One-Way ANOVA for Independent Groups and With Repeated Measures

ANOVA

One hypothesis testing procedures that is used to evaluate mean differences between two
or more treatments (or populations) is analysis of variance commonly known as ANOVA. This is
an inferential procedure that uses sample data as the basis for drawing general conclusions about
population.

This seems similar to t-test, but t-test is limited to situations in which there are only two
treatments to compare. ANOVA has a tremendous advantage over t-test, that it can be used to
compare two or more treatments. It provides researchers with much greater flexibility in
designing experiments and interpreting results.

The goal of ANOVA is to determine whether the mean differences observed among the
samples provide enough evidence to conclude that there are differences in the mean among the
three populations. In analysis of variance the variable (independent) that designates the groups
being compared are factors. The individual conditions or values that make up a factor is called
levels of factors.

The one-way ANOVA or single factor ANOVA is used when the researcher seeks to make
comparison among three, four, five or more groups. The F-test or ANOVA is a parametric test
used to compare more than two independent samples.

ANOVA Table
Sources of df SS MS F - value
Variation computed tabular
Between Groups k-1 BSS 𝐵𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑆𝐵 See table on
𝑑𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝑊 the appendices
Within Groups (N-1) – (K-1) WSS 𝑊𝑆𝑆
𝑑𝑓
Total N-1 TSS

Steps in Computing ANOVA: The following formulas are used:

1. Compute the Correction Factor (CF)
(𝐺𝑇)2
𝐶𝐹 =
𝑁
(Ʃ𝑋1 + Ʃ𝑋2 + Ʃ𝑋3 + Ʃ𝑋4 )2
𝐶𝐹 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + 𝑛4

2. Get the Total Sum of Squares (TSS)

𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ 𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝐹
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (Ʃ𝑥12 + Ʃ𝑥22 + Ʃ𝑥32 + Ʃ𝑥42 ) − 𝐶𝐹

3. Determine the Between Sum of Squares (SSB)

(Ʃ𝑥1 )2 (Ʃ𝑥2 )2 (Ʃ𝑥3 )2 (Ʃ𝑥4 )2
𝑆𝑆𝐵 = + + + − 𝐶𝐹
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4
 4. Compute the Sum of Squares Within (SSW)
𝑆𝑆𝑊 = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝐵𝑆𝑆

Example: A professor wanted to find out if color affects amount of learning. 20 students were
randomly selected and placed in 4 groups of 5 students per group. Each group was placed in a
room with a particular color (blue, green, yellow, and pink). They studied a material for two hours.
Rest of 15 minutes was given and then test was administered. Test the hypothesis that color has
no effect on the amount learned.

blue yellow pink green

50 75 65 80
55 60 55 65
65 55 60 80
75 60 50 60
45 70 40 75

Solution:
blue yellow pink green
𝑥1 𝑥12 𝑥2 𝑥22 𝑥3 𝑥32 𝑥4 𝑥42
50 2500 75 5625 65 4225 80 6400
55 3025 60 3600 55 3025 65 4225
65 4225 55 3025 60 3600 80 6400
75 5625 60 3600 50 2500 60 3600
45 2025 70 4900 40 1600 75 5625
Ʃ𝑋1 290 Ʃ𝑥12 = 17400 Ʃ𝑋2 320 Ʃ𝑥22 = 20750 Ʃ𝑥3 270 Ʃ𝑥32 = 14950 Ʃ𝑋4 360 Ʃ𝑥42 = 26250
𝑛1 5 𝑛2 5 𝑛3 5 𝑛3 5
𝑥̅ 58 𝑥̅ 64 𝑥̅ 54 𝑥̅ 72

1. Compute the Correction Factor (CF)

(Ʃ𝑋1 + Ʃ𝑋2 + Ʃ𝑋3 + Ʃ𝑋4 )2
𝐶𝐹 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + 𝑛4
(290 + 320 + 270 + 360)2
𝐶𝐹 =
5+5+5+5
( 1240)2
𝐶𝐹 =
20
1537600
𝐶𝐹 =
20
𝑪𝑭 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟖𝟖𝟎

2. Get the Total Sum of Squares (TSS)

𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (Ʃ𝑥12 + Ʃ𝑥22 + Ʃ𝑥32 + Ʃ𝑥42 ) − 𝐶𝐹
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (17400 + 20750 + 14950 + 26250) − 76880
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 79350 − 76880
𝑻𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟎
 3. Determine the Between Sum of Squares (SSB)
(Ʃ𝑥1 )2 (Ʃ𝑥2 )2 (Ʃ𝑥3 )2 (Ʃ𝑥4 )2
𝑆𝑆𝐵 = + + + − 𝐶𝐹
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4

(290)2 (320)2 (270)2 (360)2

𝑆𝑆𝐵 = + + + − 76880
5 5 5 5

𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝟗𝟐𝟎

4. Compute the Sum of Squares Within (SSW)

𝑆𝑆𝑊 = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝐵𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑊 = 2470 − 920
𝑺𝑺𝑾 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎

Ho: The color has no effect on the amount learned.

Ha: The color has an effect on the amount learned.
Level of Significance: 0.05
Statistical Tool: ANOVA
Solution:

ANOVA Table
Sources of df SS MS F - value
Variation computed tabular
Between Groups 3 920 306.7 3.16 3.24
Within Groups 16 1550 96.88
Total 19 2470

Decision: CV(3.24) > TV(3.63); accept Ho (not significant)

Conclusion: The color has no effect on the amount learned.

Link for the ANOVA tabular values: tabular value for anova - Search Images (bing.com)

Exercise:

The three groups of patients with particular disorder are treated differently. Is there a difference
in the effectiveness of the three treatment programs? (𝛼 = 0.01)

Treatment

A B C
90 81 14
74 90 20
90 90 33
86 90 5
75 85 12