Math 100

Statistics

Origin of the word “Statistics”

• Derived from Latin statisticum collegium (“council of state”)
• Italian word statista (“statesman” or “politician”)
• German book Statistik, published in 1749, described the analysis of demographic
and economic data about the state (political arithmetic in English)
• Was broadened in 1800s to include the collection, summary, and analysis of
data of any type; also, was conjoined with probability for the purpose of
statistical inference
Source: The University of Iowa (2017)

Top 10 Famous Statisticians (MTU, 2019)

• Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
• Florence Nightingale
• Karl Pearson
• William Sealy Gosset
• Ronald A. Fisher
• Edwards Deming
• Gertrude Cox
• John Tukey
• George Box
• Janet Norwood
Source: https://onlinedegrees.mtu.edu/news/top-10-famous-statisticians

Statistics is the science of designing studies or experiments, collecting data and

modeling/analyzing data for the purpose of decision making and scientific discovery
when the available information is both limited and variable. That is, statistics is the
science of Learning from Data.

Statistics is the science of COPAI of data.

• Collection
• Organization
• Presentation
• Analysis
• Interpretation

I. Basic Concepts

a. Population and Sample

Population (N) is the entire set of people or observations in which you are
interested or which are being studied.

Sample (n) is a subset of data drawn from the population.

b. Majority- represented by 50% + 1

c. Census- collection of data from every member of a population

d. Sampling- sub collection of members selected from a population

e. Parameter- number describing a whole population.

f. Statistic- a number describing a sample

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Parameters and Statistics

Parameters Statistics
• Numerical characteristics of the  Numerical characteristics of the
population sample
• Mean:  Mean: ̅
• Variance:  Variance:
• Standard Deviation:  Standard Deviation:
• Covariance:  Covariance:
• Coefficient of Variation:  Coefficient of Variation:
• Correlation Coefficient:  Correlation Coefficient:

II. Two Main Types of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics is the process of directly describing the characteristics of

either populations or samples.

Inferential Statistics is the process of using samples to estimate the characteristics

of populations.

III. Variables
Variables are properties or characteristics of some event, object, or person that
can take on different values or amounts.

Types of Variables
a. Qualitative Variable is a non-numerical variable that can be placed into
distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.
Examples: gender, religious preferences, geographic locations, car’s tags,
numbers on the uniforms of baseball players, etc.

b. Quantitative Variable is a variable that takes on numerical values. Examples:

age, heights, weights, body temperatures, etc.

Two Types of Quantitative Variables

i. Discrete Variables are variables that are said to be countable and can
be obtained by means of counting.
Examples: the number of children in a family, the number of students in a
class-room, the number of calls received by a switchboard operator each
day for one month

ii. Continuous Variables are variables that can assume an infinite number of
values in an interval between two specific values and can be obtained
by means of direct or indirect measuring.
Examples: Temperature, height, weight, length, time, speed, etc.

Levels of Measurement
Qualitative
1. Nominal - pertains to any quality or description that does not involve any order or
rank.
Examples: Zip code, Gender, Color, Ethnics, Political affiliation, Religious
affiliation, Major field, Nationality, Marital status, etc.

2. Ordinal - pertains to any quality or description which can be arranged or ranked.

Examples: Grade (ABCD), Judging (1st, 2nd, 3rd), Rating scale (Excellent, good,
bad), Ranking of sports players, etc.
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Quantitative
3. Interval - pertains to a quantity in which the zero point is arbitrary or there is no
meaningful zero.
Examples: Exam score, IQ, Temperature, etc.

4. Ratio - pertains to a quantity in which zero is absolute. Examples: Height, Weight,

Time, Salary, Age, etc.

IV. Sample Size Determination

a. Total Enumeration
• Usually used when population size is considerably small
• Retrieval rate: At least 95%

Example:
Population size: N = 48

n = 95% of 48 = 45.60 ≈ 46

b. Yamane’s Formula
• Commonly known as Slovin’s formula
• Mistakenly named after Slovin
N
n=
1+Ne
Where: sample size
population size
sampling error, usually 5% = 0.05

Example:
Population size: N = 48

48
n= = 42.86 ≈ 43
1+48(0.05)2

c. Cochran’s Formula

384.16
n= 383.16
1+
N
Where: sample size
population size

Example:
Population size: N = 48

384.16
n= 383.16 = 42.77 ≈ 43
1+
48