ICTE 1043

Statistical Analysis with Software Application

Week 1
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Classify data and its sources.

2. Explain the various types of Sampling techniques.
Data

❑ Values associated with a variable

❑ The “data” to be analyzed

e.g. Insurance companies are interested in the mean health costs each year for
their clients, so that they can determine the costs of health insurance. The
variable in this example is the health costs of one client and the data are the
values associated with the variable such as 56, 85, 23, etc.
Types of Data

Data

Categorical Numerical
(Qualitative) (Quantitative)

Discrete Continuous
(integers) (takes any value)
Data Sources

Primary Secondary
Data Collection Data Compilation

Observation Survey Print or Electronic

Experimentation
Sampling Techniques
The process of selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (sample)
to gain information about the population is called sampling

When gathering data, you will not always have the luxury of collecting all available data. for example,
economists cannot measure the entire unemployment of the population, so they must take a random
sample instead. Likewise, in a manufacturing facility, quality control managers do not have the
resources to test every product that comes off the line; it is simply not feasible. instead, they take
samples at various points during the production process to test the quality of the products the firm
produces.
Sampling

 There are a number of methods employed in sampling data. It is important that

the sampling method fits the application.

Types of Sampling
Random Sampling (Probability) Non-Random Sampling (Non-Probability)
▪ Simple Random Sampling ▪ Convenience
▪ Stratified Sampling ▪ Purposive
▪ Cluster Sampling ▪ Snowball
▪ Systematic Sampling ▪ Consecutive
Random Sampling

 each member of a population initially has an equal chance of being selected for
the sample
Simple Random Sampling
❑ Every possible sample of a given size has
an equal chance of being selected
❑ The sample can be obtained using
✓ Lottery Method
✓ a table of random numbers
✓ computer random number generator

e.g. A guidance counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers and then picks
students whose names correspond to the numbers.
Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling
❑ Divide population into subgroups (called
strata) according to some common
characteristic
❑ Take a proportionate number of sample
from each subgroup using simple random
sampling
❑ Combine samples from subgroups into one

e.g. We could stratify (group) the college population by department and then choose a proportionate
simple random sample from each stratum (each department) to get a stratified random sample. Those
samples picked from the SABH department, picked from the SEAITE department and so on represent
the members who make up the stratified sample.
Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling
❑ Decide on sample size: n
❑ Randomly select a starting point
❑ Select every kth individual thereafter

e.g. Suppose you have to do a phone survey. Your phone book contains 20,000 residence listings. You
must choose 400 names for the sample. Number the population 1 - 20,000 and then use a simple
random sample to pick a number that represents the first name of the sample. Then choose every 50th
name thereafter until you have a total of 400 names (you might have to go back to your phone list)
Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling
❑ Divide population into several “clusters,”
each representative of the population
❑ Select a simple random sample of clusters
❑ The sample consists of all members from
selected cluster/s

e.g. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five different high tech companies.
Non-Random Sampling

Convenience Sampling
❑ Choose readily available members of the
population for your sample

e.g. A computer software store conducts a marketing study by interviewing potential customers who
happen to be in the store browsing through the available software.