COR 006

Statistics and Probability Reviewer

4th Achievement Test, 2nd Semester

MODULE #16

HYPOTHESIS is simply a
statement that something is
true. It is a tentative
explanation, a claim, oran
assertion about people, objects
or events.
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS is
any assumption or assertion
made on the distribution of a
population,which is either true
or false.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING is a
statistical procedure in
determining which hypothesis
is more acceptableas true or
which hypothesis is more likely
to be false.
Types of Hypothesis Fact
1.NULL HYPOTHESIS (HO).
Decision Ho is true Ho is false
This expresses the idea of no
existence of relationship or Do not reject Ho Correct decision Type II error (also known as
difference between the variable beta error)
under study. This is usually
designated by a not or no term. Reject Ho Type I error (also known as Correct Decision
alpha error)
TYPE I ERROR. Rejecting the
null hypothesis when in fact
the null hypothesis is true.
TYPE II ERROR. Failure in
rejecting the null hypothesis
when in fact the null
hypothesis is false.
A ONE TAILED TEST is a test
hypothesis test for which the
rejection region lies at only one
tail of the distribution. One
tailed test is classified as a left-
tailed test or right-tailed test. If
the population mean (𝜇) is less
than the specified value of 𝜇𝑜,
then it is left-tailed test for
which the alternative
hypothesis can be expressed as
𝜇 < 𝜇0. It is a right-tailed test if
the population mean (𝜇) is
greater than the specified value
of 𝜇𝑜 for which the alternative
hypothesis can be expressed as
𝜇 > 𝜇0.
A TWO-TAILED TEST is used
when the alternative
hypothesis is non-directional
which means that the values of
who measures of the same kind
are not equal. A two-tailed tests
has a not equal sign (G) in the
alternative hypothesis. When
the population mean (𝜇) is not
equal to specified value of 𝜇𝑜,
then the alternative hypothesis
can be expressed as 𝜇 G 𝜇0. A
two-tailed test uses a
hypothesis test for which the
rejection region lies on both end
tails of distribution
MODULE #17
1.Formulate the null and
alternative hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis: It shows no
significant difference between
two parameters. It is denoted
by𝐻𝑜.
Alternative Hypothesis:
contrary to the null hypothesis,
which shows that observations
are the result of a real effect. It
is denoted by 𝐻𝑎
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed
Test
When the alternative
hypothesis is two-sided like
𝐻𝑎:𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑝, it is called two-tailed
test.
When the given statistics
hypothesis assumes a less
than or greater than value, it is
called one-tailed test.

2.Identify the level of
significance (𝛼) and the
appropriate test statistic.
Level of Significance
The level of significance
denoted by alpha or 𝛼 refers to
the degree of significance in
which we accept or reject the
null hypothesis.
100% accuracy is not possible
in accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis.
The significance level α is also
the probability of making the
wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.  The most
common levels of significance
used are 0.01. 0.05 and 0.10.
3. Types of Test-Statistic
A z-test is used for testing the
mean of a population versus a
standard, or comparing the
means of two populations, with
large (𝑛 ≥ 30) samples whether
you know the population
standard deviation or not. It is
also used for testing the
proportion of some
characteristic versus a
standard proportion, or
comparing the proportions of
two populations
Example: Comparing the
average teaching salaries of
men versus women.
A t-test is used for testing the
mean of one population against
a standard or comparing the
means of two populations if you
do not know the populations’
standard deviation and when
you have a limited sample (𝑛 <
30). If you know the
populations’ standard
deviation, you may use a z-test
Example: Measuring the
average salaries of professors
from a certain university when
you have a small sample.
An F-test is used to compare 2
or more populations’ variances.
The samples can be any size. It
is the basis of ANOVA. It is also
used in comparing the means of
two or more independent
groups and in looking at the
interaction effect between the
variables being analyzed
Example: Comparing the
variability of score from three
sections of students
 4.Determine the critical
value/tabular value for the test.
Obtained the value from tables
using the value of for one-
tailed test and /2 for two
tailed test.
Illustration of the Rejection
Region
 The rejection region (or
critical region) is the set of all
values of the test statistic that
causes us to reject the null
hypothesis.
 The non-rejection region
(or acceptance region) is the set
of all values of the test statistic
that causes us to fail to reject
the null hypothesis.
 The critical value is a
point (boundary) on the test
distribution that is compared to
the test statistic to determine if
the null hypothesis would be
rejected.
5. Decide whether to accept
or reject the null hypothesis.
The null hypothesis is accepted
when the absolute value of the
computed value of z or t is less
than the absolute value of the
critical value, otherwise reject
the null hypothesis.
6. sate the conclusion
Present your
findings/conclusions and site
some sources to support your
findings/conclusions.
MODULE #18
TEST STATISTIC is a numerical
measure that is used to
determine whether to reject or
fail to reject𝐻𝑜.
When the population standard
deviation (𝜎) is known and
sample size n≥ 30, the test
statistics to be used in
performing test of hypothesis
for the mean is given by
Where X is the sample mean,
µ is the population mean,
𝜎 is the population standard
deviation
n is the sample size
Example:
A grade 11 researcher reported
that the average allowance of
Senior High School students
was P100. A sample of 40
students has a mean allowance
of P120. At 𝛼 = 0.01 test, it was
the claimed that the students
had allowance of more than
P100. The standard deviation
of the population P50.
Here, the sample size (n) is 40
and the population standard
deviation (𝜎 = 50) is known,
then the appropriate test
statistics to be used is z-test.
When the sample standard
deviation (s) is known,
population standard deviation
(𝜎),is unknown and sample size
n < 30, the test statistics to be
used in performing test of
hypothesis for the mean is
given by
Where 𝑥 is the sample mean,
µ is the population mean,
𝑠 is the sample standard
deviation
n is the sample size
Example:
An English teacher wanted to
test whether the mean reading
speed of students is 550 words
per minute. A sample of 12
students revealed a sample
mean of 540 words per minute
with a standard deviation of 5
words per minute. At 0.05
significance level, is the reading
speed different from 550 words
per minute?
Here,the sample size (n) is 12
which is less than 30 and
sample standard deviation (5
words per minute) was given.
Therefore, the appropriate test
is t-test.
Central Limit Theore is to be
used if the population variance
is known or unknown and the
sample size is n≥ 30 or
considered sufficiently large.
The test statistic to be used in
performing test of hypothesis
for the mean is
Where 𝑥 is the sample mean,
µ is the population mean,
𝑠 is the sample standard
deviation
n is the sample size
Example:
A study was conducted to look
at the average time student
exercise. A researcher claimed
that in average, students
exercise less than 15 hours per
month. In a random sample
size n=115, it was found that
the mean time students
exercise is 11.3 hours per
month with s = 6.43 hours per
month.
Since n=115, the sample size
is large and variance is
unknown. Hence, z-test is the
appropriate tool. (Central Limit
Theorem)

MODULE #19

Critical Value of Z

Test Type 0.10

One-tailed 1.28

Two-tailed 1.645
Example:
There is no significant
relationship between the
attitude of students towards
their subjectsand their
performance rating at the end
of the semester.
2.ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
(HA). This is the opposite of the
null hypothesis. It states
theexistence of relationship or
difference.
Example:
There is a significant
relationship between the
attitude of students towards
their subjects and their
performance rating at the end
of the semester.