NAME:_____________________________________

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STRAND/BLOCK:__________________________

STATISTICS
AND PROBABILITY
Quarter IV – Week 1
Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter IV - Week 1: Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing
First Edition, 2020

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 Lesson 1
Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

MELC:
Illustrate: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) level of significance;
(d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing
(M11/12SP-IVa-1)

Objectives: 1. Define null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance,

rejection region, and types of errors in hypothesis testing.
2. Give examples of null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of
significance, rejection region and types of errors in hypothesis testing.
3. Illustrate null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance,
rejection region and types of errors in hypothesis testing.
4. Identify the level of significance, rejection region, and types of errors.

Let’s Try
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

______ 1. What is the confidence level if the level of significance is 0.05?

A. 90% B. 99% C. 95% D. 90%-94%
______ 2. What kind of hypothesis states that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value?
A. Null hypothesis C. Type I error
B. Alternative hypothesis D. Type II error
______ 3. What kind of hypothesis states that there is a difference between a parameter
and a specific value?
A. Null Hypothesis C. Type I error
B. Alternative hypothesis D. Type II error
______ 4. When the confidence is 99%, which of the following is the value of 𝛼?
A. 0.01 B. 0.05 C. 0.1 D. 0.5
______ 5. What refers to tentative statements explaining facts about a phenomenon?
A. Hypothesis B. Directional C. Nondirectional D. Type I error
______ 6. What type of error is committed when a null hypothesis is erroneously
rejected?
A. Type I error C. Neither Type I nor Type II
B. Type II error D. No error committed

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For numbers 7-10, write N if the claim is a Null hypothesis and A if it is an Alternative
hypothesis.
______ 7. There is no significant difference between the writing ability of students using
brand A ballpens and students using brand B ballpens.
______ 8. The proportion of patients with heart diseases is lesser among nonsmokers
than among smokers.
______ 9. A latest approach in advertisement will not increase the demand for the
product.
______ 10. The introduction of modern computers affects the academic performance of
students.

Let’s Explore and Discover

Have you ever wondered what is the difference between a guess
Unlocking and a hypothesis? Is a hypothesis always just true or are there
of Difficulties other possible outcomes? What might be the problem with
Hypotheses are expecting your hypothesis to be true?
tentative statements
Hypothesis
to explain facts
about a situation IS IT
IS IT
based on available CORRECT?
INCORRECT?
evidences.

Test of hypothesis
is a statistical
testing procedure to
resolve a
hypothesis.

To find out whether a hypothesis is true or false, it must be resolved through hypothesis
testing.

A statistical hypothesis is a statement about the numerical value of a population

parameter. It is a statement or tentative assertion which aims to explain facts about a
certain phenomenon. A hypothesis needs to be resolved whether it is true or not. Thus, it
must be subjected to a statistical testing procedure known as hypothesis testing. If the
hypothesis is found to be true, it is accepted; if it is found to be false, it is rejected.

Here are the basic concepts of hypothesis testing;

TWO KINDS OF HYPOTHESIS

1. A null hypothesis, denoted by 𝐻𝑂 , is a statement that there is no difference between

a parameter and a specific value.

2. An alternative hypothesis, denoted by 𝐻𝑎 , is a statement that there exists a

difference between a parameter and a specific value. It is the opposite or the negation
of the null hypothesis.
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Example 1:
Claim: The average monthly income of Filipino families in the low income bracket is
Php 8 000.
Ho: The average monthly income of Filipino families in the low income bracket is
Php 8 000 (𝜇 = 8 000).
Ha: The average monthly income of Filipino families in the low income bracket is
not equal to Php 8 000 (𝜇 ≠ 8 000).

Note:
Null hypothesis is expressed by an “equal” symbol and alternative
hypothesis is expressed by “not equal” symbol since the claim does not
specify any direction.

Example 2:
Claim: The average number of hours it takes a nine-year old child to learn a
certain task is less than 0.50 hour.
Ho: The average number of hours it takes a nine-year old child to learn a
certain task is equal to 0.50 hour (𝜇 = 0.50).
Ha: The average number of hours it takes a nine-year old child to learn a
certain task is less than 0.50 hour (𝜇 < 0.50).

Note:
The alternative hypothesis is expressed by < symbol because the claim
specifies to use a “less than” symbol.

Example 3:
Claim: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 40 minutes per
day for 7 weeks is greater than 3.6 kg.
Ho: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 40 minutes per
day for 7 weeks is equal to 3.6 kg (𝜇 = 3.6).
Ha: The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 40 minutes per
day for 7 weeks is greater than 3.6 kg (𝜇 > 3.6).

