Nature of Statistics

What is Statistics?

A branch of Mathematics that examines and

investigates ways to process and analyze the data
gathered.

It provides procedure in data collection,

presentation, organization, and interpretation to
have meaningful idea that is useful to decision-
makers.
Division of Statistics

Descriptive
The totality of methods and treatments employed in the
collection, description, and analysis of numerical data.

To tell something about a particular group of observation.

Inferential
The logical process from sample analysis to a
generalization of conclusion.
Also Statistical Inference or Inductive Statistics
Population vs Sample

Population
Consist of all the members of the group about which to
draw conclusion.

Sample
Portion or part, of the population of interest selected for
analysis.
population
A
F E
B LY
Z
M N
C D R X Q
P V W K
P O T G S J U
I H
sample
Parameter and Statistic

Parameter
Numerical index describing a characteristic of a population.

Statistic
Numerical index describing a characteristic of a sample.
Sources of Data

Primary Data
Data that come from original source.
Examples:
Interview Mail-in questionnaire
Survey Experimentation

Secondary Data
Data that are taken from previously recorded data.
Examples:
Information in research Business periodicals
Financial statements Government reports
Constant and Variable

Constant
Characteristics of objects, people, or events that does not
vary.
Example:
Boiling temperature in °C

Variable
Characteristics of objects, people, or events that can take of
different values.
Example:
Weight
Types of Variables

Variable

Qualitative Quantitative
(Categorical) (numerical)

Discrete Continuous

Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Classification of Variables

Experimental Classification

Mathematical Classification
Experimental Classification

Independent Variables
Controlled by experimenter/ researcher, and expected to
have

Dependent Variables
This refers to the behavioral measures of subject and always
expected to be influenced by the independent variable
Mathematical Classification

Continuous Variables
It can assume any of an infinite number of values and can be
associated with points on a continuous line interval.

Example:
Height, weight, volume

Discrete Variables
Some measures of behavior of subjects and expected to be
influenced by the independent variable

Example:
Gender, courses, Olympic games
Levels of Measurement

Scale Legitimate Statistics

Nominal • Indicates a difference
Ordinal • Indicates a difference
• Indicates a direction of the difference (e.g.,
more than or less than)
Interval • Indicates a difference
• Indicates a direction of the difference
• Indicates the amount of difference (in
equal intervals)
Ratio • Indicates a difference
• Indicates a direction of the difference
• Indicates the amount of difference
• Indicates an absolute zero
Ordinal Level

Example
Qualitative Variable Categories
Student class designation Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior
Product satisfaction Unsatisfied, Neutral, Satisfied, Very Satisfied
Movie classification G, PG, PG-13, R-18, X
Faculty Rank Professor, Associate Prof., Assistant Prof, Instructor
Hotel Ratings , , , , 
Student Grades 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, …
Interval Level

Example

Qualitative Variable
Temperature (in degree oC or oF)
Calendar Time (Gregorian, Hebrew, or Islamic)
Ratio Level

Example

Qualitative Variable
Weight ( in pounds or kilograms)
Age (in years or days)
Salary (in Philippine peso)
Classification of Numerical Data

Numerical Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Sampling Techniques

Random Sampling
Simple Random Cluster
Systematic Multiple Stage
Stratified

Non-Random Sampling
Convenience Quota
Purposive Snowball
Simple Random Sampling/Lottery

W
H A B T
Z L R D
Y J G
D Q G O X
S J
X U E F N B
K
I O M
C V Sample
P

Population
Systematic Sampling

A B C D E

F G H I J
C
K L M N O H M

P Q R S T R W

U V W X Y

Z Sample

Population
Stratified Sampling

A B C D E
(25%)
B D
F G H I J (25%)
F I M O
K L M N O
(50%)
(50%) S
P
(25%)
P Q R S T
(25%) Sample

Population
Cluster Sampling

D
A E
C B F
I A
T C B O

P Q U H G M N
S
R T U
S
J
O N L K
M Sample

Population
Multi-Stage Sampling

A D
E
A
C B F B
O
I C
M
T N

P Q U H G Sample of T U

R S Cluster S

J
O N L K
M A
N
Population S
Sample
Purposive Sampling

W
H A B T
Z L R A
Y J N
D Q G Especially
C O
S Qualified J
X U E F N Y
K T
I O M
C V Sample
P

Population
Convenience Sampling

W
H A B T
Z L R R
Y J G
D Q G Easily
F E
S Accessible J
X U E F N S
K Q
I O M
C V Sample
P

Population
Quota Sampling

A B C D E
(25%)
A BD
F G H I J (37.5%)

K L M N O I M
(25%)
(50%)
P S T
(37.5%)
P Q R S T
(25%) Sample

Population = 20
Snowball Sampling

W
H A B T
Z L R
J R G
Y D Q G F E
With
S Information J
X U K E F N S
Q
I O M
C V Sample
P

Population
Methods in Collecting Data

Direct or Interview Method

Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Registration Method
Observation Method
Experiment Method
Methods in Presenting Data

Textual Method
data is presented in paragraph form.

Tabular Method
data is presented in rows and columns.

Graphical Method
data is presented in visual form.
Textual Form

Table 1 presents the frequency and percentage

distribution of the respondents according to gender. The
table shows that majority of the respondents are female
with 3,625 or 72.5%, while 1,375 or 27.5% are male.
Most of the Nursing students are female, it only
shows that Nursing is a course more favorable for female.
Example: Tabular Form

Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Nursing
Students According to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 1,375 27.5
Female 3,625 72.5
Total 5000 100
Example: Graphical Form

150 120
100
100 80
60
50 40
20
0 0

M
BM

C
CS

T
y

A
A

M
Ps

BS

FM

HR
BS

BS
BS

BS

BS

BS

120
BSA
HRM
BSBM 100
80
60
BSCS 40
FMA 20
BSMC
0

BST
0 2 4 6 8 10
BSMK
BSPsy