STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY 11
4th Quarter
Week 1

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Division of Surigao del Sur
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 Competencies:
- illustrates: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis;
(c) level of significance; (d) rejection region; and
(e) types of errors in hypothesis testing. Code: M11/12SP-IVa-1
- identifies the parameter to be tested given a real life problem.
Code: M11/12SP-IVa-3

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have

a. defined hypothesis testing and the terminologies related to it;
b. recorded the parameter to be tested in a given real-life problem; and
c. reflected the importance of the lesson as applied in real life situated
problems.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

This lesson discusses about some key concepts of hypothesis testing. It

includes the null and alternative hypotheses, level of significance, rejection region,
and the types of errors in hypothesis testing. There are activities following the
discussion which are designed to test your understanding about the lesson.

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process of evaluating claims about a

population based on the characteristic of a sample from that population. It decides
whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. Some use the following decisions:
a. the null hypothesis is rejected or
b. failed to reject the null hypothesis.
Failed to reject the null hypothesis implies that the data are not sufficient enough to
reject the null hypothesis or there is no sufficient evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis.
Testing hypothesis follows the following steps below.
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Select the level of significance and the test type.
3. Determine test statistic to be used.
4. Compute the test statistic and critical values.
5. Construct acceptance/rejection regions.
6. Make a decision/draw a conclusion based on steps 4 and 5.
7. Interpret results.

Null Hypothesis

Null is defined as having no value or amounting to nothing. Null hypothesis, a

statement denoted by 𝑯𝟎, states that there is no difference, no changes, nothing
happened, no relationship between a parameter and a specific value, or the
independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable. It makes a

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statement about the population not the sample. The true value of the population
parameter is specified in writing the null hypothesis.
In statistics, a hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a population
parameter which may or may not be true. The null hypothesis is the statement being
tested. It represents what the experimenter doubts to be true, and must contain the
condition of equality. In symbol, with 100 as the specific value for example, it is
written as: 𝐻0: 𝜇 =100.

Alternative Hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis, a statement denoted by 𝑯𝟏, states that there is a

difference, an effect, change, or a relationship between a parameter and a
specific value; the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable,
or something happened. It is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis
by stating that that the actual value of a population parameter is less than, greater
than, or not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis. In symbol, with 100 as
the specific value for example it is written as:
𝐻1: 𝜇 ≠ 100
𝐻1: 𝜇 < 100 or
𝐻1: 𝜇 > 100
The alternative hypothesis will also determine the type of hypothesis test that
will be conducted.
-One-tailed test will be used when using > or <.
-Two-tailed test will be used when ≠ is used.

Below are the common phrases used in hypothesis testing that will guide you in
choosing the correct symbol to be used in formulating alternative hypothesis.

> < ≠ =
-greater than -less than -not equal -equal to
-above -below -different from -the same as
-higher than -lower than -changed from -not changed from
-longer than -smaller than -not the same as -is
-bigger than -shorter than
-increased -decreased or
reduced from
Level of Significance

Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant. Level of

significance, or significance level, refers to a criterion of judgment upon which a
decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis. Its value is between
0 to 1 or between 0% to 100%.
The level of significance, denoted by the Greek letter alpha 𝜶, is a probability
of rejecting a true null hypothesis. In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or
1%. In social science, alpha 𝜶 is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other studies.
This implies that there is a 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis. Further, it implies that the result has 99%, 95%, or 90% chance of being
true, respectively.
In symbol, it is written as: 𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟎1
𝜶 = 𝟎.05 or
𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟏𝟎

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Furthermore, if the alternative hypothesis used ≠, then alpha will be divided by 2, i.e.,
𝜶/𝟐 = 0.005
𝜶/𝟐 = 0.025 or
𝜶/𝟐 = 0.05

Critical Region or the Rejection Region

Critical region, also known as rejection region, is a range of values that

corresponds to the rejection of the null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistic is
within the critical region, then the null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, the null
hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the alternative hypothesis.
Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the number or numbers that
determine the rejection region. Thus, critical values might be a single number or an
interval.
For one-tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side of
the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right side of
the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test ≠, the critical region is at the left and
right sides of the acceptance region.

