Objectives:

At the end of this

chapter, the student
should be able to:
1. Define “population” and “sample”;
2. Distinguish between finite and infinite population;
3. Differentiate the methods sampling;
4. Explain the different sampling techniques;
5. Differentiate the different sampling techniques;
6. Discuss the applications of the different sampling
techniques.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

CHAPTER
NINE
 SAMPLING

THEORY

Sampling Theory is a study of the

relationships existing between a
population and samples drawn from
the population. It is useful in
estimation of unknown population
parameters from a knowledge of
Modern Portfolio corresponding sample statistics.
Designed
Introduction
 III. Types of Sampling Techniques

A. Probability Sampling B. Non-Probability Sampling

-Simple Random - -Convenience
Systematic -Snowball
-Stratified -Purposive
-Cluster -Quota
Probability vs. Non-probability Sampling

Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you

to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group.
Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection
based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily
collect data.
A. Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population.

To conduct this type of sampling, you can use tools like random number generators or
other techniques that are based entirely on chance.

Example:

You want to select a simple random sample of 100 employees of Company X. You
assign a number to every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000, and use a
random number generator to select 100 numbers.
Systematic Sampling

Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct.
Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
Example:
All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you
randomly select a starting point: number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is
selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.
If you use this technique, it is important to make sure that there is no hidden pattern in the list that
might skew the sample. For example, if the HR database groups employees by team, and team
members are listed in order of seniority, there is a risk that your interval might skip over people in
junior roles, resulting in a sample that is skewed towards senior employees.
Stratified Sampling

Stratified Sampling is a method of sampling that involves dividing a population into smaller groups–called strata.
The groups or strata are organized based on the shared characteristics or attributes of the members in the group. The
process of classifying the population into groups is called stratification.

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you
draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample.

To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic
(e.g. gender, age range, income bracket, job role).

Based on the overall proportions of the population, you calculate how many people should be sampled from each
subgroup. Then you use random or systematic sampling to select a sample from each subgroup.

Example:

The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects the
gender balance of the company, so you sort the population into two strata based on gender. Then you use random
sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a representative sample of 100 people.
Cluster Sampling

Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to
the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.

If it is practically possible, you might include every individual from each sampled cluster. If the clusters themselves are large,
you can also sample individuals from within each cluster using one of the techniques above. This is called multistage sampling.

This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed populations, but there is more risk of error in the sample, as there
could be substantial differences between clusters. It’s difficult to guarantee that the sampled clusters are really representative of
the whole population.

Example:

The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You
don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to collect your data, so you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are
your clusters.
B. Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling

A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the
researcher.

This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if the sample
is representative of the population, so it can’t produce generalizable results.

Example:

You are researching opinions about student support services in your university, so after each of
your classes, you ask your fellow students to complete a survey on the topic. This is a convenient
way to gather data, but as you only surveyed students taking the same classes as you at the same
level, the sample is not representative of all the students at your university.
Purposive Sampling

This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their
expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
It is often used in qualitative research, where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge about
a specific phenomenon rather than make statistical inferences, or where the population is very small
and specific. An effective purposive sample must have clear criteria and rationale for inclusion.
Example:
You want to know more about the opinions and experiences of disabled students at your university,
so you purposefully select a number of students with different support needs in order to gather a
varied range of data on their experiences with student services.
 
Snowball Sampling

is defined as a non-probability

sampling technique in which
the samples have traits that are
rare to find. This is a sampling
technique, in which existing
subjects provide referrals to
recruit samples required for a
research study.
Quota Sampling

Quota sampling is a type of non-

probability sampling method. This
means that elements from the
population are chosen on a non-
random basis and all members of the
population do not have an equal
chance of being selected to be a part of
the sample group.
Sample Size

The sample size is a term used in market

research for defining the number of subjects
included in a sample size. By sample size,
we understand a group of subjects that are
selected from the general population and is
considered a representative of the real
population for that specific study.
4 Strategies for Determining Sample Size

1. Using a Census for Small Populations

2. Using a Sample Size of a Similar Study
3. Using Published Tables
4. Using Formulas to Calculate a Sample Size (I.E. Slovin’s
Formula)
Determining Sample Size using
Slovin’s Formula

- used in research, to calculate an appropriate sample size

from a population
- impossible to survey every member of a population because
of Cost, Money, effort and time.
N
n = -------------------
1+N
Sample using Slovin’s Formula
What sample population of 1, 000 students you Step 2: Plug your data into the formula
need to take survey about financial problem?
N
Step 1: Figure out Confidence Level and n = -------------------
Margin Error. 1+N
Example:
Confidence Level= 95% or 0.05 alpha level
1,000
Margin Error= 100% - 95% = 5% or 0.05 n = ---------------------------------
N=1,000 1 + (1,000) (0.05)²

n = 285.714 or 286 students

What is sampling distribution?

