UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
Mathematics Department
XAVIER UNIVERSITY-ATENEO DE CAGAYAN
What is Statistics?
What is Statistics?
Statistics is a branch of Science
that deals with the collection,
organization, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data.
Two Major Areas in Statistical
Analysis
Descriptive
Statistics
Inferential
Statistics
#1. Descriptive Statistics – comprise those
methods concerned with organizing, presenting,
summarizing, and analyzing a set of data without
drawing conclusions or inferences about a
population.
Ex. Tabular and Graphical Presentation; Numerical Description
Spelling Scores Statistics
Number of
Strand Students Mean 38.3
Median 43
STEM 8 Mode 50
HUMMS 4 Range 35
GAS 2 Minimum 15
Maximum 50
ABM 6 Sum 383
Total 20 Count 50
Examples of Common Research
Questions that will require
Descriptive Statistics
1. What are the examination scores of the
students in Statistics?
2. What is the distribution of SHS teachers
in terms of length of service?
3. What are the subjects offered in the
senior high school?
4. How many students failed in a Calculus
class?
#2. Inferential Statistics – comprise those
methods concerned with the analysis of
sample data leading to predictions or
inferences about the population.
Ex. Point and Interval Estimation, Prediction, Hypothesis Testing
Examples of Common Research
Questions that will require
Inferential Statistics
1. Is there a significant difference in the
mean scores between pre-test and post-
test in Calculus?
2. Is there a significant linear relationship
between exam scores and length of time
spent in studying?
3. Is there a significant association between
gender and the choice of favorite subject?
Definition of terms
■ Population – a collection of
all units from which the data
are to be collected
■ Sample – a part or subset of
the population
Parameter – a numerical
characteristic of the population
Statistic – a numerical
characteristic of the sample
Classifications of data
1. Qualitative Data – are data for which no numerical
measure exists
- These are usually expressed in categories or kind.
- Ex. Car color, brand of laptop, gender of students
2. Quantitative Data - are data that can be expressed in
numbers.
Types of Quantitative Data:
i. Discrete Quantitative Data – can be counted; thus can
assume value which is a whole number
Ex. Number of students
ii. Continuous Quantitative Data – can be measured using
some units of measurements which may take some decimal
numbers
Ex. Weight and length
Levels of Measurements
1. Nominal - consists of
named categories but no
implied ranking of
categories
(Ex. Brand of alcohol)
2. Ordinal – the categories of
a variable can be ranked
(Ex. Level of agreement: strongly agree,
agree, neutral, disagree, strongly
disagree)
3. Interval – contains the
property of identity, order, and
equality of scale but does not
possess the absolute zero
property (Ex. Temperature)
4. Ratio - contains the
property of identity, order,
equality of scale and the
absolute zero property
(Ex. Weight and length)
Sampling Techniques
1. non-probability sampling – not all elements in
the population are given the chance of being
included in the sample
Example: Convenience, purposive, quota and snowball
sampling
2. Probability sampling – every element in the
population is given a (known non-zero) chance of
being included in the sample.
Probability Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling – the process of selecting a
sample of size n, giving each sampling unit an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
2. Systematic Sampling – a method of selecting a sample by
taking every kth unit from an ordered population, the first
unit being selected at random.
3. Stratified Sampling – the population is divided or
stratified into more or less homogenous subpopulations
(stratum) before sampling is done.
4. Cluster Sampling – When natural groupings are evident in
the population, these groupings are called clusters, may
be randomly selected and all elements (or subselection)
from each selected cluster can be included in the sample.
