DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION
Prepared by: Larry Jay B. Valero, LPT
 Descriptive Statistics
 Three methods of describing a set of values
a. measures of central tendency
b. measures of dispersion
c. measures of skewness and kurtosis
 Inferential Statistics
 Two methods of Inferential Statistics
a. Hypothesis Testing
b. Estimation of Parameter(s)
Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of Central Tendency
 single number that represents the typical score of the data.
 are measures indicating the center of a set of data which are arranged in order of magnitude.
 Three measures of Central Tendency
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
A. Mean/Arithmetic Mean/Average
 the most popular and well known measure of central tendency
 The average value of all the data in the set
Mean for ungrouped data
  defined as the sum of all the scores or data divided by the number of scores in the data.
 denoted by a symbol “” for population mean and “” for sample mean.
Population mean  Sample mean

Where Where
Example:
  The items listed below represent the scores of seven BS Mathematics students during the final examination.
Compute the mean score
89, 75, 90, 85, 78, 87, 80

 Suppose BS Applied Mathematics has 10 students and the height (in cm) are as follows: 170, 165, 155, 160, 150,
149, 152, 161, 163, 175. Find the mean height of the students.
B. Median
 The middle score for a set of data arranged in order of magnitude.
 best used when data has several extreme entries.
Median for ungrouped data
  defined as the middle value when a set of observed values have been arranged in either ascending or
descending order.
 denoted by Md

If n is ODD

If n is EVEN
Example:
  The items listed below represent the scores of seven BS Mathematics students during the final examination.
Compute the median score
89, 75, 90, 85, 78, 87, 80

75 78 80 85 87 89 90
n=7

Md = 85
Example:
  Suppose BS Applied Mathematics has 10 students and the height (in cm) are as follows: 170, 165, 155, 160, 150,
149, 152, 161, 163, 175. Find the median height of the students.

149 150 152 155 160 161 163 165 170 175
n = 10
C. Mode
 The most frequent score in the data set
 The most popular option
Mode for ungrouped data
 The mode is a value which occurs most often or the most frequently occurring observation
 Denoted by Mo
Example:
 Consider the data set 1 2 2 2 8 1 4 10
Mo = 2
Since there is only one mode, then the distribution is Unimodal
 Consider the data set 1 2 2 8 1 4 10
Mo = 1, 2
Bimodal
 Consider the data set 1 2 3 8 6 4 10
This data has no mode
GROUPED DATA
Mean
  
where:
Median
  
where:
Mode
  
where:
 Class Intervals Relative Frequency <CF >CF

18-26 2 22

27-35 1 31

36-44 15 40

45-53 5 49

54-62 8 58

63-71 6 67

72-80 3 76
Total 40

 
𝑋 =
∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝐺
𝑛
 Class Intervals 𝑓  𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 Relative Frequency <CF >CF

18-26 2 22 44

27-35 1 31 31

36-44 15 40 600

45-53 5 49 245

54-62 8 58 464

63-71 6 67 402

72-80 3 76 228
Total 40

 
𝑋𝐺=
∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥 𝑖   2014
¿
∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖=2014
 

𝑛 40  50.35
 Class Intervals 𝑓  𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
  𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦  ¿ 𝑐𝑓
18-26 2 22 44  17.5 −26.5 2

27-35 1 31 31  2 6.5− 35.5 3

36-44 15 40 600  3 5.5− 44.5 18

45-53 5 49 245  44.5 −53.5 23 Median Class

54-62 8 58 464  53.5 −62.5 31

63-71 6 67 402  62.5 −71.5 37

72-80 3 76 228  71.5 −80.5 40

Total 40
 
𝑀𝑑 𝐺 = 𝐿𝑚𝑑 + 𝑐 [ (
𝑛
2
) − ¿ 𝐶𝐹 𝑏

𝑓 𝑚𝑑 ] ∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖=2014
 

Median Class : 
 𝑛 40
2
¿  ¿  20
2
 Class Intervals 𝑓  𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
  𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦  ¿ 𝑐𝑓
18-26 2 22 44  17.5 −26.5 2

27-35 1 31 31  2 6.5− 35.5 3

36-44 15 40 600  3 5.5− 44.5 18

45-53 5 49 245  44.5 −53.5 23 Median Class

54-62 8 58 464  53.5 −62.5 31

63-71 6 67 402  62.5 −71.5 37

72-80 3 76 228  71.5 −80.5 40

Total 40 40
 
𝑀𝑑 𝐺 = 𝐿𝑚𝑑 + 𝑐 [ (
𝑛
2
) − 𝐶𝐹 𝑏
]  𝐿𝑚𝑑 =44.5 c 
∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖=2014
   
𝑀𝑑 𝐺 = 44.5+9 [ (
2
) − 18
5 ]
𝑓 𝑚𝑑  
Median Class :  n   𝐶𝐹 𝑏 =18
 𝑛 40  𝑓
2
¿  ¿  20 𝑚𝑑 =5
2
 Class Intervals 𝑓  𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 Class Boundary <cf

18-26 2 22 44  17.5 −26.5 2

27-35 1 31 31  2 6.5− 35.5 3

36-44 15 40 600  3 5.5− 44.5 18 Modal Class

45-53 5 49 245  44.5 −53.5 23 Median Class

54-62 8 58 464  53.5 −62.5 31

63-71 6 67 402  62.5 −71.5 37

72-80 3 76 228  71.5 −80.5 40

Total 40

𝑜𝐺 = 𝐿𝑚𝑜+ 𝑐
𝑓 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑓 𝑏
[
2 𝑓 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑓 𝑏 ] ∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖=2014
 

Modal Class : 
 Class Intervals 𝑓  𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 Class Boundary <cf

18-26 2 22 44  17.5 −26.5 2

27-35 1 31 31  2 6.5− 35.5 3

36-44 15 40 600  3 5.5− 44.5 18 Modal Class

45-53 5 49 245  44.5 −53.5 23 Median Class

54-62 8 58 464  53.5 −62.5 31

63-71 6 67 402  62.5 −71.5 37

72-80 3 76 228  71.5 −80.5 40

Total 40 15 −1
𝑜𝐺 = 𝐿𝑚𝑜+ 𝑐
𝑓 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑓 𝑏
[
2 𝑓 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑓 𝑏 ]𝐿
  𝑚0 =35.5
∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖=2014
 

c 
 
𝑀𝑑 𝐺 =35.5+9
[ 2 ( 15 ) − 5 −1 ]
 
Modal Class :  𝑓  𝑚𝑜=15  𝑓 𝑏 =1
 𝑓 𝑎=5
Thank you for listening 