FC – Academics- 003 A/Basic

Education Form 02
Revision 03
Rev. Date: 9/1/18
Phil. Copyright 2018 FCAT, All DAILY LESSON LOG – SHS (Instructional Guide)
Rights Reserved.
(This form should be attached to the appropriate syllabus)

SUBJECT: Statistics and Probability

SEMESTER: 2nd
QUARTER: I
DATE/S COVERED: November-December (2 hours per session)
Session 1-2 Session 3-4 Session 5 -6 Session 6 - 7
I Objectives
A. Content The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of random variables and probability distribution.
Standards
B. Performance The learners shall be able apply an appropriate random variable for a given real life problem (such as in decision making and games of chance.
Standards
C. Competencies M11/12SP-IIIa-1-6 M11/12SP-IIIb-1,2,3,4 M11/12SP-IIIc-1,2,3,4, M11/12SP-IIId-1,2,3,4,5
II Learning Resources Statistics and Probability by Danilo De Guzman
III Procedure
A. Review Recall of concepts Recall of concepts Recall of the previous lesson. Recall of the previous lesson

B. Establish 1. Illustrates a random variable(discrete
Purpose and continuous.
2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a
continuous random variable.
3. Finds the possible values of a random
variable.
4. Illustrates a probability distribution for
a discrete random variable and its
properties.
5. Constructs the probability mass
function of a discrete random variable
and its corresponding histogram.
6. Computes probabilities corresponding
to a given random variable.
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7. Illustrate the mean and variance of a
discrete random variable.
8. Calculates the mean and the variance
of a discrete random variable
9. Interprets the mean and the variance
of a discrete random variable
10. Solves problems involving mean and
variance of probability distributions.
11. Illustrates a normal random variable
and its characteristics
12. Constructs a normal curve
13. Identifies regions under the normal
curve corresponding to different
standard normal values.
14. Converts a normal random variable to a
standard normal variable and vice
versa.
15. Computes probabilities and percentiles
using the standard normal table.
1. Illustrates random sampling
2. Distinguishes between parameter an
statistics.
3. Identifies sampling distribution of
statistics (sample mean)
4. Find the mean and the variance of th
sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
 C. Present New Whiteboard interaction;
Lesson  Discrete Variable quantitative variable
that is countable, finite in number or
countably infinite if the counting
process has no end.
Ex 1. number of registered cars ,
number of children in the family
Continuous Variable quantitative
variable that assumes infinitely many,
uncountable number of real number
values.
Ex 2. Weight [64, 72 ]lbs., height, time,
distance
Where [ a,b] interval
 Discrete Random Variable the outcome
in an experiment or event that is
countable
 Continuous Random Variable is an
outcome in an experiment or event that
takes uncountably infinite number of
possible outcomes. It can also possibly
be an outcome between two existing
ones.
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Whiteboard Interaction
 Probability Density function of a
Continuous Random Variable.
To illustrate the probability of a
continuous random variable a formula
and a graph of the probability mass or
density is utilized.
Ex 6. Probability density function
f(x) = 2x +1 where 0< x < 6
42
Find area between x = 3 and x = 6
Solution:
f(3) = 7/42 and f(6) = 13/42 (heights)
Getting the area of the shaded trapezoid,
A = 1 (sum of heights) (base)
2 also signifies the percentage of data
= 71.43%
Whiteboard Interaction
 Normal Probability Distribution A form
of distribution in which the given set of
data are clustered mostly at the center.
 Properties of a Normal curve
(a) mean = median = mode;
represented by a central point
along the horizontal axis which
determines the highest point in the
curve.
(b) Curve is symmetric around (bell
shaped) the mean and is
asymptotic to the horizontal axis
extending in both directions.
(c) The total area (or probability)
under the normal curve is equal to
100% or 1; 50% or 0.5 to each side
from the center.
 Every region under the normal curve
corresponds to the area bounded by
μ or z = 0 and the number of units of
the z score is from the center. Each
area value is given in percent which
found within the interval.
Whiteboard Interaction
 Random Sampling is a selection of n
elements derives from a population
N, which is the subject of the
investigation or experiment. Each
sample point has equal chance to be
selected using appropriate sampling
techniques
Types of Random Sampling
1.) Lottery sampling – every membe
of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
Ex. Lotto
2.) Systematic sampling- members o
the population are listed and
samples are selected in intervals
called sample intervals. Every nt
element from the list is selected
from a randomly selected startin
point.
Ex. Drawing 2,000 out of 6,000
Selecting every 3rd person,
numbers between 1 to 30 will be
selected to act as starting point.
3.) Stratified random sampling –
members of the population are
group based on their
homogeneity. Sample is
constructed classifying populatio
into strata, the selection of the
elements is then made separate
from within each stratum, usual