• Sampling distribution is a statistic that determines the

probability of an event based on data from a small group within
a large population. Its primary purpose is to establish
representative results of small samples of a comparatively
larger population. Since the population is too large to analyze,
the smaller group is selected and repeatedly sampled, or
analyzed.

• Using a sampling distribution simplifies the process of making

inferences, or conclusions, about large amounts of data.
What is Sampling Error?

The sampling error is the error caused by observing a sample

instead of the whole population. It arises from estimating a
population characteristic by looking at only one portion of the
population rather than the entire population, and refers to the
difference between the estimate derived from a sample survey
and the true value that would result if a census of the whole
population were taken under the same conditions. There is no
sampling error in a census because the calculations are based
on the entire population.
 Example:

• If the population mean is 50 and the sample mean is 48, the

difference between 50 and 48 which is 2 is the sampling
error.
Estimating the Sampling Error

As mentioned before, any estimates derived from samples are

subject to sampling error because only a part of the population
was observed. A different sample could have come up with
different estimates. Sampling error causes variability among
estimates derived from different samples when keeping the same
sample size and design, and the same estimation method used.
It’s measured commonly by the sampling variance, which
depends on many things, including the sampling method, the
estimation method, the sample size and the variability of the
estimated characteristic.
Properties of 01 Unbiased
Estimates

02 Consistent

03 Efficient

04 Sufficient
What is the t-distribution?
The t-distribution describes the standardized distances of sample
means to the population mean when the population standard
deviation is not known, and the observations come from a
normally distributed population.
What exactly is a confidence interval?

A confidence interval is the mean of your estimate plus and minus the variation in
that estimate. This is the range of values you expect your estimate to fall between if
you redo your test, within a certain level of confidence.
Confidence, in statistics, is another way to describe probability. For example, if you
construct a confidence interval with a 95% confidence level, you are confident that
95 out of 100 times the estimate will fall between the upper and lower values
specified by the confidence interval.
Your desired confidence level is usually one minus the alpha ( a ) value you used in
your statistical test:

Confidence level = 1 − a

So if you use an alpha value of p < 0.05 for statistical significance, then your
confidence level would be 1 − 0.05 = 0.95, or 95%.
 Example
• The average weight of 20 students in a certain school was found
to be 165 lbs with a standard deviation of 4.5. a.) Construct a
95% confidence interval for the population mean. B.)
Determine the EBM for the population mean.
THANK YOU
By: Donnie Marie Plaza
Francis Jane Narciso
References:
Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Israel, Glenn D. 1992. Sampling The Evidence Of Extension Program Impact. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development, IFAS, University of
Florida. PEOD-5. October.

Kish, Leslie. 1965. Survey Sampling. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Miaoulis, George, and R. D. Michener. 1976. An Introduction to Sampling. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

Smith, M. F. 1983. Sampling Considerations In Evaluating Cooperative Extension Programs. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin PE-1. Institute
of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida.

Sudman, Seymour. 1976. Applied Sampling. New York: Academic Press. Yamane, Taro. 1967. Statistics, An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York:
Harper and Row.

Published on September 19, 2019 by Shona McCombes. Revised on January 19, 2022.Sampling Methods | Types and Techniques Explained

Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/
References Cont’n:
Steven Nickolas. April 30, 2021. How Stratified Random Sampling Works

https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032615/what-are-some-examples-stratified-random-sampling.asp#:~:text=Stratified%20random%20sampling%20is
%20a,into%20groups%20is%20called%20stratification.

https://www.omniconvert.com/what-is/sample-size/

How to Calculate a Confidence Interval for a Population Mean When You Know Its Standard Deviation

Retrieved from https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/math/statistics/how-to-calculate-a-confidence-interval-for-a-population-mean-when-you-

know-its-standard-deviation-169722