Random

Sampling
WEEK 5
 TOPICS

LESSON 1: Random Sampling and Its Types

LESSON 2: Parameter and Statistic

LESSON 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

 OBJECTIVES

1 2 3
Illustrate random Distinguish Identify sampling
sampling; between distributions of
parameter and statistics
statistic; (sample mean)
LESSON 1A: Random
Sampling and Its Types
 Simple Random
Sampling
• most basic sampling
technique
• every member of the
population has the
same probability of
being selected to be
part of the sample.
Ways to do Simple Random Sampling
• Table of random Numbers
o contains rows and columns of mechanically generated digits.
• Lottery method
o numbers are written on pieces of paper with identical size and
shape.
A.Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR).
pieces of paper are then folded, placed in a bowl or box, and then
mixed thoroughly. The researcher, with his eyes closed, picks the
required number of elements for his sample.
B. Random Sampling With Replacement (SRSWR).
involves returning the selected piece of paper into the bowl after it
was noted and the next sample is drawn from the same population.
A researcher wants to find out the effects of watching math lessons on YouTube by 250 Grade 11
students from a certain Senior High School. He wishes to use simple random sampling by using
the lottery method.
Solution: Since the population is small and known, the modified
Step 1: Determine the sample size . Cochran’s formula can now be used:
Using the Cochran’s Formula:
Where e = desired level of precision (margin of error).
Use 5%.
Therefore, the sample size is 152.
p= (estimated) proportion of the population which has
the attribute in question. (Use 50% if unknown/unsure.)

The z value is found in the z-table (95% confidence

interval is equivalent to 1.96)
Using an online sample size calculator (raosoft.com)

Step 1: Assign a number to each

member of the population; 152
students in this problem.

Step 2: Write the numbers on

pieces of papers of the same
shape and size, and then fold
them.

Step 3: Put all the folded pieces of

paper in a bowl or box.

Step 4: Without looking, randomly

pick 152 folded pieces of paper out
of the bowl or box.
Systematic Sampling
• a list of elements of the population is used as a sampling frame and
the elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by
skipping through the list at regular intervals.
There are 250 Grade 11 students and 152 students are to be selected as part of the
sample, how will the researcher select them by using systematic sampling
technique?
Solution: Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers
Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by between 0 and k+1 by simple random technique.
randomly arranging the 250 students The numbers that are between 0 and k+1 are 1, 2.
Step 2: Assign each student a number from This chosen value is called the random start.
1 to 250.
Step 3: Find the sampling interval k Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected
number is 2. Use 2 as the starting number
Step 6: Select every 2nd student from the sampling
frame starting from second number 2:

The numbers of the sample will then be 2, 4, 6, 8, .

.
 Stratified sampling

the population is first divided into

strata or groups and then samples are
randomly selected separately from each
stratum.
Maria, a Statistics student, wants to find out who have more than one social media
accounts, the male or female students. She wants to limit her study to Grade 11
students consisting of 100 males and 115 females. She wants her sample to be 30
students. She selects the members of her sample using the stratified random
sampling technique.
Solution:
Step 1: Divide the Grade 11 learners into Step 2: Compute the sample size in each
two subgroups using gender. That is, gender group:
divide the number of students per gender a. Male: 13.95 or 14
by the total number of learners, and then b. Female:
multiply the resulting quotient by 30.
The computations are shown below:

Population N=215 Number of students per stratum Sample n=30

Male 100 14
Female 115 16
Total 215 30
Cluster or Area Sampling
• the entire population is broken into
small groups, or clusters, and then
some of the clusters are randomly
selected.
• The difference of cluster sampling
from stratified sampling is that the
sample consists of elements from
the selected clusters only while in
stratified sampling, the sample
consists of elements from all the
strata.
Pedro, a researcher, wants to determine who among the students in a
certain high school care about their physical appearance ―on-camera
or off-camera‖ during their online distance learning. How is he going
to do this using the cluster sampling technique?
• Solution:
Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use grade level as clusters.
Step 2: Not all grade levels of the school will be included in the
sample. Choose the final grade levels either by using simple random
sampling or systematic sampling technique.
Step 3: Not all students in the selected grade level will be included in
the study. Choose the final students to be included in the sample by
using either simple random technique or systematic random sampling
technique.
 LESSON 1B:
Parameter and
Statistic
 Parameter or
Situation/ Description Statistic?
1. A study on all senior high school students in
Baguio City shows that 80% use modular learning
modality. Parameter

2. Five hundred residents in Baguio City were

randomly chosen and asked if they think the city
should open its tourist areas to non-Baguio Statistic
residents.