by random or systematic samplin
methods.
  Possible Values of Random Variable are  Mean (μ ) is discrete random variables
values that are obtained from functions
that assigned a real number to each
also known as the expected value, is
the weighted average of all possible
point to the sample space. values of the random variable.
Ex 3. Three consecutive games (Win for
W and Lose for L) μ= ∑ [ x . P (X = x) ]
Sample Space:
where P (X = x) is the probability of
WWW, WWL, WLW, LWW, WLL, LWL, LLW, LLL every value of x
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
2
 Variance(σ ) is a measure of the
Possible Values of Random Variable
spread of the dispersion, measures the
 Probability Distribution Function P (X)
variation of the random variable from
the mean.
shows the relative probability that each
outcome of an experiment will happen σ2= (x- μ)2. P (X = x)
Ex 4. Find the probability of number of  The square root of the variance is called
wins in 3 games from EX 3 given above. the standard deviation
1 ; x = 0 LLL  Computation of the mean and the
8 variance
3 ; x = 1 WLL, LWL, LLW
8 Ex.7
Number of
P(X) = 0 1 2 3
Wins ( x)
3 ; x = 2 LWW, WLW, WWL
P (X = X) 1/8 3/8 3/8
8 2. Look for the corresponding value
1 ; x = 3 WWW μ= ∑ [ x . P (X = x) ]
8 normal values or the z score
= 0 (1/8) + 1 (3/8) + 2 (3/8) + 3 (1/8)
X is the number of wins in 3 games
= 1.5
 Probability Mass Function P (X = x) is
the probability distribution function of a σ2= (x- μ)2. P (X = x)
2 2
discrete random variable = (0-1.5) . 1/8 + (1-1.5) . 3/8 +
P (X = x) Number of wins in 3 games 2 2
(2-1.5) . 3/8 + (3-1.5) . 1/8
P (X = 0) 0 wins in 3 games = 0.75
P (X = 1) 1 win in 3 games
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z
Standard Score or Z score ( x)
zx = (x- μ) /  σ
where X = raw score
μ = mean
σ= standard deviation
to compute for the region under the
normal curve or the area for every z
score from μ or z = 0 ;
1. Compute for the z score at a given
raw score, mean and standard
deviation.
1/8
from the z table of standard
obtained.
The value taken from the z table is
the area that must be presented in
percentage.
Ex. Select a sample of 387 from
grouped population .
Group N n
A 13,000 138
B 10,500 111
C 8,000 85
D 5,000 53
nA = 13,000 (387) = 138
36,500
4.) Cluster Sampling – also called as
area sampling, is applied on
geographical basis. Sampling is
done by getting samples from th
higher levels going down to the
lower levels.
Ex Samples randomly taken from
provinces first, then cities, then
municipalities or barangay then
household.
5.) Multi-stage sampling – done usin
a combination of different
sampling techniques,
 Non Random Sampling is used when
the sample is not proportion of the
population and when there is no
system in selecting sample.
Types of Non Random Sampling….
  In a random variable, the mean is the
average value of all the outcomes. The  Solving for the Raw Score Given the  How to determine the sample size?
 Discrete Probability Distribution is a mean of a random variable weighs each Area Under the Normal Curve. Using the formula known as the
table values that shows the probability outcome (x) according to its probability 1. Given μ, σ and Area under the Sloven’s
of any of the outcomes of an (p). curve
experiment. If the random variable X is multiplied to 2
2. Look for the value of the Z score n = N /( 1 + Ne )
a value b then increase by a value a, the using the given area in the z table.
Ex 5. Number of wins in 3 games fr. Ex 4 mean will be affected in the same (look for the nearest value of the Where N = the population
manner, that is μa +bx = a + b μx area on the Z table.) E = margin of error
Number of 0 1 2 3
Wins ( x) 3. Compute for the raw score. n = sample size
P (X = X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8  Variance Is the measure of spread of X= z(σ ) + μ
dispersion. It measures the variation of  σ x̄ is a number that describes a
the values of a random variable from Note: If in case that z table does only gives sample, can be directly computed a
NOTE: ∑ P (X = x) = 1 the mean. the nearest value instead of the exact observed.
value as that of the given area , we Ex. Sample mean (serves as the
 Probability Histogram obtained the exact value of the area by estimator of the population mean)
A Bar Graph where in the Y axis is P(X using interpolation.
=x) and the x axis is the x Parameter is a descriptive measure
the population, its value can be
 Binomial Distribution a probability approximated and not necessarily
distribution with only two possible equal to the statistic of the sample.
outcomes. Success and failure Ex. population mean

x
P (x) = n C x . p . q
n-x  Sampling Distribution is the
probability distribution when all
possible samples of size n are
p+q=1
repeatedly drawn from a populatio
P =probability of success, (one particular
event/set of event) Ex. Construct a sampling distributio
q =probability of failure, of the mean for the set of data
n = number of trials performed during an below.
experiment of getting x successes
86, 89, 92, 95, 98
Step 1. Solve for the population
Mean
μ = ∑ X = 92
N
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 Step 2. Construct all random
samples consisting of three
observation n=3. Arrange
observation in ascending order
without replacement or repetition
Get the sample mean of each
random sample.

