STATISTICS

1. A researcher is interested in finding out whether or not the admission examination being used by
Company X is significantly correlated with the productivity of the employees. The results of the
admission examinations were correlated with the performance ratings of the 100 employees for one
calendar year. The result was a coefficient +.25. Analyze and interpret the result.

Since the results of the admission examinations were correlated with the performance ratings of the 100
employees for one calendar year, and the coefficient equals to +.25, which is a positive value indicating that
there is a positive correlation exists between the results of the admission examinations and the performance
ratings of the employees. A positive correlation means that high values in one variable are associated with high
values in the other variable and low values in one variable are also associated with low values in the other
variable.

In this case, the coefficient is +.25, a positive value, which indicates that high grades of the employees obtained
in the admission examination usually associated with higher productivity of the employees, meaning if the
employee can perform well in the examination, he can also exert a high productivity during his work, and vice
versa.

Aside from that, the value of correlation coefficient range from -1 to +1. The closer to -1, the stronger the
negative linear relationship. The closer to 1, the stronger the positive linear relationship. The closer to 0, the
weaker the linear relationship. And there is a rule of thumb for assessing the degree of relationship between two
variables.

The criteria are:

0.00-0.29: little or weak positive(negative) correlation;
0.30-0.49: low positive (negative) correlation;
0.50-0.69: moderate positive (negative) correlation;
0.70-0.89: high positive (negative) correlation;
0.90-1.00: very high or strong positive (negative) correlation.

According to the criteria, the coefficient of +0.25 shows although there is a negative correlation between the
admission examination and the productivity of the employee, the correlation between them is at a strong level.
Instead of that they are only weakly correlated with each other in a positive manner.
In conclusion, the results of a coefficient of +0.25 shows that there is a weak positive correlation between the
employees' performance in the admission examination and their productivities at work. In other words, if the
employees perform well in the admission examination, they will, to some extent but not strongly, exert high
productivity at work.

2. Choose only three (3), then compare and contrast the following pairs of statistical concepts.
1.1 Descriptive Statistics vs Inferential Statistics
1.2 Parametric Statistics vs Non-parametric Statistics
1.3 Parameters vs Statistics
1.4 Null hypothesis vs Alternative hypothesis
1.5 One - Tailed Test vs Two - Tailed Test

1.1 Descriptive Statistics vs Inferential Statistics

Descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization, classification, summarization, and presentation of
data obtained from the sample. t is used to describe the characteristics of the sample and to determine whether
the sample represent the target population by comparing sample statistic and population parameter.

In contrast to that, inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing
estimations, hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. It is used
when we want to draw a conclusion for the data obtained from the sample. And it is used to describe, infer,
estimate, approximate the characteristics of the target population.

The following are examples of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics respectively:

Example of descriptive statistics:

The teacher-student ration in the secondary public school is 1:40.
Example of inferential statistics:
A new milk formulation designed to improve the psychomotor development of infant was tested on
randomly selected infant. Based on the results, it was concluded that the new milk formulation is
effective in improving the psychomotor development of infant.

1.3 Parameters vs Statistics

A parameter is a number, usually unknown, that describes a certain population characteristic. For example,the
population mean is a parameter that is often used to indicate the average value of a quantity. Another more
concrete example is ' the true "average " height of adult human males. Parameters are often estimated since their
value is generally unknown, especially when the population is large enough that it is impossible to obtain
measurements for all people. For example, it would be impossible to measure the heights of all the adult human
males on the planet, therefore, the true mean height of adult human males can only be estimated.
A statistic is a number , calculated from a sample of data, used to describe a sample characteristics and estimate
a parameter. For example, the average of the data in a sample is used to give information about the overall
average in the population from which the sample was drawn. Another example is ' the "average" height of a
random sample of 1,000 adult human males.

1.4 Null Hypothesis vs Alternative Hypothesis

Null hypothesis (Ho) is the hypothesis to be tested which one hopes to reject. It shows equality or no significant
difference, effect, or relationship between variables. It is denoted by H o, and it is the statement being tested. It
represents what the researcher doubts to be true and must contain the condition of equality and must be written
with the symbol =, ≥ or ≤. For the mean, the null hypothesis will be stated in one of the these three possible
forms: 1) Ho : μ = some value; 2) Ho : μ ≤ some value; and 3) Ho : μ ≥ some value.

