QUARTER 1 Week -5-6 Module\1 5

Probability Sampling and

Non-Probability Sampling
What I Need to Know

1. Sampling Techniques: Probability Sampling and Non-Probability

Sampling

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the basic concepts of patterns and sequences. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1. Definition of Sampling Techniques and Types of

Probability and Non-Probability Sampling

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define sampling techniques;
2. Define probability sampling and non-probability sampling;
3. Enumerates the types of probability and non-probability
sampling
4. Distinguish the difference between the different sampling
techniques and
5. Apply or use the appropriate sampling technique in drawing a
specific sample.
 Definition of Sampling
LESSON
1
Technique and Types of
Sampling Techniques

As soon as we have chosen the method of collecting data and

the sample size to be used in our study or research, the next step is to
choose the sampling technique to be employed.

What is It

Concepts:

Sampling technique is a procedure or method of selecting the

members of a sample from the population. Sampling techniques are
used to answer the question concerning who will be included in the
sample.
Generally, there are two sampling techniques, namely the probability
and the non-probability sampling techniques.

Schematic Diagram of the two types of sampling techniques

 Types of Sampling Techniques

Non - Probabilty Sampling Probabilty Sampling

(Biased Sampling ) ( Unbiased Sampling )

Convenience Simple

Quota Systematic

Purposive Stratified

Cluster

Probability Sampling - is a sampling technique wherein each

member or the element of the population has an equal chance of
being selected as members of the sample.

a.Random Sampling – all members of the population have a chance of

being included in the sample.

Example: the lottery method

Suppose Mr Lorca wants to send five students to attend a 2-day
training or seminar in basic computer programming. To avoid bias in
selecting these five students from his 35 students, he can use the
lottery method. This is done by assigning a number to each students
and then writing these numbers on pieces of paper. Then, these pieces
of paper will be rolled or folded and placed in a box called lottery box.
The lottery box should be thoroughly shaken and five pieces of paper
will be picked or drawn from the box.

b. Systematic Sampling – it selects every kth member of the

population with the starting point determine at random.

Example: Selecting every 4th member of N = 100 with 5 random as a

random start gives us 5, 9, 13, …
Let us use the example wherein Mr Lorca wants to select 5 students
from his 35 students. First, we select a random starting point. This is
done by dividing the number of members in the population by the
number of the members in the sample. Hence, in our case we shall
have i=7. The next step is to write the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7 on
pieces of paper and draw one number by lottery. If we were able to get
4, this means that we will select every 4 th student in the population as
members of the sample. Therefore, the 4 th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th students
shall be the members of the sample.

c. Stratified Random Sampling – this is used when the population

can be subdivided into several smaller groups or strata, and then
samples are randomly selected from each stratum.

Example: Suppose a community consists of 5000 families belonging to

different income brackets. We will draw 200 families as our sample
using stratified random sampling. Below are the sub populations and
the corresponding number of families belonging to each subpopulation
or stratum.

Strata Number of families

Class A( High Income) 1,000
Class B(Middle) 2,500
Class C( Low Income) 1,500
N = 5, 000

Solution: The first step is to find the percentage of each stratum. This
is done by dividing the number of families in each stratum by the
total number of families. Then, we multiply each percentage by the
desired number of families in the sample. The table below shows how
it is done.

Strata Number of Percentage Number of

Families samples(Proportional
Allocation)
Class A 1, 000 1000 0.2 or 20% 0.2 (200) = 40
=
5000

Class B 2, 500 2,500 = 0.5 or 50% 0.5 (200) = 100

5000

Class C 1, 500 1,500 0.3 (200) = 60

= 0.3 or 30%
 N = 5, 000 n= 200

d. Cluster Sampling – this is sometimes called area sampling. It is

usually used when the population is very very large. In this technique
groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly chosen.

Example: to illustrate the use of this sampling method, let’s suppose

that we want to determine the average income of the families in
Manila. Let us assume there are 250 barangays in Manila. We can
draw a random sample of 20 barangays using simple random
sampling, and then a certain number of families from each of the 20
barangays may be chosen.

Non-Probabilty Sampling - is a sampling technique wherein the

members of the sample are drawn from the population based on the
judgement of the researchers. The results of a study using this
sampling technique are relatively biased. This technique lacks
objectivity of selection; hence it is sometimes called subjective
sampling.

a. Convenience Sampling- this type is used because of the

convenience it offers to the researcher.
Example: gathering of data through telephone

b. Quota Sampling- this type is very similar to the stratified random

sampling. The only difference is that the selection of the members of
the sample in stratified is done randomly.
Example: to get the most popular noontime show, each field
researcher is given a quota of 200 viewers per area.

c. Purposive Sampling – this type involves choosing the respondents

on the basis of pre-determined criteria set by the researcher.
Example: the research is all about the level of maturity of teenage
parents in a particular school. Of course, only teenage parents in that
school will be the respondents.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Use the given clues to complete the crossword puzzle
below. (use a sheet of paper)

A.
1 2 3

4
5

6
7

ACROSS
1. a representative of a population
6. an example of non-probability sampling
7. a method of collecting data
8. fish bowl method

DOWN
2. totality of objects, persons, or things
3. the difference between actual value and the sample value
4. a sampling method
5. a method of collecting data

B. Give examples of the following sampling techniques and show how

they are used:

1. simple random sampling

2. stratified random sampling
3. systematic sampling
4. quota sampling
5. convenience sampling

What I Can Do
Directions: Solve the following problems: (use a sheet of paper)
1. A researcher would like to investigate the perception of students
of Mathematics. He divided the population into sub-population as
shown below. Use stratified random sampling if the sample to be
drawn consists of 500 students.

Strata Number of Students

Grade 7 1,500
Grade 8 1,000
Grade 9 1,500
Grade 10 2,000

2. A TV journalist would like to know the most favorite noontime

show for this month. He decided to conduct a survey on 5 barangays.
The table below shows the list of barangay and the number of
residents in each barangay. Use stratified random sampling to draw
1000 residents who will be included in the survey.

Barangay Number of Residents

Mapayapa 2,000
Masipag 1,000
Mapagmahal 1,500
Malinis 2,500
Matulungin 1,500

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

A.
1. Which term refers to the method or process of selecting the
members of a sample from a population?
a. randomizing c. averaging
b. sampling d. estimating

2. To achieve results from a study that are free from bias, which
sampling method will you use?
a. probability sampling c. convenience sampling
b. non-probability sampling d. any method will do

3. Which is a sampling technique wherein groups instead of

individuals are randomly chosen?
a. systematic sampling c. random sampling
b. cluster sampling d. quota sampling

4. Which term means the same as group?

a. random c. quota
b. stratum d. probability

5. Mr. Dela Cruz selects every sixth member of his class as

participants in a Stat Quiz. Which sampling method was used? a.
stratified sampling c. random sampling
b. purposive sampling d. systematic sampling

B.
Below is the number of students taking up statistics from each
department. A seminar will be conducted outside the campus but not
all can be accommodated. The budget will allow only up to 400
students.

Table 1. Number of Students enrolled in Statistics

Course Number of Percentage (c)
Students (whole number)
Nursing 1, 120
HRM 589
Engineering 557
IT 434
Total 2, 700

a. Which between the 3% and the 5% margin of error will allow the
department to work within the budget? Justify your answer.
b. At 5% margin of error, how many participants should be taken
as samples? Show your solution.
c. Using proportional allocation, how many participants will be
taken from each department (refer to n in “b”)?

References
Mathematics for the New Millennium, c. 1999 by Diwa
pp. 17-24
Elementary Statistics by Basilia Blay, c.2013
pp. 16-18