3. During Phase I, small groups of people receive the

trial vaccine against COVID-19. Statistic

4. The Philippine Senate consists of 24 senators. Parameter

5. Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons. Parameter

 Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Mean
• The probability distribution which describes the probability for
each mean of all the samples with the same sample size n is
called a sampling distribution. To find the mean of a sampling
distribution of means, use the following formula:

=
Where = sample mean
n= total number of observations
• Consider the population consisting of the values 1, 3, and 7. List all the possible
samples of size n=2 that can be drawn from the population with replacement.
Then compute for the mean for each sample . Then find the mean of the
sampling distribution of means and the mean of the population.
Solution:
Means of Samples Drawn with The probability of occurrence of each mean is shown
Replacement from the Population (1, 3, 7) below.
Sampling Distribution of with Replacement n=2
and n=2 Observation Sample

1 (1,1) 1.0 ഥ
𝑥 𝑃𝑥ҧ
2 (1,3) 2.0 1.0 1/9
2.0 1/9
3 (1,7) 4.0
4.0 1/9
4 (3,1) 2.0 2.0 1/9
5 (3,3) 3.0 3.0 1/9
5.0 1/9
6 (3,7) 5.0
4.0 1/9
7 (7,1) 4.0 5.0 1/9
8 (7,3) 5.0 7.0 1/9
σ 𝑥ҧ= 33
9 (7,7) 7.0
 a. Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the
ഥ
𝑥 𝑃𝑥ҧ Means
1.0 1/9 =
2.0 1/9 Using the Alternative Formula
4.0 1/9
2.0 1/9
3.0 1/9
5.0 1/9
4.0 1/9
5.0 1/9
7.0 1/9
σ 𝑥ҧ= 33
 b.Mean of the Population (1, 3, 7)

=
Where is the sum of the observations and N is the total number
of observations in the population

Notice that the population mean is equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of the means. =
• A population consists of two numbers (2, 8). Consider all possible samples of size
n=3 which can be drawn with replacement from the population. Then find the
following:
a. Population mean b. Population Variance c. Population Standard Deviation
d. Mean of each sample and the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
Solution:
a. Population Mean
Observation 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)
1 2 -3 9
2 8 3 9

෍ 𝑥 = 10 ෍ (𝒙 − 𝝁)
𝟐
= 18 b. Population Variance
c. Population Standard Deviation
Observation Sample 𝑥ҧ
1 (2,2,2) 2
2 (2,2,8) 4
3 (2,8, 8) 6
4 (2,8,2) 4
d. Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement 5 (8,8,8) 8
from the Population (2, 8) and n=3 6 (8,8,2) 6
= 7 (8,2,2) 4
8 (8,2,8) 6

σ 𝑥ҧ= 40
• A population consists of three numbers (0, 4, 11). Consider all possible samples of
size n=2 which can be drawn with replacement from the population. Then find
the following:
a. Population mean b. Population Variance c. Population Standard Deviation
d. Mean of each sample and the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
Solution:
a. Population Mean
Observation 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)
1 0 -5 25
2 4 -1 1
3 11 6 36
b. Population Variance
𝟐
σ 𝑥 = 15 σ (𝒙 − 𝝁) = 62
c. Population Standard Deviation Observation Sample
1 (0,4) 2
2 (0,11) 5.5
3 (4,11) 7.5

σ 𝑥ҧ= 15
d. Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement
from the Population (0, 4, 11) and n=3
=
The end