Below is the illustration of the different critical or rejection region.

rejection region rejection region

rejection region rejection region

Source: https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*40lqNfH0LGJQm6AbgjcRnw.png

Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Type I error is committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis. The probability
of committing it is denoted by 𝜶 or the level of significance.

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 Type II error is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis. The
probability of committing it is denoted by 𝜷.

Decision
Truth Don’t Reject Null Reject Null
Null is True Correct Type I Error
Null is False Type II Error Correct

Commonly Used Levels of Significance and Its Corresponding Critical Values

Test Types
Level of Significance 𝜶
One-tailed Two-tailed
0.05 +1.645 or −1.645 ±1.96
0.01 +2.33 or −2.33 ±2.58
0.001 +3.09 or −3.09 ±3.30

An example on how to state these types of errors in a sentence is given below.

Given: The average number of years a teacher works before retiring is 30.

Type I error: We conclude that the average number of years a teacher works before
retiring is not 30 years, when it really is 30 years.
Type II error: We conclude that the average number of years a teacher works
before retiring is 30 years, when in fact it is not really 30 years.

Illustrative Example:
The Head Nurse in a certain high school claims that the average height of
grade 7 students is 163 cm. The mean height of 45 randomly selected grade 7
students is 161 cm. Using 0.01 significance level, can it be concluded that the mean
height of grade 7 students is different from 163 cm as claimed by the school nurse?
Before you can give answer to the question and draw conclusions, state first the
following: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) the level of significance;
and (d) illustrate the critical or rejection region.
Answer:
a. 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 163
b. 𝐻1: 𝜇 ≠163
c. 𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟎1
d. the diagram below illustrates the critical or rejection region

acceptance region

rejection region rejection region

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 After learning some basic concepts involved in hypothesis testing, you are
now ready to learn the parameters involved in the process. This is very important
because this will guide you on selecting the appropriate steps and formula to be
used during the test. Real-life problems will be given and used to determine the
parameter to be tested.

Parameter is a number that summarizes some aspect of the population as a

whole. Examples are population mean and the population variance.

On the other hand, statistic is a value computed from the samples. Examples
are sample mean and sample variance.

Hypothesis is a claim about the parameter like the population mean 𝜇 or the
population proportion 𝑝. This part of the lesson will use claims about the population
mean 𝜇.

Examples. Read and understand the situation below. Record the values of the
parameters, statistic and sample size involved.

Situation A: A manufacturer of ethyl alcohol has developed a new packaging

design. He claims that the new packaging design has an average reduction of
production expenses of Php 5.00 per bottle with a standard deviation of Php 2.00. A
manager of one of their satellite production branch claims that the 200 samples of
this new packaging design has an average reduction of production expenses of
Php 3.00. Test the difference of the population and sample means at 0.05 level of
significance.

Answer: Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 5

Population standard deviation 𝜎 = 2
Statistic: sample mean = 5 4
sample size 𝑛 = 200

Situation B: The mean number of hours a student consumes to finish answering the
Statistics Module is 5 hours. A random sample of 15 students was asked and found
that their mean number of hours to finish answering the Statistics module is 6 hours
with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Answer: Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 5

Statistic: sample mean = 6
sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 2
sample size 𝑛 = 15

Now, let us do some exercises.

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Activity 1 – Match Me!
Direction: In your answer sheet, write the letter of the correct statement in column B
that defines the word in column A.

Column A Column B

1. Type II Error A. is a claim about the population which states

differences, changes, relationships between or
2. Alternative Hypothesis among variables.
B. is a claim about the population which states no
3. Type I Error difference, no changes, or no relationship
between or among variables.
4. Critical Region C. is a process in making decisions in evaluating a
claim about the population based on the
characteristics of a sample from the same
5. Null Hypothesis population.
D. is an error committed when rejecting a true null
hypothesis.
E. is a range of values that corresponds to the
rejection of the null hypothesis.
F. is an error committed when accepting a false null
hypothesis.
Activity 2 –Record Me!
Direction: Given the real life problems below, record the values of the parameters,
statistics and sample size involved.

