COLOMBO GALES SCHOOL

BIOLOGY DIPLOMA PROGRAM

TENTH GRADE

TITLE: The title of my practice gives a clear and concrete idea of the work I did

Topic: 2.Molecular Biology: 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Present to: Sonia Garnica

Written by: Juan Nicolas Ricon , Tobias Bulla . Laura Vivas, , Gabriela del Mar

Date: 17/10/2019

Delete the following table when formally present the report

Teacher notes:
 It is strictly forbidden to lend, send, socialize or provide information authors
own production to other peers. This is penalized.
 When document been physical present it in acetate.
 Don’t open holes or neither place hooks stitches
 Always use last template format uploaded in moodle platform.
 Margins should be maintain, also text justification and order of titles or
subtitles.
 Use Arial letter type 10
 Space 1.5
 Graphs in colors
 White sheet letter size
 Pagination must appear in all pages
 Use APA Style
 Document maximum of 11 pages, more pages are penalized.

Summary

Avocado also known by its scientific name as Persea Americana has the defect of rapid oxidation due to exposure to
oxygen in the air, as well as the presence of phenolic compounds in it.Taking into account the aforementioned in this
experiment, we will expose ourselves to the question of why does Persea Americana acquire a brown color and how can
we slow the natural ripening process with the help of citrus fruits?

In the presence of oxygen, an enzyme containing avocado called polyphenol oxidase or PPO encourages the conversion
of phenolic compounds into another class of compound: quinones. The quinones produce the polymerization which
manifests itself with a brown color in the fruit. Taking up the predicted question with the help of citrus fruits such as:
orange, pineapple, lemon and tangerine this thanks to the fact that it contains ascorbic acid or the so-called vitamin C,
which is a potent antioxidant, or in other words delays oxidation.

In conclusion, we will observe, analyze and carry out this experiment in order to understand the behavior of different
enzymes before a primary factor such as oxygen.

Background information

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Literature Graph for reference
Scientific background that helps to explain the context of the investigation , it could provide information that will lead to the
setting of variables.
First paragraph: actual context of this investigation and highlight the connection with main topic(4 articles citation)
Second paragraph: Important concepts, procedural or theoretical framework about selected theme and link between the
dependent variable and the investigation.
Third paragraph: Problem that want to be solved and scientific arguments to do so
Fourth paragraph: Motivation, personal curiosity, relevance and personal significance and engagement.
It should include a clear statement of why this investigation is important, its purpose, its justification.
would need to be established in the background.

Objective
� Objective of the practice is clear and is related to this work.
� Include a hypothesis of what is expected, including the structure if, then, because.

Research question ;
� The research question include dependent and independent variable
� It is focused on a research problem in which you must name the relevant variables.
Research Question could then be: What is the effect of warming up exercises (specify) on the performance of students
(age range, gender) carrying out isometric (specify) and isotonic (specify) exercises?
A large scale field study, perhaps over several years: An individual Research Question could then be: What is the
influence of the flow rate of water in the (name) river in (location) on the distribution of Ecdyonurid mayflies?
Hypothesis:
Variables

Variable Independent:
� Clearly enunciate the independent variable, only one with units of measurement (to establish levels), explain what is
the method of variation.
� In the procedure establish 5 Conditions of the independent variable , e.g. 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C,
40 degrees C, and 50 degrees and three trials or repetitions of each.

Variable Dependent:
� Clearly enunciate the dependent variable with units of measurement (what measure) and explain how it is measured.

Controlled Variables:
� Clearly enunciate the controlled variables (minimum 4) and write in at least 3 lines explaining why it needs to be
controlled and how is it controlled them. (controlled variable It is one that can affect what I measure). Use SI Units.

Materials :
Apparatus
Apparatus Uncertainty Quantity
Chemicals Used
Chemical Amount used

� List of absolutely all the material used, with brand, capacity, accuracy, uncertainty. Sorting equipment, glass materials,
metal materials, substances, quantities.

Table 1: Materials

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Experimental procedure

� Write in past tense time.

� Establish the controlled experiment to have a standard test to make final comparisons, Standard protocols for
determining the dependent variable will probably be used but they need citations.
� Develop a method to collect sufficient relevant data. In case of working with data base, explain all the step you carried
out to select that page and not other.
� Present a methodology numbered steps.
� Write in third person where the sequence of steps performed is revealed, detailed way to measure (quantify) the
dependent variable, used instruments.
� Write number of data will be collected and explain what you will do with the data
� Write frequency in which data were taken.
� Include different levels and / or intensity and / or concentrations of the independent variable.
� Detail form as the controlled variables were controlled.
� It requires 5 trails for a range of 5 levels in a continuous variable. Nevertheless, sufficient data would be necessary for
adequate processing to be evidenced. For example standard deviations need to have sample sizes of 5 or more.
� Include table for data collection
� If use any source of information use APA style with appropriate references.

Picture of experimental set up

� Draw or include photo set up of material or draw and label

Figure #___ Title:___________________________

Risk assessment
Safety Issues
Ethical Issues
Environmental Issues

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In this section you have to show evidence of a full awareness about important safety issues, ethical or environmental
� Procedure to eliminate contaminant substances
� Appropiate places to rid of wastes
� Risk assessment
� Handling of chemicals or equipment
� Handling of microbes
� The application of the IB anima experimentation policy
� Consumption of materials
� Use of consent forms
� Disposal of waste and alien species
� Impacto n field sites
Raw Data �
Quantitative Data
􀋘 Present results in a table clearly and descriptively without any analysis, include data collected that is in line with the
method, quantity of data, quality of data, qualitative observations.
� In a case of using a data table include:
o Introduction to the table at least 3 lines. Example: The following table shows….
o Present obtained data,
o Table number.
o Title.
o Spaces in all reduced to the size of the information provided directions.
o Columns with headers :
 Header name in bold, gray background.
 Appropriate column units only in the heading, same number of decimal places and same precision column.
 Uncertainty or error margin only in the header of the appropriate column.
 Independent variable in the first column.
 Subsequent columns should show the results of the dependent variable.
 Include a short paragraph that explain the general data tendency or useful info about data themself

Qualitative Observations

� Write everything that was observed during the experiment without complex measurements.
� Include qualitative observations of data collected : color, shape, appearance , etc ...

example :
• Water always maintained its color. The amount of water remained constant throughout data collection .
• When the ice cube began to steam lines appear on the walls of the beaker because of the drop in temperature was
added .

Uncertainty of results
� Find anomalies in collected data, all values keep same trend or range? If so keep them if it isnot give a reason to don’t
take them into account in processing data..
Discuss reasons of possible raw data variation, include visible range of same expected values, quantitate data differences
among series, trials or repetitions.
� Analyze data intervals, discrepancies, dissimilarities, imbalance, alterations in data units, data values, measurements.
� Write possible mistakes done during the procedure that likely affect collecting raw data, express results with their
uncertainties.
� Specifying how uncertainties were calculated.
� Include the margin of error and the analysis of it.
•Degrees of precision of instruments used, variation in the material used, appropriate response to outlier data

Data Processing
� Give an explanation of what you hope to get (with this test I hope to get ...)
� Mention the computational tool used (Excel, Logger Pro, TI 84, Calculator, plus, etc).
� Data processing leads me to fulfill my goal and / or answer my research question because….
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� Give an explanation of why you chose the statistical test
� Organize this section easy to follow by the reader
� Include errors in calculations data processing tables and graphs, error bars, if used on the graphs, should be identified
preferably in the title of the graph.
� Outliers should not be excluded from processing just because they do not “fit well” in the general trend of the data. Their
exclusion requires a justification.
� Degrees of precision of used instruments.
� Variation in the used glassware
� Standard deviations, standard errors, ranges (maximum-minimum)
� Select the appropriate graphing techniques, processing tools:

o Chi2 Chi-square is only used for "counts" in categories.

o ANOVA 'analysis of variance'.
o T-test is a Pearson correlation coefficient'test to compare the means of the data' explanation.
of why I chose this test. (T test was performed to verify that…..
o Correlation
 Null hypothesis ( There is no relationship between ......... and ......... ..) and alternative hypothesis.
 Correlation chart (XY line dispersion adjustment and equation of the line
 Value of r2
 value of r
 value of r tables
 comparison of both values r
 accept or reject the null hypothesis
 Which means the value of r 2 or coefficient of determination ( r2 The coefficient of determination indicates to me
that ...... % of ...... is because ...... ..)
o If you made many trials, present table with:
 Media, Mode, Medium, SD, interpret the results
o Value Min or Value Max Variation percentage formula
o Graph with error bars "Y" (Bar chart with error y)that represent:
 CI 'confidence interval” only if there are enough data points n-10
 SEM Standard error of the mean: If what study ( treatments , Species , any
condition ) is different really each other
 SD: Standard Deviation: shows dispersion we have in the sample (minimum 5
data)if one value or group of same values are anomalous.
o Frequency Table
o Histogram
o value of "p" and compare it with the value 0.05 represents 95% confidence level
o accept or reject the null hypothesis only in case of use CI or T student
� Include graphs :
 graph number
 clear graph title
 name and units on the axes (fully labeled axes)
 appropriate scale axes
 legends with colors or icons ( when several variables are handled in the same graph )
 size allows evaluator to see the data clearly
 After the graph Include a paragraph with a general description of plot data

� Include Tables:
 table number
 title
 spaces in all reduced to the size of the information provided directions.
 header name or bold , gray background
 columns with headers :
 header name
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  appropriate Units
 same precision column (same number of decimal places and significant figures according to
the data )
 mention relevant possible errors by visual , manual handling , appliance , instrument ,
because of time , temperature, humidity , etc ...
 After data tables include a short paragraph to describe general data tendency.

Discussion of Results (at least one page)

� The analysis of the data obtained must be as clear as possible, the process of making sense of the data that will then
lead into a conclusion.
� Write observed dependencies between variables, or relation between them, explanation of trends, comparisons,
correlations, interpretation of statistical calculations. Identification of optima, maxima (plateau)
� Write similarities and discrepancies with other results
� Compare the data with a scientific models from other studies, you must cite at least 4 different consulted sources.
� A comparison of this results with previous results is necessary, present similarities and differences of the materials,
methods and procedures used in order to put in better context such comparison
� Compare your results with any source is to corroborate my conclusion and I quote BIBLIOGRAPHY footnotes or make
the appointment and put the source in the literature.
� Take a consistent interpretation of the results obtained by referring to tables or graphs (As seen in Figure 1 the trend is
.... Therefore we can conclude that ... ..)
� Expose and referencing tables or graphs of data obtained in the T test, correlation (R and R2), deviation, mean, mode,
median and other calculations and indicated the impact they have on the results.

Conclusions (at least one page)

� Enunciated a main conclusion that answers the goal and / or research question posed in exploration in at least one
page.
� Reference to a hypothesis (if one has been stated)
� Main conclusion is based on the interpretation of the results and not on assumptions.
� Correctly describe and justify a conclusion by a relevant comparison with accepted scientific context or general models
� Mention that complement SECONDARY conclusions.
� Expose and reference tables or graphs of data obtained in the T test, correlation (R and R2), deviation, mean, mode,
median and other calculations and indicated the impact they have on the conclusion
� Compare with general models and use at least 4 references for it.
� objectively discuss what you have learned from the experiment
� Synthesize the consequences and implications that are associated with your results. The findings should refer primarily
to the evidence collected or found in the experiment, remember that the conclusions are based on the objectives and
data, confirm or deny them and argue why their results.
� Conclusions should be fully relevant to the research question and have the full backing of the data presented

Evaluation procedure and improvements

Strengths:
Weaknesses:
Limitations:
� Discuss the strengths and weaknesses– this might be quite general or might refer to specific parts that worked well
� Discussion of the reliability of the data
� The evaluation of the relative impact of a weakness
� Relevant and feasible improvements and extensions
� Understanding of the methodology used
� discuss and evaluate the impact of strengths and weaknesses in the research in terms of methods, materials, data
limitations and error sources, with clear understanding of the methodological issues involved in establishing the findings.
� discuss realistic and relevant suggestions for the improvement and expansion of this research
� Evaluate the method I followed in practice (Some limitations of the method used are for example ....... Which did not
allow control .......)

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� Assess the quality of the data obtained (data obtained may be less reliable because ... .. and this affects ....)
� Assess the accuracy of the instruments used (The instruments used were adequate for the result expected more
though if the balance .... The expected results ... ..) and the accuracy of measurements made (manipulation of the
experimenter)
� Discuss the sources of error and how to avoid it (the difference between the result obtained and the generally accepted
(Be aware of the sources of error and appreciate its magnitude).
� Describe possible strengths of the investigation
� Evaluate time was given for the realization of practice (The limiting time weather affected because if the experiment
had been repeated for several days .... Or they had made several repetitions of the experiment the data would be ....)
� Suggest modifications to the method for best results, based on weaknesses and limitations, if possible suggest changes
to the procedure done.
� Suggestions are clear and specific
� Suggestions are realistic (not to mention expensive equipment, not to mention a more accurate device per student, etc.)

Table N°___ Title:_____________________________

Factor Effect on the experiment Improvements

Extension:

Bibliography

�Use APA style to write appropriate references

� Include minimum 10 references.
e.g.:
Brown, J & Ford, W. 2009. The oxygen in aquatic environments. Journal of environment. Vol. 2 N| 51. Pag 509-520

Derry, W, 2009, The factor that afect the changes in aquatic environments . Journal society . Vol 4 N| 53 p.70- 76).

Peces tropicales , 2013. Revisado el 4 de Agosto de 2014 en:

http://peces-tropicales.idoneos.com/index.php/Generalidades/Aireacion,

Weish, 2013. El oxígeno y su ingluencia en los ambientes acuáticos.

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