POPULATION

SAMPLE A sample is a portion, or

part, of the population of
interest selected for
A population consists of all analysis.
members of the group about
which you want to draw a
conclusion.
 We want to know these.
We have these to work with.
Random
Selection

Sample

Population

Parameter Inference Statistic

Parameter refers
to the numerical
index describing a
μ x̅ Statistics
describes
characteristic of a (Population Mean) (Sample Mean) a characteristic
population of a sample.
➢ Sampling is the method of gathering information about a
population.
➢ The data gathered from sampling are processed and the
computed statistics is then used by statisticians to make
inferences about the population where the sample was taken.
➢ The use of sample is generally less costly and more practical.
➢ However, we cannot expect the sample to yield accurate
information about the population. We should expect a certain
amount of error from using the sample. This error is called
sampling error.
 UNLOCK CONCEPTS
RANDOM SAMPLES

- In sampling, the first task is to

identify and define precisely the
population of interest or the target
population.

- Then, we select a sample by an

appropriate method/procedure that
ensures the sample represents the
general traits or characteristics of
the large group.
 UNLOCK CONCEPTS

RANDOM SAMPLES

Criteria in choosing a random

sample:

All the members of the population

have an equal and independent
chance of being selected into the
sample.
 UNLOCK CONCEPTS

Sampling Frame is a list of

members of the population.

The sample size is usually pre-

determined by a formula or table.
For now, our concern is how to
choose a random sample based on a
pre-determined sample size.
 UNLOCK CONCEPTS
Sampling with replacement
means that once a person/object
in the population is selected to be
in the sample, that person/object is
placed back to be possibly selected
again.

Sampling without replacement

means that once a person/object,
that person/object will not be selected
again.
 Slovin’s Formula
𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
where:
n = sample size
N = population
e = margin of error (5%)
 Sampling
Random Sampling/ Probability Sampling
- is a process whose members had an equal
Random Non-Random chance of being selected from the population

Simple Convenience
Non-random Sampling/Non-probability Sampling
- is a sampling procedure where samples are selected in a
Purposive deliberate manner with little or no attention to
Systematic randomization
Quota
Stratified
Snowball
Cluster Voluntary
 ACTIVITY

Study your assigned Random

Sampling Technique. After 5
minutes, share to the class your
learning.

Simple Random Sampling

Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Random Sampling
 Each element of the A sampling interval is
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES population has an equal used. K = N/n
chance of being (Interval =
selected. Population/sample
size)

Grouping the elements in Studies of big population.

the population according Divide the population into
to shared characteristics. clusters and randomly select
Sampling Fraction = n/N a sample cluster of choice.
 Types of Random Sampling
A. Simple Random Sampling
Is a process of selecting n sample size in the
population until the desired number of subjects is
achieved. Everyone has an equal chance of being
selected.

For example, in an organization of 200

employees, if the HR team decides on
conducting team building activities, it is
highly likely that they would prefer picking chits
out of a bowl. In this case, each of the 200
employees has an equal opportunity of being
selected.
 Types of Random Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
Is a process of selecting 𝑘 𝑡ℎ element in the
population until the desired number of subjects
or respondents are attained.

For example, a researcher intends to collect a

systematic sample of 500 people in a population
of 5000. He/she numbers each element of the
population from 1–5000 and will choose every
10th individual to be a part of the sample
To get the interval:
Total population/ Sample Size
= 5000/500
= 10
 Types of Random Sampling
C. Stratified Sampling
Is a process of subdividing the population into
subgroups or strata and drawing members at
random from each subgroup or stratum.

For example, The company has 800 female employees and 200
male employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects
the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population
into two strata based on gender. Then you use random
sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men,
which gives you a representative sample of 100 people. (The
percentage you get from the female must be equal to the
percentage you get from the male.)
For this example, 10% from female, and 10% from male.
 Types of Random Sampling
D. Cluster Sampling
Is a process of selecting clusters from a
population which is very large or wide
geographical area.

For example, the company has offices in 10 cities

across the country all with roughly the same
number of employees in similar roles. You don’t
have the capacity to travel to every office to
collect your data, so you use random sampling to
select 3 offices — these are your clusters.
 TRY THIS!

A school principal wants to select 1. Select the first 100 Gr.11 SHS
students to arrive in school on a
at least 80 SHS students from a
Monday morning.
large private school to answer a
survey. There are 5 sections in 2. Select one section from Gr. 11 and
Grade 11 and 4 sections of Grade one section from Gr. 12 by drawing lots
and take all students in these two
12 with 40-45 students in each sections to compromise the sample.
section. Which of the following
procedures will generate a random 3. Selecting the top 80 Gr. 11 and 12
students based on academic
sample? Explain your answer. performance.
 TRY THIS!
A school principal wants to select
at least 80 SHS students from a
large private school to answer a
survey. There are 5 sections in
Grade 11 and 4 sections of Grade
12 with 40-45 students in each
section. Which of the following
procedures will generate a random
sample? Explain your answer.
4. Selecting 80 SHS students who
volunteer to answer the survey
questionnaire.
5. Based on a list of all SHS students
with a total of 405, select every 5th
student in the list with the starting
point selected by drawing lots among
the first five students in the list.
 Types of Non-random Sampling
A. Convenience Sampling
Is a simple procedure where samples are
selecting a group of individuals who
(conveniently) are available for study. .

For example, startups and NGOs usually conduct

convenience sampling at a mall to distribute
leaflets of upcoming events or promotion of a
cause — they do that by standing at the mall
entrance and giving out pamphlets randomly.
 Types of Non-random Sampling
B. Purposive /
Judgement Sampling
Is a technique when the researcher relies on
his/her personal/sound judgement in choosing to
participate in the study or the sample selected is
based on the opinion of the expert.

For example, when researchers want to

understand the thought process of people
interested in studying for their master’s degree.
The selection criteria will be: “Are you interested
in doing your masters in …?” and those who
responded with a “No” are excluded from the
sample.
 Types of Non-random Sampling
C. Quota Sampling
is a sampling methodology wherein data is
collected from a homogeneous group. It involves a
two-step process where two variables can be used
to filter information from the population. It can
easily be administered and helps in quick
comparison.
 Types of Non-random Sampling
C. Quota Sampling
For example, consider the situation where an interviewer has
to survey people about a cosmetic brand. His population is
people in a certain city between 35 and 45 years old. The
interviewer might decide they want two survey subgroups —
one male, and the other female — each with 100 people.
(These subgroups are mutually exclusive since people cannot
be male and female at the same time.) After choosing these
subgroups, the interviewer has the liberty to rely on his
convenience or judgment factors to find people for each subset.
For example, the interviewer could stand on the street and
interview people who look helpful until he has interviewed
100 men and 100 women. Or he can interview people at his
workplace who fit the subgroup criteria.
 Types of Non-random Sampling
D. Snowball Sampling
Is a technique in which one or more members of a
population are located and used to lead the
researchers to the other members of the
population.

You are researching experiences of homelessness

in your city. Since there is no list of all homeless
people in the city, probability sampling isn’t
possible. You meet one person who agrees to
participate in the research, and she puts you in
contact with other homeless people that she
knows in the area.
 Types of Non-random Sampling
E. Voluntary Sampling
Is a technique when samples are composed of
respondents who are self-select into the
study/survey. Most of the times samples have
strong interest in the topic or study.

For example, a news show asking their viewers to

participate in an on-line poll. The samples are
viewers who have chosen themselves and not the
survey administrator.