STATWRE

Introduction
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1) Statistics- is the theory and method of collecting,
organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting
quantitative data.
 2) Divisions of Statistics
a) Descriptive Statistics – is concerned w/ the
gathering, classification and presentation of data and
summarizing values to describe group characteristics of
data.
b) Inferential Statistics – is concerned with drawing
conclusions or generalizations from organized data.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
In short the basic concepts of statistics are:
to summarize and describe data (descriptive
statistics) and
to draw conclusions from them (inferential statistics).
Some Statistical Terms:
1. Variable – refers to a fundamental quantity that change in value from one
observation to another.
2. Data – are the raw materials in their original form, just as they were
collected; for which the statistician works.
These can be found through surveys, experiments, numerical records and other
modes of research.
3. Population – refers to the totality of all objects under study.
 It can be groups or aggregates of people, objects, materials, events or things of
any form.
Sometimes populations can be very large that it is almost impossible to consider
all members of the population.
In order to save time and money, statistician may study only a part of the
population called a sample.
Some Statistical Terms:
4. Sample – is a subgroup/ subset of the population.
A sample is a small part that serves as the representative of the population.
 To compute for the value of the sample size n relative to the population size N,
we have the Sloven’s formula:
N
n
2
1  Ne
where N is the population size
e is the margin of error
n is the sample size
Example: Find the samples size if the population size is 250 at 95%
accuracy.
Answer: 154
(The measures of the population are called “parameters”, while those of
the samples are called “estimates” or “statistics”.)
Classification of Data
Data can be classified qualitatively or quantitatively:
a) Qualitative Data – takes on the form of attributes or
characteristics
Ex. Color, Texture, Race, Status, Organizational affiliation,
etc
b) Quantitative data – in nature if they come as
measurements / numerical data.
Ex. Weight, Height, temperature, sales inventory, etc
 
Classification of Data
Qualitative data can be qualified as discrete or continuous.
Discrete quantitative data – are numerical responses that arise from a
counting process.
Examples: the number of members in a family, the number of subjects a college
students can enroll in one semester, or the number of tails in three tosses of a fair coin
Continuous quantitative data – are numerical responses that arise from a
measurement process.
Examples: height of a candidate in Bb. Pilipinas beauty pageant, weight of a
newly born baby, length of a table, room temperature, etc.
Levels of Measurements:
Nominal Scale: Categorical data
Ordinal Scale: Ranked data
Interval Scale: Measurement data
Ratio Scale
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
- measure of central tendency is synonymous with
the word “averaging”.
 
Mean – is the most common average.
Median – is the middle most data/ value.
Mode – is the most frequently occurring data.
Comparison of the Averages
In the case of the mean, the following are some of the observations that can be made:
The mean always exist in the distribution. This implies that for any set of data the mean can
always be computed.
The value of the mean in any distribution is unique. This implies that for any distribution, there
is only one possible value of the mean.
In the computation of the mean, it takes into consideration all the values in the distribution.
 In the case of the median, we have the following observations:
Like the mean, the median also exists in any distribution.
The value of the median is also unique.
This is a positional measure.
 For the third measure, the mode has the following observations:
It does not always exist.
If the mode exists, it is not always unique.
In determining the value of the mode, it does not take into account all the values in the
distribution.