Alternative hypothesis (Ha) generally represents the idea which the researcher wants to prove. It is denoted by
Ha and it is the statement that must be true if the null hypothesis is false. It is the operational statement of the
theory that the researcher believes to be true and wishes to prove. It is sometimes referred to as the research
hypothesis. For the mean, the alternative hypothesis will be stated in only one of he three possible forms: 1) H a:
μ ≠ some value; 2) Ha: μ > some value and 3) Ha: μ < some value.
Alternative hypothesis is the opposite of null hypothesis. For example, if null hypothesis is given as μ = 37.0,
then it follow that the alternative hypothesis is give by μ ≠ 37.0. If the null hypothesis is rejected, the alternative
hypothesis is accepted and vice versa. Rejection of the null hypothesis means it is wrong, while acceptance of
null hypothesis doesn't mean it is true, it simply means that we do not have enough evidence to reject it. In a
research context, the null hypothesis is assumed true for the purpose of conducting the hypothesis test, but it is
hoped that the conclusion will be rejection of the null hypothesis so that the research hypothesis is supported.

1.5 One Tailed Test vs Two Tailed Test

Two tailed test is non-directional test with the region of rejection lying on both tails of the normal curve. It is
used when the alternative hypothesis uses words such as not equal to,significantly different, ect.

One tailed test is a directional test with the region of rejection lying on either left or right tail of the normal
curve. Right directional test. The region of rejection is on the right tail. It is used when the alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as greater than, higher than, better than ,superior to , exceeds, etc. Left
directional test. The region of rejection is on the left tail.

It is used when alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as less than, smaller than ,inferior to, lower than,
below, ect.

The following are examples of one tailed and two tailed test:
Research problem: Performance in mathematics of the first -born and last-born children.
Ho: The first born-children perform equally well in mathematics as the last-born children.

There are three ways of stating the alternative hypothesis, for different statement of the alternative hypothesis
different test will be used:
1) Ha : There is a significant difference in the mathematic performance between the first born-children and the
last-born children.
If it is stated in this way two tailed test will be used.
2) Ha : The first born -children perform better in mathematics than the last-born children.
If it is stated in this way, one tailed, right directional test will be used.
3) Ha : The first born-children perform poorer in mathematics than the last-born children.
If it is stated in this way, one tailed, left directional test will be used.

3. A research conducted a study regarding the monthly income of bank managers in the Philippines. The
statistical data drawn from a sample of 1500 managers are recorded as follows:

Mean = P 35,000.00
Median = 33,000.00
Mode = 30,000.00
Quartile Deviation = 15,000.00
Standard Deviation = 6,000.00

Analyze and interpret the data.

Mean is the sum of all the given values or items in a distribution divided by the number of observations. And it
is the representative value of the given set of observation. In this given study the statistical treatment results a
mean value of P 35,000.00, which means a monthly income of 35,000.00 pesos is a representative monthly
income of bank mangers in the Philippines. It symbolizes that the average monthly income of bank managers in
the Philippines is P 35,000.00.

Median is the value of the middle observation in an ordered distribution, and it is the value or score that divides
the ranked distribution into two equal parts, meaning the score or class in a distribution below the median is
where 50% of the scores fall and above where the other 50% lies. In this case the computation reveals that the
median of the monthly income of the bank managers in the Philippines is P33,000.00. This value separates into
two equal parts. That is 50% of the bank managers in the Philippines get a monthly income lower than P
33,000.00, whereas, the other 50% of the bank mangers in the Philippines get a monthly income higher than
P33,000.00.

Mode is the value or item in a distribution with the highest frequency. In this study the computed mode is
30.000.00, which indicates that the given observation has a greatest frequency of 30.000.00. This means that
among the bank managers in the Philippines, most of them get an monthly income of P 30,000.00.

Quartile Deviation

4. Choose only (3), then discuss comprehensively the functions/assumptions for each of the following
statistical test.
2.1 z-test for sample mean and population mean
2.2 z-test for two sample means
2.3 one sample t-test
2.4 t-test for two independent samples
2.5 one-way Analysis of Variance
2.6 Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r)

5. An experiment was conducted to determine which of the three personnel management approaches (X,
Y, Z) is the most effective in improving employee's morale. Three experimental districts were chosen
randomly and each was assigned to X, Y, and Z approach. At the conclusion of the experiment, a 100
item test was administered to the subjects. The scores of the three districts are recorded below. Test the
hypothesis of equal means at 0.05 significance level.