Note:
The alternative hypothesis is expressed by > symbol because the claim
specifies to use a “greater than” symbol.

As shown on the examples, null hypothesis is always regarded as “equal” since it

is a statement that a parameter is equal to a specific value. Meanwhile, alternative
hypothesis uses symbols ≠, < 𝑜𝑟 > depending on the given conjecture or claim.

TYPES OF TESTS AND THE REJECTION REGION

1. Directional Test
A test of any statistical hypothesis where alternative hypothesis is expressed by less
than (<) or greater than (>) is called directional or one-tailed test since the rejection
region lies entirely on one tail of the sampling distribution.

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 Example 4:
Claim: The average weekly allowance of college students is less than
Php 2 000.
Ho: The average weekly allowance
of college students is equal to
Php 2 000 (𝜇 = 2 000).
Ha: The average weekly allowance
of college students is less
than Php 2 000 (𝜇 < 2 000).

This is a directional test or one-tailed test. Specifically, this is a left-tailed test

because the “less than” symbol was used in the alternative hypothesis. The critical region
or the rejection region lies entirely on the left tail of the sampling distribution.

Example 5:
Claim: The average weekly allowance of college students is greater than
Php 2 000.
Ho: The average weekly
allowance of college
students is equal to Php 2
000 (𝜇 = 2 000).
Ha: The average weekly
allowance of college students
is greater than Php 2 000
(𝜇 > 2 000).

This is also a directional test or one-tailed test. Specifically a right-tailed test

because the “greater than” symbol is used. Thus the critical region lies entirely on the right
tail of the sampling distribution.
2. Nondirectional test
A test where an alternative hypothesis is written with a not equal sign (≠) is called
a nondirectional test or two tailed test since there is no assertion made on the
direction of the difference. The rejection region is split into two parts, one in each
tail of the sampling distribution.
Example 6:
Claim: The average weekly allowance of college students is Php 2 000.
Ho: The average weekly allowance of college students is equal to Php 2 000
(𝜇 = 2 000).
Ha: The average weekly
allowance of college
students is not equal to
Php 2 000 (𝜇 ≠ 2 000).

This is a two-tailed test wherein the alternative hypothesis is expressed using the
“not equal” sign. The rejection region is split into each tail of the sample distribution.

TYPES OF ERRORS
In testing hypothesis, we sometimes commit wrong decisions. There is always a
possibility that we may commit an error on accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The two
types of errors and namely; Type 1 error and Type II error.
Type 1 error occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when it is true. This is also
known as alpha error (𝛼 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)
Type II error occurs when we accept the null hypothesis when it is false. This is
known as beta error (𝛽 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)

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LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
The probability of committing Type I error is known as level of significance. This is
denoted by Greek letter 𝛼 (alpha). The value of 𝛼 tells us the probability of committing error
in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. The choice of value depends on the
researcher. The most commonly used level of significance are 0.05 and 0.01.
Example 7:
If, for instance, a researcher chooses 0.01 level of significance, it means that the
researcher is willing to take 1% error in making decision and is 99% confident that the
decision will be correct. Hence, 0.05 means that a researcher is willing to take 5% error in
decision and is 95% confident that it will be a right decision.

Let’s Practice

I. Directions: Identify whether the following is a null hypothesis or an alternative

hypothesis. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. The mean age of grade eleven students is 17 years old. ______________________

2. The mean content of citric acid in a bottle of juice drinks
is greater than 3 mL. ______________________
3. The average monthly salary of private school teachers is
less than Php 18 000. ______________________
4. The average weight of newborn babies is less than 0.6 kg. ______________________
5. The mean IQ of grade eleven students is 108. ______________________

II. For each of the following conjecture, state the null (H o) and the alternative
hypotheses (Ha). Write your answer on the space provided.
1. The average time to commute from home to school is 45.7 minutes.
Ho :
Ha :
2. The mean number of daily customers in a convenient store is less than 1076.
Ho :
Ha :

Directions: Identify whether the following test is directional or nondirectional. If it is

directional, determine whether it is right-tailed or left-tailed.

1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 24.5 2. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 24.5 3. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 24.5

𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 24.5 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 24.5 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 24.5
______________ _______________ _________________

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 Let’s Do More

Directions: Locate the acceptance and rejection regions in each of the following situations.
Shade the rejection region on the normal distribution curve.

