COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Region V(Bicol)
Province of Albay
OUR LADY OF SALVATION COLLEGE
Tiwi, Albay

SELF-LEARNING MODULE
IN MATH 15
(Advanced Statistics)

Prepared by:

ROWENA C. MACARIOLA
Instructor

1
 Review of the Basic Statistical Concepts

STATISTICS
The term statistics refers to a set of pertinent activities such as collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of quantitative data. It is a field of study which deals with mathematical
characterization of a group or groups of items.
Collection of data refers to the process of gathering numerical information. Methods of
gathering pertinent information include interview, questionnaire, experiments, observation, and
documentary analysis.
Once the data are gathered, the next step is the presentation of data in appropriate tables and
graphs.
Analysis of data refers to the activity of describing the properties or behavior of the data or
the possible correlation of different quantities or variables.
Finally, interpretation has to be made based on the preliminary activities and other
statistical methods.

Nature of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics is composed of those processes concerning collection and description
of a setoff data to yield meaningful information.
For Example, we may want to describe a collection of persons by stating the number of
persons who finished college education and the number of persons who did not finish
college education, the number of persons that fall into various categories like gender, age,
civil status, highest educational attainment, length of work experience, and many more.
Generally, descriptive statistics provides information about collected data and does not
draw inferences or conclusions about a larger set of data.
2. Inferential Statistics is composed of those processes concerning with the analysis of a
smaller group of data leading to predictions or inferences about a larger set of data from
which the smaller group is drawn. By and large, it is impractical, sometimes impossible to
study large collection of data in which we are interested.
For example, we may want to know the favorite primetime TV show of a certain province;
we may just have to ask selected residents from said province. From the data obtained
through interviews, we shall draw a conclusion as to the province’s favorite TV show.

Population and Sample

1. Population is a complete set individuals or subjects or events, generally very large in
number, whose properties are the focus of interest. It is the basis of every statistical
problem. Contrary to most common understanding, population does not only suggest
collection of people, it can also be a collection of plants, a collection of synthetic foods, a
collection of measurements, etc.

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 Here are some examples of well-defined populations:
a. All overseas Filipino workers deployed in Canada.
b. All preschool school children with developmental disabilities in 2015.
c. All recorded weights of babies born in government hospitals in Metro Manila in 2007.
d. All advocacy campaign against illiteracy conducted by UNESCO in ASEAN countries.

Population can be finite and infinite. When the population can be physically listed, it is
finite, otherwise it is infinite.

2. Sample is a collection of individuals or objects or events selected from the population. The
primary objective of Statistics is to describe the population or make inference about a
population based on the information derived from the observation of relatively few
representative elements of the population called sample. Most of the time, the population
is very large, too expensive and time-consuming or even impossible to handle. To have
statistical inference about the population, a sample of the population is necessary.

Parameter and Statistic

A numerical value summarizing all the data of an entire population is called parameter. It is also
known as the true or actual value. For example, the average weight of all school children who
benefited from the government feeding program. For every parameter there is a corresponding
sample statistic. The statistic describes the sample the same way the parameter describes the
population. For example, the average weight found after obtaining a sample of 100 weights of
school children.

Variables
Variable is a characteristic of interest about each individual object of a population or sample.
The value of the variable associated with one object or event of a population or sample is called
data.
This value may be a number, a word, or a symbol. For example, Drew entered the university at age
“16”, her marital status is “single”, her program of study is “engineering”, her general high school
average is “96.79” and she is a native of “Albay”. These five pieces of data are the values for the
four variables applied to Drew. Thus, a variable is a characteristic of a population or sample which
differentiates members from each other.

Qualitative and Quantitative

Qualitative variable categorizes or describes elements of a sample or population, also called
attribute.
Examples: a. color of cars: red, blue, yellow, gray, black
b. T-shirt size: extra small, small, medium, large, extra large

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 Quantitative variable quantifies an element of a population, also called as numerical and
often represented by X.
Examples: a. let X represent the height of male students in a university
b. let X represent the number of batteries produced by a manufacturing
company

Discrete and Continuous Variables

A discrete variable can assume only aa finite or countable number of values. For example, let X
represent the number of washers produced by a company.
A continuous variable can assume the infinitely many values corresponding to the point on a line
interval. For example, let X represent the height (in meters) of college students.
Classification of Variables
1. According to functional relationship
a. Independent variable sometimes termed as predictor variable.
b. Dependent variable sometimes called criterion variable.
2. According to scale of measurements
a. Nominal Level. This is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or
categories only. For example, classifying teachers in a school as male or female.
b. Ordinal Level. This involves data that may be arranged in some order, but
differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.
An example is the grading system involving letters (A, B, C, D, F).
c. Interval Level. This is the same as the ordinal level, with an additional property that
we can determine meaningful amounts of differences between the data. Data at
this level may lack an inherent zero stating point. For example, temperature is an
interval measurement. There is a meaningful difference in one degree between each
unit such as 80 and 81 degrees, but a zero degree doesn’t mean that there is no
heat.
d. Ratio Level. This is an interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting
point. The difference and ratios of data are meaningful. This is also highest level of
measurement. An example would be the measure of height, weight, or area. There
is a meaning between values, and a true zero exists.