District District District

statistic Respondents Respondents Respondents
assigned to X assigned to Y assigned to Z
Approach Approach Approach
Mean Score 80.00 84.00 81.00
Computed F 5.98
Critical F 5.89
P-value 0.002

Solution:
Null hypothesis (Ho): The mean scores of the three districts are the same.
μ1 = μ2 = μ3
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The mean scores of the three districts are not equal. At least two mean scores are
not equal. μ1 ≠ μ2 =μ3
Level of significance: 0.05
Test Statistic: The test statistic follows the F-distribution
Critical F: 5.89
Decision rule: Reject the null hypothesis if the computed F exceeds the critical F of 5.89. Otherwise accept the
null hypothesis.
Decision: The computed F-value which is 5.98, is greater than the critical F of 5.89 at the 0.05 level of
significance. And the P-value of 0.002 is also less than the significance level of 0.05. Thus we conclude that the
mean scores of the three districts are not equal. It is likely that the scores the subjects gained in the 100 item test
are related to the personnel management approaches assigned to them.

6. The extent of implementation of the national Newborn Screening System in Private and Government
Hospitals in Bulacan was assessed in terms of program objectives, procedures of implementation, areas of
implementation, and quality assurance. Results revealed the following:

Hospitals Mean Value Computed t

Public 3.81 -2.21
Private 4.42

Test the hypothesis of no significant differences in the extent of implementation between public and
private hospitals using a.05; where the critical t value is + 1.96.

Solution:
Null hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant differences in the extent of implementation between public and
private hospitals. μ1= μ2
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant differences in the extent of implementation between public
and private hospitals. μ1≠ μ2
Level of significance: α= 0.05, two-tailed test

Test Statistics: T-test for two independent samples

Critical value = + 1.96

Critical Region: Reject the null hypothesis (Ho), if the computed t < -1.96 or the computed t > 1.96. Otherwise
accept the null hypothesis and state the difference between the two sample manes of the extent of
implementation between public and private hospitals is not significant.

Computed t = -2.21

Decision: Since the computed t = -2.21 is less than the critical value of -1.96, the null hypothesis must be
rejected. The difference of 0.61 between the two sample means in the extent of implementation between public
and private hospitals is too large to have occurred by chance. Which means there are significant differences in
the extent of implementation of the national Newborn Screening System in public and private hospitals in
Bulacan in terms of program objectives, procedures of implementation, areas of implementation, and quality
assurance,

7. A researcher knows that the average height of Filipina is 5 feet. A random sample of 27 Filipina was
taken and was found to have a mean height of 5.12 feet, with standard deviation of 0.328 feet. A
computed z value of .37 was obtained. Is there reason to believe that the 27 Filipina are significantly taller
than the others at 0.05 level of significance? Analyze and interpret the result. The ff. table may help you.

Critical values of Z (based on the area of normal curve)

Significant Level 0.10 0.05 0.25 0.01

Type of test
One-tailed +1.28 +1.645 +1.96 +2.23
Two-taile +1.645 +1.96 +2.23 +2.58

Solution:
Null hypothesis (Ho): The mean height of the 27 Filipina is equal to 5 feet. That is: μ= 5

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The mean height of the 27 Filipina is significantly larger than 5 feet. That is: μ > 5

Level of significance: α= 0.05

Test Statistics: One-tailed test ( right directional)

Critical value = 1.645

Critical Region: Reject the null hypothesis, if the computed z value is larger than 1.645. That is : z > 1.645,
reject Ho. Otherwise accept the null hypothesis.

Computed z = 0.37

Decision: Since the computed z = 0.37, which is smaller than the critical value of 1.645, the null hypothesis
must be accepted. In other words the difference of 0.12 feet between the sample mean height of the 27 Filipina
and the mean height of Filipina can be attributed to chance. Thus, there is no reason to believe that the 27
Filipina are significantly taller than the others at 0.05 level of significance.