Random Sample Mean μ x̄ = 92

sample (n=3) (x)
86,89,92 89 Step 3.Construct the sampling
86,89,95 90 Distribution of the sampling Mean
86,89,98 91
86,92,95
Sample Mean 91
Probability Total Probability of sample mean must
(x) 86,92,98 92 equals to 1
86,95,98
89 93
0.1
89,92,95
90 92
0.1  The mean of the sampling distributio
89,92,98
91 93
0.2 of the sample mean is equal to the
89,95,98
92 94
0.2 population mean
92,95,98
93 95
0.2 μ x̄ = μ
94 0.1  The variance of the sampling
95 0.1 distribution of the sample mean

σ 2 x̄ = σ2 for variance
n

σ x̄ = σ for standard deviatio

√n
2
Where σ = population variance
σ = population standard dev.
n
= total number of observatio
in a sample
σ 2 x̄ = sample variance

σ x̄ = sample standard dev.

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D. Establish Worksheets/ Board Works
Mastery (In - class solving exercises and/or
assignments)
Group work Exercises
E. Practical
Application/
Activities
F. Generalization  A variable ( X ) is any information ,
attribute characteristic number or
quantity that describes a person , place
event, thing or idea that can be
measured or counted .It can be
qualitative or quantitative and can
either be discrete or continuous.
 Random Variable (X) is a variable
whose value is dependent to the
outcome of a well define random event
or experiment.
Ex. Throwing a pair of dice or drawing a
card from a standard deck.
 The set of all possible outcome in an
experiment is called sample space.`
 Probability Distribution is a
mathematical model that describes the
behavior of the outcomes related to a
statistical experiments.
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Worksheets/ Board Works
(In - class solving exercises and/or
assignments)
 Unlike discrete random variable
continuous random variable takes on an
infinite number of values.
The probability of each continuous
random variable is equal to zero;
otherwise the sum of the probabilities
at every point will reach infinity.
However, every subinterval of the
sample space can have positive
probability.
 The probability histogram that
graphically represents the probability
mass function of a discrete random
variable is replaced by a shaded,
smooth curve that graphically represent
the probability density function of a
continuous random variable. The area
bounded by the curve above the x-axis
is equal to 1.
 The measure of the spread of random
variables from the average value gives
Worksheets/ Board Works
(In - class solving exercises and/or
assignments)
 Normal Distribution In the analysis
and interpretation of a standardized set
of data or probability distribution
where in a set of data is normally
distributed, the expectation of the
outcomes of events are predictable.
This can be determined by computing
the z score.
Normal Probability Distribution is
graphically represented by a bell shape
curve known as the normal curve,
whose shape is determined by its mean
and standard deviation.
μ x̄ = mean of
the sample mean
of a sampling distribution.
μ = population mean
x̄ = sample mean
Worksheets/ Board Works
(In - class solving exercises and/or
assignments)
 Population is the entire group that
under study or investigation.
Sample is a subset taken from the
population. A representation of th
population where one hopes to dra
a valid conclusion about a
population.
 For population that are typically to
large to observe or study.
In order to draw out conclusion,
make inferences and answer
hypotheses of studies, there is a
need to select a sample or a subse
that is predetermine size to
represent the population and creat
sampling distributions for observed
results.
 Since sample is a representation of
the population , μ x̄ is estimated
 interpretation of the mean and variance μ, hence the bigger the sample si
 The expected outcomes in an of probability distribution.
the more the μ x̄ is equals to the
experiment, as well as the certainty and
uncertainty of the occurrence of an μ x̄ = μ
event, can be determined through
probability theory.

G. Valuing Small group discussion/Group work problem solving activities

H. Assessment Seat work/ Short Quiz Seat work/ Short Quiz Seat work/ Short Quiz Seat work /
Last week of the 1st Quarter
Examination
I. Assignment Additional exercises. Worksheets can be Additional exercises Worksheets can be given as an Additional exercises
given as an assignments assignments
IV Remarks

V Reflection

A. No. of learners who

earned 80% in
evaluation
B. No of learners who
require additional
remediation who
scored below 80%
C. Did remedial lesson
Work? Number of
learners who
caught up with
lesson
D. Number of learners
who continue to
need remediation
E. Which of my
strategies have
worked well? Why?
F. What difficulties
that I encounter
that I need help to
solve?
G. What innovation or

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 local materials did I
use which I wish to
share with other
teachers.

Prepared by : Joselito C. Ubaldo

Validated by:

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