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 Activity 1

Name: ________________________________Course & Year: _______________ Score: __________

A. Classify each if the following statements are related to a qualitative, quantitative, discrete,
or continuous data by writing the data in the box.
No. Statements Qualitative Quantitative Discrete Continuous
1 The normal level of Angat dam is 180
meters
2 Mariel Diane finished first in poster
making contest
3 Don’s car consumed 10 liters of
gasoline per day
4 Vinn bought 20 cans of 1 liter cooking
oil
5 About 32,000 applicants took the
UPCAT every year
6 The highest temperature recorded in
Manila was 36.2ᵒC
7 There were 400 expensive cars
confiscated by the Bureau of Customs
8 There are 10 tall buildings in Makati
measuring more that 500 ft
9 A cable company installed 2000
meters of new line in Manila
10 EGC Bake Shop bought 50 bags of
flour containing 25 kilograms each
bag

B. Read and analyze carefully. Answer the question.

1. Five thousand four hundred sixty-five households in Manila were surveyed about the
familiarity with the Food selection Guide designed and promoted by the Department of
Health. Of those surveyed, 52% said they were familiar with the food selection guide.
a. What was the population of the survey? ________________________
b. What was the sample? ________________________
c. What was the parameter of interest of the survey? ________________________
d. What was the statistic? ________________________

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 2. A quality control technician selects assembled laboratory equipment units from an assembly
line and records the following data concerning each unit:
A. Non-defective or defective
B. Identification number of the employee who assembled the unit
C. Weight of the unit
a. What is the population? Is it finite or infinite? _______________________
b. What is the sample? _______________________
c. Classify the data recorded for each variable as
either qualitative or quantitative. _______________________

Lesson 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean
It is the value obtained by adding the values in the distribution and dividing the total
number of values.

Median
It is defined as a positional measure defined as the middlemost value in the distribution.
Hence, this value divides a given set of data into two equal parts.

Mode
It is referred to as the most frequents value in the distribution.

Comparisons of the Averages

In the case of the mean, the ff are some of the observations that can be made.

a. The mean exists in any distribution. This implies that for any set of data, the mean can
always be computed.
b. The value of the mean in any distribution is unique. This implies that for any distribution,
there is only one possible value of the mean.
c. In the computation for this measure, it takes into consideration all the value in the
distribution.

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In the case of median, the ff are observed.

a. Median exits in any distribution

b. The value of the median is unique
c. This is a positional measure

The mode has the ff observations.

a. It doesn’t always exist.

b. If the mode exists, it is not always unique
c. In determining the value of the mode, it does not take into account all the values in the
distribution.
Measures of Dispersion

Range
The difference between the largest value and the smallest value is called Range.
Range R = L – S
Coefficient of range = (L –S) / (L + S)
where L - Largest value; S - Smallest value
Quartile Deviation
It is also called as the semi-quartile range. It is defined as the amount of dispersion present
in the middle fifty percent of the value.
• The Quartile Deviation doesn’t take into account the extreme points of the distribution.
Thus, the dispersion or the spread of only the central 50% data is considered.
• If the scale of the data is changed, the Qd also changes in the same ratio.
• It is the best measure of dispersion for open-ended systems (which have open-ended
extreme ranges).
• Also, it is less affected by sampling fluctuations in the dataset as compared to the range
(another measure of dispersion).
• Since it is solely dependent on the central values in the distribution, if in any experiment,
these values are abnormal or inaccurate, the result would be affected drastically.

For further discussion, refer to the link below.

https://www.slideshare.net/bijayabnanda/ls -bs-8measures-of-dispersion
https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-mathematics-and-statistics/measures-of-central-tendencyand-
dispersion/quartile-deviation/
https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-mathematics-and-statistics/measures-of-central-tendencyand-
dispersion/range-mean-deviation/

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 Activity 2

Name: ________________________________Course & Year: _______________ Score: __________

Solve the following problems. Show your solution

1. The following are the ages of the first ten students who enrolled in a certain college. 19, 21, 18,
17, 16, 21, 20, 18, 19, 19

a. Determine the mean age of the students.

b. Determine the value of the median

c. Determine the mode.

2. The exam scores of the 12 students in a certain college were taken and are shown below.
93, 65, 87, 56, 99, 76, 58, 87, 76, 93, 68, 69

a. Determine the mean score of the students.

b. Determine the value of the median

c. Determine the mode.

3. Find the range and coefficient of range of the following data: 25, 67, 48, 53, 18, 39, 44.

4. Calculate the Quartile Deviation and its coefficient.

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 Marks No. of Students
0-10 10
10-20 20
20-30 30
30-40 50
40-50 40
50-6 30