Random sampling

Sampling
method Interference

Types of Random Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster or Area Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling

 Every element of the population has the same chance of being selected for
inclusion in the sample
2. Systematic Random Sampling
 A list of elements of the population is used as a sampling frame and the
elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by skipping
through the list at regular

3. Stratified Random Sampling

 The population is first divided into strata and then samples are randomly
selected separately from each stratum.

4. Cluster or Area Sampling

 The entire population is broken into small groups, or clusters, and then,
some of the clusters are randomly selected.
 Parameter and Statistics
Parameter
 A measure that describe a population.
 It is usually denoted by Greek letters.

Statistics
 A statistics is a measure that describes a sample.
 It is usually denoted by Roman letters

Test of Hypothesis
Hypothesis
 Null was defined as having no value or amounting to nothing
 In statistics, a hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a
population parameter which may or may not be true.
 In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any
applicable research has been done

Null hypothesis
 Is a statement denoted by H that states that there is no difference, no
changes, nothing happened, no relationship, between a parameter and a
specific value or the independent variable has no effect on the dependent
variable
 In symbol it is written using the format below

H0 : µ = 100
Null
Value of the
hypothesis
population
Population Equality
parameter symbol

Alternative hypothesis
 Is a statement denoted by H1, is a statement that statement that states that
there is a difference, an effect, change, relationship between a parameter
 and the specific value, the independent variable has an effect on the
dependent variable, or something happened.

 An alternative hypothesis is a statement that directly contradicts a null

hypothesis by stating that the actual value of a population parameter is a
less than, greater than, or not equal to the value stated in the null
hypothesis

 In symbol, it is written as:

H1 : µ = 100

H1: µ < 100 or H1: µ > 100

The alternative hypothesis also determine the type of hypothesis testing

will be conducted

 One-tailed test will be used when using > or <.

 Two-tailed test will be used when ≠ is used

 Below are the common the phrases used in hypothesis testing that will
guide you the correct symbol to be used in formulation alternative
hypothesis:

Greater than Less than Not equal equal

Above Below Different from The same as
Higher than Lower than Changed from Not changed
from
Longer than Smaller than

Level of significance

 Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant

 Level of significance, or significance level, refers to a criterion of

judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a
null hypothesis. Its value is between 0 to 100 or between 0% to 100%
  The level of significance, denoted by the Greek letter alpha, is a
probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. In public health research,
alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social science, alpha is usually 0.05 or 5%
and 0.10 or 10% in other studies. This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or
10% probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. Further, it implies that
the result has 99%, 95%, 90% chance of being true, respectively.

Critical region

 Also known as rejection region, is a range of value that corresponds to the

rejection of the null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistics is not
rejected. Otherwise, the null hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based
on the alternative hypothesis.

 Critical values of the tests of hypothesis are the numbers that determine
the rejection region. Thus , critical region might be a single or an interval

 For one tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side
of the acceptance region

 For one tailed- test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right of
the acceptance region

 For two-tailed test ≠, the critical region is both at the edt and right sides of
the acceptance region.

Types of errors in hypothesis testing

 Type 1 error
 Committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis.
 The probability of committing it is denoted by α or the level of
significance

 Type II error
 Committed when accepting a false null hypothesis.
 The probability of committing it is denoted by β.

Commonly used levels of significance and its corresponding critical values

Level of Significance Test types

 One-tailed Two-tailed
0.05 -1.645 or 1.645 = .1.96
0.01 ‘2.33 or ‘2.33 = 2.58
0.001 -3.09 or – 3.098 3.30

Example:

 Given: The mean number of years a teacher work before retiring is 30

Type I error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work
before retiring is not 30 years, when it is really is 30 years.

Type II error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work
before retiring is 30 years, when in fact it really is not 30 years.