1. A jeepney driver claims that his average monthly income is Php 3000.00 with a
standard deviation of Php 300.00. A sample of 30 jeepney drivers were surveyed and
found that their average monthly income is Php 3500.00 with a standard deviation of
Php 350.00. Test the hypothesis at 1% level of significance.

2. A Mathematics teacher in senior high school developed a problem-solving test for

randomly selected 40 grade 11 students. These students had an average score of 85
and a standard deviation of 5. If the population had a mean score of 90 and a
standard deviation of 3, use 5% level of significance to test the hypothesis.

3. A kinder teacher developed a coloring worksheet for her pupils. Using this
worksheet, the pupils’ performance has a mean score of 90 and a standard
deviation of 10. Fifty kinder pupils from a certain barangay were asked to answer the
said worksheet and found that their mean score was 95 with a standard deviation of
5. Test the hypothesis at 1% significance level.

4. A health specialist wants to determine the average number of hours a person

exercises in a day during the quarantine period. She found out that the mean
number of hours a person exercises in a day during the quarantine period is 80
minutes. A random sample of 29 persons were surveyed and found that their mean is
65 minutes and a standard deviation of 10 minutes. Test the hypothesis at 2% level of
significance and assume that the population is normally distributed.

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5. A study was conducted to determine the marrying age of teachers. It was found
out that the mean marrying age of teachers is 30 years old. Fifteen teachers were
surveyed randomly and found that their mean marrying age was 33 years old with a
standard deviation of 5 years. Use 10% level of significance to test the hypothesis
and assume that the population is normally distributed.

Activity 3 – Reflect On Me!

Direction: Reflect on the importance of the lesson by writing at least two problems
involving hypothesis testing. Then, record the values of the parameters, statistics and
sample size involved

Let us see how far you have learned about our lesson.

Formative Test

Direction: Answer what is asked and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

(For numbers 1-3)

Given Situation: A Non-Government Organization (NGO) conducted a study to
determine the average number of times a family went to buy necessities in a week.
They found that the mean is 4 times in a week. A random sample of 20 families were
asked and found a mean of 5 times in a week and a standard deviation of 2. Use 5%
significance level to test that the population mean is not equal to 5. Assume that the
population is normally distributed. State the following in symbols:
1. null hypothesis
2. alternative hypothesis
3. level of significance

(For numbers 4-5)

Given Situation: A construction worker here in our region has an hourly average rate
pay of Php 62.50, with a standard deviation of Php 6.00. A random sample of 20
laborers were asked on their hourly rate pay and found out that they had an
average of Php 50.00 with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Identify the two (2)
parameters to be tested in the given situation.

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 Answer Key

Activity 1
1. F 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. B

Activity 2
1. Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 3000 2. Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 90
population standard deviation 𝜎 = 300 population standard deviation 𝜎 = 3
Statistic: sample mean = 3500 Statistic: sample mean = 85
sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 350 sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 5
sample size 𝑛 = 30 sample size 𝑛 = 40

3. Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 90 4. Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 80

population standard deviation 𝜎 = 10 Statistic: sample mean = 65
Statistic: sample mean = 95 sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 10
sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 5 sample size 𝑛 = 29
sample size 𝑛 = 50

5. Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 30

Statistic: sample mean = 33
sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 5
sample size 𝑛 = 15

Activity 3 (Answers may vary)

Possible Answer:
Sample Problem in Hypothesis Testing: A teacher conducted a study to know if modular distance
learning affects the students’ performances. A class of 30 Grade 11 students was surveyed and found
out that their mean score was 83 with a standard deviation of 4. A study from other country reveal ed
that 𝜇 = 80 with a standard deviation of 3.
Answer: Parameter: population mean 𝜇 = 80
population standard deviation 𝜎 = 3
Statistic: sample mean = 83
sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 4
sample size 𝑛 = 30

References

Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016.

Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Introduction to Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from

https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/40007Chapter8.pdf

Null. (2020). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/null

Significance. (2020). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/significance

Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 4 – Module 1: Tests of
Hypothesis First Edition, 2020 Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental