Sampling Techniques

Probability and Non-Probability Sampling

 Sampling
It is the process of selecting and getting the
respondents of the study with the minimum cost
such that resulting observations will be
representative of the entire population.
  The first step leading to the process of collecting
quantitative data is to identify the people and places
you plan to study.

 This involves determining which group of people will

The Sample you study, who, specifically, these people are, and how
many of them you will need to involve.
 Identifying the representative group that will take part
in the study is an important aspect of the research that
you need to specify.
  description of the subjects, number, and grade level
(for students), naming school and its location, unless
with confidentiality conditions. Otherwise, only location,
type, and size of school are stated;

 number of classes, class size, and number of teachers

are indicated;

The Sample  how students and teachers are selected (sampling

procedure) is described.

 After data collection, put actual sample: sample size,

distribution of subjects by sex and average age.
 If applicable, describe relevant characteristics of
teachers like sex, teaching experience, educational
attainment, and related training.
  It is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the
population size (N) and the margin of error (e). The result
will be the number of samples you need to take.
 The method of determining the sample size from a
population size is best illustrated using the formula given
below:

Slovin’s Formula 𝒏=
𝑵
(𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐 )
Where: n is sample size

N is the population size

e is the margin of error (value not higher than 0.05)

  A researcher would like to determine the interpersonal
relations of the administrators, staff, students in the
different SUCs in Region I as assesses by the students.
There are five SUCs in Region I. Let us consider the
hypothetical data on the number of students in the
SUCs. Let us determine the sample size to be used in
the study.

Illustration SUCs Population (N) Sample (n)

MMSU 12,000

DMMMSU 13,000
UNP 11,000
PSU 10,000
ISPSC 5,000
Total 51,000
 𝑵
 𝒏 = (𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐)

𝟓𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎
 𝒏 = [𝟏+(𝟓𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎.𝟎𝟓)𝟐]
𝟓𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎
 𝒏= 𝟏𝟐𝟖.𝟓

 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟗𝟔. 𝟖𝟗 ≈ 𝟑𝟗𝟕
SUCs Population (N) Sample (n)
Illustration MMSU 12,000 93

DMMMSU 13,000 101

UNP 11,000 86
PSU 10,000 78
ISPSC 5,000 39
Total 51,000 397
  It refers to a sampling technique in which samples are
obtained using some objective chance mechanism, thus
involving randomization. They require the use of a
1. Probability sampling frame (a list/map of all the sampling units in the
Sampling population).
 The probabilities of selection are known.
 Probability Sampling
There are commonly used probability sampling
techniques which are the simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster
sampling and multi-stage sampling.
  It is the basic probability sampling design, in which the
sample is selected by a process that does not only give
each element in the population a chance of being
Simple Random included in the sample but also makes the selection of
every possible combination of the desired number of
Sampling cases equally likely. The sample is selected in two ways:
by means of table of random numbers or using the
lottery technique.
Simple Random
Sampling
  It is affected by drawing units at regular intervals from a
list. The starting point or the first units to be taken is a
random choice. It differs from one simple random
sampling where each member of the population is not
Systematic chosen independently. The population list in the
systematic sampling must be in random order.
Random  The sample consists of an element selected randomly
Sampling from the first 𝑘 =
𝑁
𝑛
elments and every 𝑘 𝑡ℎ subsequent
elements. K is called the sampling interval.
Systematic
Random
Sampling
  It is selecting sub-samples proportionate in size to the
significant characteristics of the total population.
Different strata in the population are defined and each
member of the stratum is listed. Simple random
sampling is applied in each stratum. The number of
units drawn from each stratum depends on the ratio of
Stratified Random the desired sample in the population (n/N).

Sampling
 Stratified sampling assures the researcher that his/her
sample will be representative of the population in terms
of certain critical factors that have been used as the
basis for stratification. It also assures adequate cases for
sub-group analysis.
Stratified Random
Sampling
  It is a technique in which the unit of sampling is not the
individual but the naturally occurring group of
individuals. The technique is used when it is more
convenient to select individuals from a defined
population. It considers a universe divided into N
Cluster Sampling mutually exclusive sub-groups called clusters. A
random sample of n clusters is selected and their
elements are completely enumerated.

 The sample clusters may be chosen using random

sampling or systematic sampling.
Cluster Sampling
  It refers to the procedure as in cluster sampling which
moves through a series of stages from one inclusive to
the less inclusive sampling units until arriving at the
population elements that constitute the desired
sampling.
Multi-stage  In multi-stage sampling the selection of the sample is
Sampling done in two or more steps. The population is first
divided into first stage units from which a sample is
drawn. For further stages, the population is divided into
a hierarchy of sampling units corresponding to the
different sampling stages.
Multi-stage
Sampling
  This is a technique when there is no way of estimating the
2. Non- probability that each element has of being included in the
Probability sample and no assurance that every element has a chance
of being included.
Sampling
  It is one which the investigator simply reaches out and
takes the cases that are at hand, continuing the process
Incidental until the sample reaches a designated size. This is also
/Convenience known as “the man on the street” interviews conducted
frequently by television news program to get quick
Sampling reading of public opinion. Samples are usually those
who simply volunteer for the study or obtained samples
that are accessible to the researchers.
 Incidental
/Convenience
Sampling
  It is used when practical considerations prevent the use
of probability sampling. In purposive sampling, you
sample with a purpose in mind. Usually you seek with
Purposive one or more specific predefined groups. One of the first
sampling or things they do is to verify that the respondent meets the
criteria for being in the sample.
Judgement
 It is a technique usually based on certain criteria set by
Sampling the researcher. This is particularly important in making
decisions in case of incomplete observations.
 Purposive
sampling or
Judgement
Sampling
  It is very simple and quick technique of choosing a
sample based on the preference of the researcher. In
this technique, there is no predetermined plan of
operation.
Quota Sampling  Two types of quota sampling: proportional & non-
proportional.
Quota Sampling
 PROPORTIONAL QUOTA SAMPLING
 You want to represent the major characteristics of the
population by sampling a proportion amount of each.
 Example: if you know the population has 70% women
and 30% men, and you want a total sample size of 100,
you will continue sampling until you get those
Two types of percentages and then you will stop

quota sampling NON-PROPORTIONAL QUOTA SAMPLING

 It is a bit less restrictive. In this technique, you specify the
minimum number of sampled units you want in each
category. You will not be concerned with having numbers
that match the proportions in the population, instead, you
simply want to have enough to assure that you will be able
to talk about even small groups in the population. It is
usually used to assure that smaller groups are adequately
represented in your sample.
  It is a recruitment technique in which research
Snowball participants are asked to assist researchers in
sampling identifying other potential subjects.
Snowball
Sampling