11.

POPULASI,SAMPLING

ASP FEB UNPAD - 2023

 UNIT OF ANALYSIS

UA –are those units we use to describe in order

to create summary descriptions of all such units
& explain differences among them

Unit Analisis adalah satuan yang diteliti yang

berkaitan dengan benda, individu, kelompok,
sebagai subjek penelitian
 UNIT OF ANALYSIS
1. INDIVIDUALS

2. GROUPS

3. ORGANIZATIONS

4. GEOGRAFIC/CULTURES

5. DYAD
CONTOH UNIT ANALYSIS

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SAMPLE VS POPULATION

Sample
Population
 POPULATION DEFINITION

A population can be defined as including all

people or items with the characteristic one
wishes to understand.

Because there is very rarely enough time or

money to gather information from everyone or
everything in a population, the goal becomes
finding a representative sample (or subset) of
that population.

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 WHY SAMPLING?

Get information about large populations

• Less costs
• Less field time
• More accurate
• When it’s impossible to study the whole
population
 Representativeness Of
Samples

Normality distribution: sample berdistribusi normal

Uji Normalitas dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara:
- Visual, dengan menggunakan Histogram atau Normal P-Plot
- Tes statistic: Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Uji Shapiro Wilk.
 SAMPLING PROCESS

The sampling process comprises several stages:

o Defining the population of concern

o Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or events possible to measure

o Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame

o Determining the sample size

o Implementing the sampling plan

o Sampling and data collecting

o Reviewing the sampling process

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Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the investigator
wants to generalize his results

Element:
A single member of population
smallest unit from which sample can be selected
List of all the sampling units from which sample is drawn

Sampling scheme:
Method of selecting sampling units from sampling frame
Contoh:

Target Population:
Sampling Method:
Sample:
 Types of Sampling

PROBABILITY VS NON-PROBABILITY

A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit

in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of
being selected in the sample, and this probability can be
accurately determined.
 Non Probability Samples

Probability of being chosen is unknown

Cheaper- but unable to generalize potential for bias

 Classification of Sampling Methods
Sampling
Methods

Non-
probability

Probabi
lity Convenience
Snowball
Samples

Systematic Stratified

Simple
Cluster Purposive Quota
Random
METHODS USED IN PROBABILITY SAMPLES

⮚Simple random sampling/Unrestricted

⮚Restricted:
⮚Systematic sampling
⮚Cluster sampling
⮚Stratified sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLES

Random sampling
Each subject has a known probability of being
selected

Allows application of statistical sampling theory to

results to:
Generalize
Test hypotheses
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling

Cases are identified strictly on the basis of chance

o Random number table to select from sampling
frame
o Others
Simple random sampling
TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS

684257954125632140
582032154785962024
362333254789120325
985263017424503686
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Systematic Random Sampling

First case selected randomly from list, subsequent

cases are selected at equal intervals.
An initial starting point is selected by a random
process, and then every nth number on the list is
selected
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

As described above, systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all

elements have the same probability of selection (in the example given,
one in ten). It is not 'simple random sampling' because different
subsets of the same size have different selection probabilities - e.g.
the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a one-in-ten probability of selection, but
the set {4,13,24,34,...} has zero probability of selection.

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 CLUSTER SAMPLING

a group of sampling units close to each

other i.e. crowding together in the same area or neighborhood
■ Cluster Sampling

■Frequently used when no list of population

available or because of cost
■Ask:is the cluster as heterogeneous as the
population? Can we assume it is
representative?
 STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Where population embraces a number of distinct categories, the

frame can be organized into separate "strata." Each stratum is then
sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual
elements can be randomly selected.
Every unit in a stratum has same chance of being selected.
Using same sampling fraction for all strata ensures proportionate
representation in the sample.
Adequate representation of minority subgroups of interest can be
ensured by stratification & varying sampling fraction between strata
as required.

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■ Stratified Sampling
■ Sub-samples are randomly drawn from
samples within different strata that are
more or less equal on some characteristic
■ Why?
■Can reduce random error
■More accurately reflect the
population by more proportional
representation
STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Draw a sample from each stratum

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Stratified Random Sampling

■Proportionate Stratified Sampling

Ensuring that population proportions are reflected in proportions of each stratum
of sample.
□Population: 4% black, 25% Latino, 27% Asian, 44% white
□Sample of 1,000: 40 black, 250 Latino, 270 Asian, 440 white

■Disproportionate Stratified Sampling

Population proportions are NOT reflected in proportions of each stratum of
sample.
□Population: 4% black, 25% Latino, 27% Asian, 44% white
□Sample of 1,000: 250 black, 250 Latino, 250 Asian, 250 white
□Idea is to get a lot of cases in each stratum
□When combining all cases into one sample, use weighted averages
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLES

⮚Convenience samples (ease of access)

⮚Snowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)
⮚Purposive sampling (judgemental)
You chose who you think should be in the study:
?Judgement sampling
?Quota sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Methods
■ Convenience Sample
■ The sampling procedure used to obtain
those units or people most conveniently
available
■ Why: speed and cost
■ External validity?
■ Internal validity
■ Is it ever justified?
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

? Use results that are easy to get

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Purposive Sampling
■ The sampling procedure in which an experienced
research selects the sample based on some
appropriate characteristic of sample members… to
serve a purpose
Purposive Sampling

Targets select people for a sample because of their

unique position
□Helps get understanding of systems or processes or
information on a target population
□Not representative of population in general
 QUOTA SAMPLING

The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just

as in stratified sampling.
Then judgment used to select subjects or units from each segment based
on a specified proportion.

For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300
males between the age of 45 and 60.
It is this second step which makes the technique one of non-probability
sampling.
In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random.

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■ Snowball sampling
■ The sampling procedure in which the initial
respondents are chosen by probability or non-
probability methods, and then additional
respondents are obtained by information
provided by the initial respondents
Snowball Sampling
Respondent-driven sampling, initial respondents refer others to
the researcher
□Usually used with hard-to-discover populations
□Bias introduced by structured nature of affiliation
□Can be improved with incentives to subjects to recruit a
certain number of new respondents

.
 CONCLUSIONS

Probability samples are the best

Ensure:
?Representativeness
?Precision
SAMPLE SIZE
SAMPLE SIZE
 SAMPLE SIZE

Slovin

Nilai presisi 95%, atau sig 5%

Populasi = 125
Maka jumlah sampel minimum =

125 / [125 (5%)2 + 1] = 95,23

 SAMPLE SIZE

Contoh lain, mencari sampel minimal untuk suatu penelitian mencari

faktor determinan kinerja bumdes.
Untuk mendapatkan nilai p, kita harus melihat dari penelitian yang
telah ada atau literatur.
Dari hasil hasil penelitian di suatu daerah proporsi bumdes yang baik
sekitar 17,2 %, maka p = 0,172 dan nilai q = 1 – p.
Jika limit dari error (d) ditetapkan 0,05 dan nilai Alfa = 0,05,
maka jumlah sampel yang dibutuhkan sebesar: