10% of 510 to obtain the members of the sample.
510 x 0.10 = 51
Step 2. Randomly select a starting number from the table. If the Table of Random
Numbers contains 5-digit numbers, consider only the last 3 digits since the total number of
students in the study is only 510 which is a 3-digit number. Move down columns selecting the
appropriate number.
Illustration: 52467 <- 1 (1st member of the sample)
16386 <- 2 (2nd member of the sample)
14534 <- (omit since 534 > 510)
23610 <- (omit since 610 > 510)
45217 <- 3 (3rd member of the sample)
Continue doing this until 51 students are selected. If no numbers left in the first column,
move to the second column. You can create your own Table of Random Numbers by using a
random number generator.
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• A random sampling technique in which a list of elements of the population is used
as a sampling frame.
• The elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by skipping
through the list at regular intervals.
Example. In a group f 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71 students by using
the systematic sampling technique?
Step 1. Prepare a sampling frame by arranging the 250 students.
Step 2. Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.
Step 3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 250 by the sample size
71.
𝑁 250
𝒌= = = 3.52 𝑜𝑟 𝟒
𝑛 71
Step 4. Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k+1 by simple random
technique.
Step 5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as starting number.
Step 6. Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from the second student.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 …

The numbers of the sample will then be 2,6, 10, 14, 18, …
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• The population is first divided into strata.
• Sample are randomly selected separately from each stratum.
Example. Marcela, a Statistics student, wants to determine who care more about their physical
appearances, the male or the female students. She wants to limit her study to the Grade 10

2
students. There are unequal numbers of grade 10 students; 340 male and 500 female. She wants
her sample to consist only 50 students. She chooses the members of her sample using stratified
sampling technique.
Solution. Subdivide the Grade 10 students into two subgroups using gender. Divide the
number of students per gender by the total number of students, and then, multiply the resulting
quotient by 50. The computations are shown below.

Population Number of Students Sample

N= 840 Per stratum n=50
Male 340 20
Female 500 30
Total 840 50

Compute the sample size in each gender group.

340
a) Male: 𝑥 50 = 20.24 𝑜𝑟 𝟐𝟎
840
500
b) Female: 840 𝑥 50 = 29.76 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝟎

4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
• The entire population is broken into small groups, or clusters, and then, some
clusters are randomly selected.
• All the elements from the sampled clusters will make up the sample.
Example. A researcher wants to determine who among the families in a small town are using the
new detergent product. How is she going to do this using the cluster sampling technique?

Step 1. Divide the population into clusters. Use barrios as clusters.

Step 2. Not all the barrios of the town will be included in the sample. Choose the final barrios by
using either the simple random sampling or a systematic sampling technique.
Step 3. Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included in the study. Select the final
families to be included in the sample by using either a simple random sampling or systematic
random sampling technique.

FYI: Leonard Henry Caleb Trippett (1902-1985), an English statistician and known professionally
as L.H.C. He published “Random Sampling Numbers” in 1927 and this invented the Random
Number Table.

3
Activity #12
A. Identify the type of sampling technique used by the researcher in each of the following
situations: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster
sampling.
_______ 1. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Grade 10 students. The
researcher selected every 20th name on the list.
_______ 2. In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of
the study were selected by using the Table of Random Numbers.
_______ 3. A researcher interviewed people from each town in the province of Albay for
his research on population.
_______ 4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction to the newly
implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every 10th student entering the
gate of the school.
_______ 5. A researcher who is studying the effects of educational attainment on
promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly selected workers from each of these
categories: high school graduate, with undergraduate degrees, with master’s degree, and
with doctoral degree.
_______ 6. A researcher selected a sample of n= 120 from a population of 850 by using
the Table of Random Numbers.
_______ 7. A researcher interviewed all top 10 Grade 11 students in each of 15 randomly
selected private schools in Tacloban City.
_______ 8. A researcher randomly selected 10 barangays in a town for her study. She did
this by writing the names of each barangays on a piece of paper which she folded and put
in a bowl the she draw 10 pieces of paper from the bowl.
_______ 9. A teacher asked her students to fall in line. He instructed one of them to select
every 5th student on the line.
_______ 10. A researcher chose the subjects of her study by selecting every kth member
of the population.
_______ 11. A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using calculators in
teaching mathematics decided to divide her students into male and female and then she
selected students from each gender group.
_______ 12. A statistics student did a research on the time spent by Grade 11 students in
playing video games. He randomly selected his subjects by using Table of Random
Numbers.
_______ 13. A statistician selected a sample of n=100 high school students from a private
school with 2,500 students. He randomly selected the students from each grade level.
_______ 14. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who were better in
mathematics: the boys or the girls.
_______ 15. A researcher surveyed all diabetic patients in each of the 25 randomly
selected hospitals in Ormoc City.

4
5
6