1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 23.6
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 23.6

2. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 23.6
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 < 23.6

Directions: Identify the type of error (Type I or Type II) if there is any committed in each
of the following situations. If there is none, write No error.

1. A true null hypothesis is accepted. __________________

2. A false null hypothesis is accepted. __________________
3. A true null hypothesis is rejected. __________________
4. A false null hypothesis is rejected. __________________

What is the importance of identifying the acceptance and rejection region? What will the
possible outcome be if we fail to correctly determine these regions?

_____________________________________________________________________

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 Let’s Sum It Up

Activity 1
Directions: Complete the statement by filling in the blanks with the words in the box
below.
Type II error Alternative hypothesis Hypothesis Null hypothesis

Type I error Directional

A (1) ____________ is a tentative statement or explanation of a phenomenon. A

statement that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific value is called (2)
__________________ while a statement that there exists a difference between a parameter
and a specific value is known as (3) ____________. For decision making, we have two types
of errors involved. (4)______________ occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when it is
true and (5) ______________ occurs when we accept the null hypothesis when it is false.

Let’s Assess
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

______ 1. What refers to tentative statements explaining facts about a phenomenon or

situation based on available evidences?
A. Hypothesis B. Directional C. Nondirectional D. Type I error
______ 2. What kind of hypothesis states that there is a difference between a parameter
and a specific value?
A. Null Hypothesis C. Type I error
B. Alternative hypothesis D. Type II error
______ 3. What kind of hypothesis states that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value?
A. Null hypothesis C. Type I error
B. Alternative hypothesis D. Type II error
______ 4. When the confidence is 95%, which of the following is the value of 𝛼?
A. 0.01 B. 0.05 C. 0.1 D. 0.5
______ 5. Which of the following illustrates the confidence level?
A. 32.8 B. 30-39 C. 90% D. 90%-94%
______ 6. What type of error is committed when a null hypothesis is erroneously
accepted?
A. Type I error C. No error committed
B. Type II error D. Neither Type I nor Type II

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For numbers 7-8, refer to the conjecture below.
The proportion of housewives using washing machines in Puerto Princesa City is less
than 50%.
______ 7. What will be the Ho?
A. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is not equal to 50%.
B. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is equal to 50%.
C. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is less than 50%.
D. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is greater than 50%.
______ 8. What will be the Ha?
A. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is not equal to 50%.
B. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is equal to 50%.
C. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is less than 50%.
D. The proportion of housewives using washing machine in Puerto Princesa
City is greater than 50%.
For numbers 9-10, refer to the claim:
The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is more than 15%
of the entire population.
______ 9. What will be the Ho?
A. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
equal to 15% of the entire population.
B. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
less than 15% of the entire population.
C. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
not equal to 15% of the entire population.
D. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
more than 15% of the entire population.
______ 10. What will be the Ha?
A. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
equal to 15% of the entire population.
B. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
less than 15% of the entire population.
C. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
not equal to 15% of the entire population.
D. The proportion of graduates in a university majoring in Mathematics is
more than 15% of the entire population.
.

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 Answer Key
LESSON 1

Let’s Try Let’s Practice Let’s Do More

1. C
2. A
3. B I.
1. Null hypothesis
4. A 2. Alternative hypothesis
5. A 3. Alternative hypothesis 1.
6. A 4. Alternative hypothesis
7. N 5. Null hypothesis
8. A II.
1. HO: The average time to
9. N 2.
commute from home to school
10. A is equal to 45.7 minutes (𝜇 =
45.7).
Let’s Sum It Up Ha: The average time to
commute from home to
school is not equal to 45.7
minutes (𝜇 ≠ 45.7).
1. Hypothesis 2. Ho: The mean number of daily 1. No error
2. Null customers in a convenient 2. Type II error
store is equal to 1076 (𝜇 = 3. Type I error
hypothesis 1076).
3. Alternative 4. No error
Ha: The mean number of daily
hypothesis customers in a convenient
4. Type I store is less than 1076 𝜇 <
1076).
error
5. Type II Let’s Assess
error

1. Nondirectional 1. A 3. A 5. C 7. B 9. A
2. Directional; left-tailed 2. B 4. B 6. B 8. C 10. D
3. Directional; right-tailed

Reference
Websites:

Statisticshowto.com “Statistics How To”. Accessed on April 15, 2021,

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/
Ahajournals.org “Hypothesis Testing”. Accessed on April 17, 2021,
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.105.586461
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