Sampling

DR. REENA NUPUR

Data Collection
 Precision
Cost
ADVANTAGES
Limitation
SAMPLING PROCESS
Sampling frame
In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn.
 It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals,
households or institution
Types of Sampling
Simple Random sample (SRS)
 LOTTERY

SRS
RANDOM
NUMBER
GENERATR

As the lottery method cannot be used when the population is

infinite, the alternative method is using of table of random numbers.
Simple random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
 Stratified Random Sample
 Population is divided into non-overlapping subpopulations called
strata
 A random sample is selected from each stratum
 Potential for reducing sampling error
 Proportionate -- the percentage of thee sample taken from each
stratum is proportionate to the percentage that each stratum is
within the population
 Disproportionate -- proportions of the strata within the sample are
different than the proportions of the strata within the population
Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sample
Every kth member ( for example: every 10th person) is selected from a list of all population
members.

Math
Alliance
Project
Systematic Sampling: Example
Purchase orders for the previous fiscal year are
serialized 1 to 10,000 (N = 10,000).
A sample of fifty (n = 50) purchases orders is needed
for an audit.
k = 10,000/50 = 200
First sample element randomly selected from the first
200 purchase orders. Assume the 45th purchase order
was selected.
Subsequent sample elements: 245, 445, 645, . . .
Systematic Sampling: Example
Purchase orders for the previous fiscal year are
serialized 1 to 10,000 (N = 10,000).
A sample of fifty (n = 50) purchases orders is needed
for an audit.
k = 10,000/50 = 200
First sample element randomly selected from the first
200 purchase orders. Assume the 45th purchase order
was selected.
Subsequent sample elements: 245, 445, 645, . . .
Multi-stage Sampling
Cluster Sample
The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like families. A simple random sample is
taken of the subgroups and then all members of the cluster selected are surveyed.
 Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 4
Cluster Sampling
Population is divided into nonoverlapping clusters or areas
Each cluster is a miniature of the population.
A subset of the clusters is selected randomly for the sample.
If the number of elements in the subset of clusters is larger than the desired value of n, these
clusters may be subdivided to form a new set of clusters and subjected to a random selection
process.
Cluster Sampling
Advantages
• More convenient for geographically dispersed populations
• Reduced travel costs to contact sample elements
• Simplified administration of the survey
• Unavailability of sampling frame prohibits using other
random sampling methods
Disadvantages
• Statistically less efficient when the cluster elements are
similar
• Costs and problems of statistical analysis are greater than
for simple random sampling
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Nonrandom Sampling
Convenience Sampling: sample elements are
selected for the convenience of the researcher
Judgment Sampling: sample elements are
selected by the judgment of the researcher
Quota Sampling: sample elements are selected
until the quota controls are satisfied
Snowball Sampling: survey subjects are selected
based on referral from other survey respondents
Convenience Sample
Selection of whichever individuals are easiest to reach
It is done at the “convenience” of the researcher
Judgement Sampling
Judgement Sampling
Judgement sampling
Judgment sampling can also be referred to as purposive sampling. 
the researcher selects units to be sampled based on his own existing knowledge, or his
professional judgment.
Example
For example, imagine a group of researchers that is interested in what it takes for American
youths to graduate from high school by age 14, instead of the typical graduation age of 18 years
old. 
It would not serve the researchers any benefit to use a random sample that includes a
significant amount of youths that are on track to graduate at the traditional age of 18 years old. 
Instead, the researchers should focus only on the members of the population that fit the criteria
and interests of their study — in this case, youths that have skipped one or several grades and
are on track to graduate at age 14. 
In this case, judgment sampling is the only viable option for obtaining information from a very
specific group of people. 
Quota Sampling
Quota sampling
In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as
in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment
based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females
and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. This means that individuals can put a demand on
who they want to sample (targeting).
Quota sampling
Quota sampling is useful when
time is limited,
a sampling frame is not available,
the research budget is very tight or
detailed accuracy is not important.
Subsets are chosen and then either convenience or judgment sampling is used to choose people
from each subset. The researcher decides how many of each category are selected.
Errors
Data from nonrandom samples are not appropriate for analysis by inferential
statistical methods.
Sampling Error occurs when the sample is not representative of the
population
Nonsampling Errors
• Missing Data, Recording, Data Entry, and Analysis Errors
• Poorly conceived concepts , unclear definitions, and defective questionnaires
• Response errors occur when people so not know, will not say, or overstate in their
answers
Errors in Sampling
Non-Observation Errors
◦ Sampling error: naturally occurs
◦ Coverage error: people sampled do not match the population of interest
◦ Underrepresentation
◦ Non-response: won’t or can’t participate
Errors of Observation
Interview error- interaction between interviewer and person being surveyed
Respondent error: respondents have difficult time answering the question
Measurement error: inaccurate responses when person doesn’t understand question or poorly
worded question
Errors in data collection